The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Mohammad Siahpush - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • socioeconomic status and cigarette Expenditure among us Households results from 2010 to 2015 consumer Expenditure survey
    BMJ Open, 2018
    Co-Authors: Mohammad Siahpush, Paraskevi A Farazi, Shannon Maloney, Danae Dinkel, Minh N Nguyen, Gopal K Singh
    Abstract:

    Objectives To examine (1) the association between Household socioeconomic status (SES) and whether a Household spends money on cigarettes and (2) socioeconomic variations in proportion of total Household Expenditure spent on cigarettes among smoking Households. Methods We pooled data from six consecutive years, 2010–2015, of the Consumer Expenditure Interview Survey. The interviews involved a structured questionnaire about Household income, demographics and Expenditures including Expenditure on cigarettes. Households that reported cigarette Expenditure in the previous 3 months were distinguished as smoking Households. SES indicators were Household poverty status, education and occupation of the head of Household. Logistic regression was used to assess the association of Household smoking status with SES. Fractional logistic regression was used to assess the association of cigarette Expenditure as a proportion of total Household Expenditure with SES. The analysis sample size was 39 218. Results The probability of spending money on cigarettes was higher among lower SES Households. Households in poverty compared with those above 300% of poverty threshold had 1.86 (95% CI 1.61 to 2.16), Households headed by a person with less than high school education compared with those headed by a person with at least a bachelor’s degree had 3.37 (95% CI 2.92 to 3.89) and Households headed by a blue-collar work compared with those headed by a person in a managerial occupation had 1.45 (95% CI 1.26 to 1.66) higher odds of spending money on cigarettes. Similarly, the proportion of total Household Expenditure spent on cigarettes was higher among lower SES smoking Households. Conclusion Lower SES Households are more likely to spend money on cigarettes and spend a larger proportion of their total Expenditure on cigarettes. We recommend strategies effective in reducing smoking among low SES smokers.

  • socioeconomic status and tobacco Expenditure among australian Households results from the 1998 99 Household Expenditure survey
    Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2003
    Co-Authors: Mohammad Siahpush
    Abstract:

    Objective: To investigate the relation between socioeconomic status (SES) and tobacco Expenditure among Australian Households. Design and setting: Cross sectional study (The Household Expenditure Survey 1998–99) by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, based on a multi-stage national sample of 9682 Households. Participants: From selected Households, all members aged 15 and over were interviewed. Main results: Lower SES was associated with higher odds of reporting tobacco Expenditure. Among smoking Households, those from lower SES spent more of their funds on tobacco. For example, Households headed by a person with no educational qualification spent 34% more on tobacco than those headed by a person with a university degree. Blue collar Households spent 23% more than professional Households. Percentage of total Household Expenditure on tobacco in the first income quintile was 62% more than that of Households in the fifth quintile. Conclusion: Antismoking interventions and policies that are specifically aimed at lower SES groups can potentially improve social equality. They can also ameliorate social inequalities in health, given that much of the SES differentials in morbidity and mortality are attributed to the pronounced SES gradient in smoking.

Ranjan Ray - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the effect of transfers on Household Expenditure patterns and poverty in south africa
    Journal of Development Economics, 2003
    Co-Authors: Pushkar Maitra, Ranjan Ray
    Abstract:

    Abstract This paper uses Household level unit record data from South Africa to examine the behavioural and welfare impacts of private and public transfers. We allow for joint endogeneity of resource variables and the Expenditure shares. Our results show that crowding out of private transfers as a result of the introduction of public pensions holds only for poor Households and not for the non-poor. Both private transfers and public pensions significantly reduce poverty but private transfers have a larger impact on Expenditure patterns. The results also reject the hypothesis of income pooling underlying the conventional unitary model by finding that the marginal impact on Expenditures are different for public pension received, private transfer received and other resources flowing into the Household. The principal conclusions are robust to changes in specification.

Karen J Hofman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • sugary beverage taxation in south africa Household Expenditure demand system elasticities and policy implications
    Preventive Medicine, 2017
    Co-Authors: Nicholas Stacey, Aviva Tugendhaft, Karen J Hofman
    Abstract:

    South Africa faces a severe and growing obesity epidemic. Obesity and its co-morbidities raise public and private Expenditures on healthcare. Sugary beverages are heavily consumed in South Africa and are linked to the onset of overweight and obesity. Excise taxation of sugary beverages has been proposed and adopted in other settings as a means to reduce harms from their consumption. A tax on the sugar content of non-alcoholic beverages has been proposed for implementation in South Africa, however, the public health effects and revenue raising potential of this measure hinges on estimates of the targeted beverages own- and cross-price elasticities. This study applies demand system methods by combining Expenditure survey data and sub-national price data to provide the first estimates of price and Expenditure elasticities for categories of soft drinks that would be subject to South Africa's proposed sugary beverage tax. The results suggest that demand for these products is sufficiently price-elastic such that a significant reduction in consumption may result from a tax.

Sydney C Ludvigson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • does consumer confidence forecast Household Expenditure a sentiment index horse race
    2007
    Co-Authors: Jason Bram, Sydney C Ludvigson
    Abstract:

    This article is the first formal investigation of consumer attitudes that compares the forecasting power of the University of Michigan's Index of Consumer Sentiment and the Conference Board's Consumer Confidence Index. The authors find that measures available from the Conference Board have both economically and statistically significant explanatory power for several categories of consumer spending. By contrast, measures available from the University of Michigan generally exhibit weaker forecasting power for most categories of spending. As part of their analysis, the authors examine the ways in which the surveys underlying these measures differ and test whether certain types of survey questions are particularly important for predicting consumer spending.

  • does consumer confidence forecast Household Expenditure a sentiment index horse race
    Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic policy review, 1998
    Co-Authors: Jason Bram, Sydney C Ludvigson
    Abstract:

    The effect of consumer attitudes on economic activity is a subject of great interest to both policymakers and economic forecasters. Household sentiment has been cited as one of the leading causes of the 1990-91 recession,(1) and recent levels of confidence indexes have helped fuel speculation that the economy may be headed for a period of overheating. Unexpected shifts in consumer confidence have also been used to explain swings in financial markets. Two surveys of consumer attitudes--the University of Michigan Index of Consumer Sentiment and the Conference Board Consumer Confidence Index--are widely tracked by policymakers, financial analysts, and journalists. Despite the popularity of these indexes, there is little consensus about their ability to collect information on consumer spending that is not already captured by economic fundamentals. Also uncertain is whether one survey is more informative than the other. In response to the widespread belief that consumers' opinions and expectations influence the direction of the economy, a growing number of studies have set out to analyze the relationship between consumer attitudes and economic variables. To date, academic research has focused exclusively on the predictive power of the University of Michigan's Index of Consumer Sentiment, most likely because of its longer time series.(2) Although these studies generally do not find a significant relationship between consumer attitudes and future real economic activity, results have varied with the economic outcomes being forecast and with the indicators included as controls.(3) The inconclusive results of the existing research on consumer attitudes leave two important questions unanswered: Does consumer sentiment provide economically meaningful information about future consumer spending beyond that already contained in other economic indicators? Is one attitudinal measure more informative than another? This study is the first formal investigation of consumer attitudes that compares the forecasting power of the University of Michigan's Index of Consumer Sentiment and the Conference Board's Consumer Confidence Index. We begin with a background analysis of structural differences between the Michigan and Conference Board indexes. We then undertake a formal statistical comparison of the predictive power exhibited by each overall survey and its component questions for several categories of consumer spending growth. Our empirical analysis suggests that consumer sentiment can help predict future movements in consumer spending; that forecasting power, however, depends on the survey in question. Measures of consumer attitudes available from the Conference Board have both economically and statistically significant explanatory power for several spending categories-including total personal consumption Expenditures; motor vehicles; services; and durables, excluding motor vehicles--even when the information contained in other economic indicators such as income, interest rates, and stock prices is known. Measures available from the University of Michigan's Survey Research Center, however, exhibit weaker forecasting power for most categories of consumer spending.(4) A COMPARISON OF THE MICHIGAN AND CONFERENCE BOARD SURVEYS The University of Michigan's Consumer Sentiment Index and the Conference Board's Consumer Confidence Index are the most widely followed measures of U.S. consumer confidence (Chart 1). Although the financial markets and the business community closely follow both indexes, virtually all published academic research focuses on the Michigan index--most likely because of its longer history. The Michigan index began as an annual survey in the late 1940s. In 1952, it was converted to a quarterly survey and in 1978 to a monthly survey. The Conference Board launched its index on a bimonthly basis in 1967 and expanded it to a monthly series in 1977. [Chart 1 OMITTED] Although the two indexes broadly measure the same concept--public confidence in the economy--they are based on different sets of questions and sometimes give conflicting signals. …

  • does consumer confidence forecast Household Expenditure a sentiment index horse race
    Research Paper, 1997
    Co-Authors: Jason Bram, Sydney C Ludvigson
    Abstract:

    This paper investigates the forecasting power of consumer sentiment for Household Expenditure. We compare the predictive power of two measures of consumer attitudes, and then further compare each survey's expectations component with one another, and with the broader sentiment measures. The results indicate that lagged values of the Conference Board's overall confidence and expectations measures have stronger incremental power for more categories of the growth in consumption Expenditure than do measures available from the University of Michigan, though the latter is correlated with future Expenditures on automobiles even after economic fundamentals are controlled for. The paper also discusses structural differences between the two surveys and suggests how these differences might be related to the discrepancy in forecasting power.

Gopal K Singh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • socioeconomic status and cigarette Expenditure among us Households results from 2010 to 2015 consumer Expenditure survey
    BMJ Open, 2018
    Co-Authors: Mohammad Siahpush, Paraskevi A Farazi, Shannon Maloney, Danae Dinkel, Minh N Nguyen, Gopal K Singh
    Abstract:

    Objectives To examine (1) the association between Household socioeconomic status (SES) and whether a Household spends money on cigarettes and (2) socioeconomic variations in proportion of total Household Expenditure spent on cigarettes among smoking Households. Methods We pooled data from six consecutive years, 2010–2015, of the Consumer Expenditure Interview Survey. The interviews involved a structured questionnaire about Household income, demographics and Expenditures including Expenditure on cigarettes. Households that reported cigarette Expenditure in the previous 3 months were distinguished as smoking Households. SES indicators were Household poverty status, education and occupation of the head of Household. Logistic regression was used to assess the association of Household smoking status with SES. Fractional logistic regression was used to assess the association of cigarette Expenditure as a proportion of total Household Expenditure with SES. The analysis sample size was 39 218. Results The probability of spending money on cigarettes was higher among lower SES Households. Households in poverty compared with those above 300% of poverty threshold had 1.86 (95% CI 1.61 to 2.16), Households headed by a person with less than high school education compared with those headed by a person with at least a bachelor’s degree had 3.37 (95% CI 2.92 to 3.89) and Households headed by a blue-collar work compared with those headed by a person in a managerial occupation had 1.45 (95% CI 1.26 to 1.66) higher odds of spending money on cigarettes. Similarly, the proportion of total Household Expenditure spent on cigarettes was higher among lower SES smoking Households. Conclusion Lower SES Households are more likely to spend money on cigarettes and spend a larger proportion of their total Expenditure on cigarettes. We recommend strategies effective in reducing smoking among low SES smokers.