The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Chien-fu Hung - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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perspectives for therapeutic HPV vaccine development
Journal of Biomedical Science, 2016Co-Authors: Andrew Yang, Chien-fu Hung, Emily FarmerAbstract:Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and associated diseases remain a serious burden worldwide. It is now clear that HPV serves as the etiological factor and biologic carcinogen for HPV-associated lesions and cancers. Although preventative HPV Vaccines are available, these Vaccines do not induce strong therapeutic effects against established HPV infections and lesions. These concerns create a critical need for the development of therapeutic strategies, such as Vaccines, to treat these existing infections and diseases. Unlike preventative Vaccines, therapeutic Vaccines aim to generate cell-mediated immunity. HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 are responsible for the malignant progression of HPV-associated diseases and are consistently expressed in HPV-associated diseases and cancer lesions; therefore, they serve as ideal targets for the development of therapeutic HPV Vaccines. In this review we revisit therapeutic HPV Vaccines that utilize this knowledge to treat HPV-associated lesions and cancers, with a focus on the findings of recent therapeutic HPV vaccine clinical trials. Great progress has been made to develop and improve novel therapeutic HPV Vaccines to treat existing HPV infections and diseases; however, there is still much work to be done. We believe that therapeutic HPV Vaccines have the potential to become a widely available and successful therapy to treat HPV and HPV-associated diseases in the near future.
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current state in the development of candidate therapeutic HPV Vaccines
Expert Review of Vaccines, 2016Co-Authors: Andrew Yang, Jessica Jeang, Kevin Cheng, Ting Cheng, Benjamin Yang, Chien-fu HungAbstract:The identification of human papillomavirus (HPV) as an etiological factor for HPV-associated malignancies creates the opportunity to control these cancers through vaccination. Currently, available preventive HPV Vaccines have not yet demonstrated strong evidences for therapeutic effects against established HPV infections and lesions. Furthermore, HPV infections remain extremely common. Thus, there is urgent need for therapeutic Vaccines to treat existing HPV infections and HPV-associated diseases. Therapeutic Vaccines differ from preventive Vaccines in that they are aimed at generating cell-mediated immunity rather than neutralizing antibodies. The HPV-encoded early proteins, especially oncoproteins E6 and E7, form ideal targets for therapeutic HPV Vaccines since they are consistently expressed in HPV-associated malignancies and precancerous lesions, playing crucial roles in the generation and maintenance of HPV-associated disease. Our review will cover various therapeutic Vaccines in development for the treatment of HPV-associated lesions and cancers. Furthermore, we review strategies to enhance vaccine efficacy and the latest clinical trials on therapeutic HPV Vaccines.
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current state in the development of candidate therapeutic HPV Vaccines
Expert Review of Vaccines, 2016Co-Authors: Andrew Yang, T C Wu, Jessica Jeang, Kevin Cheng, Ting Cheng, Benjamin Yang, Chien-fu HungAbstract:ABSTRACTThe identification of human papillomavirus (HPV) as an etiological factor for HPV-associated malignancies creates the opportunity to control these cancers through vaccination. Currently, available preventive HPV Vaccines have not yet demonstrated strong evidences for therapeutic effects against established HPV infections and lesions. Furthermore, HPV infections remain extremely common. Thus, there is urgent need for therapeutic Vaccines to treat existing HPV infections and HPV-associated diseases. Therapeutic Vaccines differ from preventive Vaccines in that they are aimed at generating cell-mediated immunity rather than neutralizing antibodies. The HPV-encoded early proteins, especially oncoproteins E6 and E7, form ideal targets for therapeutic HPV Vaccines since they are consistently expressed in HPV-associated malignancies and precancerous lesions, playing crucial roles in the generation and maintenance of HPV-associated disease. Our review will cover various therapeutic Vaccines in development ...
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HPV and therapeutic Vaccines where are we in 2010
Current Cancer Therapy Reviews, 2010Co-Authors: Chien-fu HungAbstract:The discovery of human papillomavirus (HPV) as a necessary etiological factor for cervical cancer has spurred the development of preventive and therapeutic HPV Vaccines for the control of HPV-associated malignancies including cervical, vulvar, vaginal, and a subset of head and neck cancers. The commercial preventive HPV Vaccines, Gardasil and Cervarix, use HPV virus-like particles to generate neutralizing antibodies against HPV major capsid protein L1. However, they do not exert therapeutic effects on existing lesions and are unlikely to have an immediate impact on the prevalence of cervical cancer due to their cost and limited availability in developing countries, which account for more than 80% of cer- vical cancers. Thus, there is an urgent need for therapeutic HPV Vaccines. Therapeutic HPV Vaccines can eliminate pre- existing lesions and infections by generating cellular immunity against HPV-infected cells. HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins represent ideal targets for therapeutic intervention because of their constitutive expression in HPV-associated tumors and their crucial role in the induction and maintenance of HPV-associated disease. This review discusses the current progress of various therapeutic HPV vaccine approaches, including live vector-based, peptide/protein-based, nucleic acid-based and cell-based Vaccines targeting E6 and/or E7 antigens, and their future prospects for the control of HPV-associated ma- lignancies.
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Therapeutic HPV DNA Vaccines
Immunologic Research, 2010Co-Authors: Ken Lin, Elena Roosinovich, Barbara Ma, Chien-fu Hung, T C WuAbstract:It is now well established that most cervical cancers are causally associated with HPV infection. This realization has led to efforts to control HPV-associated malignancy through prevention or treatment of HPV infection. Currently, commercially available HPV Vaccines are not designed to control established HPV infection and associated premalignant and malignant lesions. To treat and eradicate pre-existing HPV infections and associated lesions which remain prevalent in the U.S. and worldwide, effective therapeutic HPV Vaccines are needed. DNA vaccination has emerged as a particularly promising form of therapeutic HPV Vaccines due to its safety, stability and ability to induce antigen-specific immunity. This review focuses on improving the potency of therapeutic HPV Vaccines through modification of dendritic cells (DCs) by [1] increasing the number of antigen-expressing/antigen-loaded DCs, [2] improving HPV antigen expression, processing and presentation in DCs, and [3] enhancing DC and T cell interaction. Continued improvement in therapeutic HPV DNA Vaccines may ultimately lead to an effective DNA vaccine for the treatment of HPV-associated malignancies.
M Stanley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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current and future vaccine clinical research with the licensed 2 4 and 9 valent vlp HPV Vaccines what s ongoing what s needed
Preventive Medicine, 2021Co-Authors: Barbara J Kuter, Suzanne M Garland, Anna R Giuliano, M StanleyAbstract:Prophylactic HPV vaccination has been a great public health success. For >20 years, clinical trials were conducted with the 2-, 4-, and/or 9-valent Vaccines in young-adult females, mid-adult women, males, and adolescents. In all studies, the Vaccines were highly efficacious, immunogenic, and well tolerated. Following vaccine licensure and utilization in national vaccine programs globally (real-world settings primarily in high income countries), numerous studies demonstrated that the Vaccines continue to have an excellent safety profile and have dramatically reduced the incidence of genital warts, HPV vaccine-type prevalence, and precancerous lesions. Thirty-eight clinical trials with the currently licensed HPV Vaccines are ongoing. Key questions being addressed in new trials include: efficacy against persistent infection and immunogenicity of a 1-dose regimen; efficacy of 3 doses in 20-45-year-old females; use in postpartum women and immunocompromised individuals (HIV, liver and kidney transplants); dose sparing via intradermal administration; use in combination with a PD1 monoclonal antibody in patients with cervical cancer; impact on recurrent disease in women undergoing cervical conization; persistence of protection; and use to prevent oropharyngeal cancer. Additional clinical research that should be conducted includes: long-term follow-up, particularly of 1- and 2-dose regimens; further evaluation of flexible 2-dose regimens; immunogenicity of 1- or 2-dose regimens in persons ≥15 years old and immunocompromised populations; safety and immunogenicity of 1 or 2 doses in children <9 years old; assessment of the vaccine in the prevention of transmission; interchangeability with newer HPV Vaccines; additional concomitant use studies; and prevention of penile cancer and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.
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HPV Vaccines alternative dosage schedules
Expert Review of Vaccines, 2019Co-Authors: M StanleyAbstract:Introduction: The randomized control trials (RCTs) that resulted in licensure of HPV VLP Vaccines used a traditional prime, prime-boost schedule for a subunit protein vaccine. These Vaccines delive...
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preventing cervical cancer and genital warts how much protection is enough for HPV Vaccines
Journal of Infection, 2016Co-Authors: M StanleyAbstract:HPV associated disease is a global health problem: 5.2% of all cancers are HPV associated with HPV 16 and 18 accounting for 70% of cases of cervical cancer. Genital warts caused by HPV 6 and 11 have a lifetime risk of acquisition of 10%. HPV Vaccines are subunit Vaccines consisting of virus like particles comprised of the L1 major capsid protein. Two Vaccines have been licenced since 2006/2007 and are in the National Immunisation programmes in 62 countries. Both Vaccines include HPV 16 and 18 VLPs and one also includes HPV 6 and 11. The Vaccines are highly immunogenic and well tolerated. Genital HPV is a sexually transmitted infection with peak incidence occurring just after the onset of sexual activity and the routine cohort for immunisation in almost all countries are adolescent girls 9-15 years of age with or without catch up for older adolescents and young women. Population effectiveness is now being demonstrated for these Vaccines in countries with high vaccine coverage. HPV Vaccines are highly immunogenic and effective and the original 3 dose schedules have already been reduced, for those 14 years and under, to 2 for both licenced Vaccines. There is preliminary evidence that 1 dose of vaccine is as effective as 2 or 3 in preventing persistent HPV infection in the cervix in young women and further reductions in dosage may be possible if supported by appropriate virological, immunological and modelling studies.
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immunobiology of HPV and HPV Vaccines
Gynecologic Oncology, 2008Co-Authors: M StanleyAbstract:Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection with both low- and high-risk types is common, but most infections resolve as a result of a cell-mediated immune response. Failure to induce an effective immune response is related to inefficient activation of innate immunity and ineffective priming of the adaptive immune response; this defective immune response facilitates viral persistence, a key feature of high-risk HPV infection. This milieu becomes operationally HPV antigen tolerant, and the host's defenses become irrevocably compromised. HPV antigen-specific effector cells are poorly recruited to the infected focus and their activity is downregulated; neoplastic HPV containing cervical keratinocytes expressing high levels of E6 and E7 oncoproteins are not killed in this immunosuppressive, tolerant milieu, and progression to high-grade disease and cancer can result. Highly efficacious prophylactic HPV L1 virus-like particle (VLP) Vaccines circumvent viral epithelial evasion strategies since they are delivered by intramuscular injection. The stromal dendritic cells of the muscle that encounter the highly immunogenic repeat structure of the VLP then migrate with their cargo to the lymph node, initiating an immune cascade that results in a robust T-cell dependent B-cell response, which generates high levels of L1-specific serum neutralizing antibodies and immune memory.
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Prophylactic HPV Vaccines: Prospects for eliminating ano-genital cancer
British Journal of Cancer, 2007Co-Authors: M StanleyAbstract:Virtually all cases of cervical cancer and its precursor intra-epithelial lesions are a result of infection with one or other of a subset of genital human papillomaviruses (HPVs), suggesting that prevention of HPV infection by prophylactic vaccination would be a highly effective anticancer strategy. Two HPV L1 virus-like particle Vaccines have been developed, a quadrivalent HPV16/18/6/11 product and a bivalent HPV16/18 product; both have been shown to be highly immunogenic with a good safety profile and 100% efficacy against HPV16/18-related high-grade cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN2/3), implying that they will be effective at preventing HPV16/18-related cervical cancer.
Rebecca B Perkins - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of provider recommendation style on the length of adolescent vaccine discussions
Vaccine, 2021Co-Authors: Anny T Fenton, Chelsea Orefice, Terresa J Eun, Dea Biancarelli, Amresh D Hanchate, Marilynn Drainoni, Rebecca B PerkinsAbstract:Abstract Objective To determine whether providers’ vaccine recommendation style affects length of the adolescent vaccine discussions. Methods We analyzed vaccine discussions using audio-recordings of clinical encounters where adolescents were eligible for HPV Vaccines ± meningococcal Vaccines. We measured length of vaccine discussions, the provider’s use of an “indicated” (vaccination due at visit) or “elective” (vaccination is optional) recommendation style, and vaccine receipt. Parent and child demographics, parental vaccination intentions, and parental satisfaction with vaccine discussion were collected from pre- and post-visit surveys. We used linear and logit regressions with random effects to estimate recommendation style’s association with discussion length and with vaccine receipt, respectively. Results We analyzed 106 vaccine discussions (82 HPV; 24 meningococcal) across 82 clinical encounters and 43 providers. Vaccine discussions were longer when providers presented vaccination as elective versus indicated (140 vs. 74 s; p-value Conclusions Our results suggest that using an indicated recommendation improves vaccine discussions’ efficiency and effectiveness, but this style is used more often with meningococcal than HPV Vaccines. Increasing providers’ use of indicated styles for HPV Vaccines has the potential to increase vaccination rates and save time during medical visits.
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effect of provider recommendation style on the length of adolescent vaccine discussions
Vaccine, 2021Co-Authors: Anny T Fenton, Chelsea Orefice, Terresa J Eun, Dea Biancarelli, Amresh D Hanchate, Marilynn Drainoni, Rebecca B PerkinsAbstract:OBJECTIVE To determine whether providers' vaccine recommendation style affects length of the adolescent vaccine discussions. METHODS We analyzed vaccine discussions using audio-recordings of clinical encounters where adolescents were eligible for HPV Vaccines ± meningococcal Vaccines. We measured length of vaccine discussions, the provider's use of an "indicated" (vaccination due at visit) or "elective" (vaccination is optional) recommendation style, and vaccine receipt. Parent and child demographics, parental vaccination intentions, and parental satisfaction with vaccine discussion were collected from pre- and post-visit surveys. We used linear and logit regressions with random effects to estimate recommendation style's association with discussion length and with vaccine receipt, respectively. RESULTS We analyzed 106 vaccine discussions (82 HPV; 24 meningococcal) across 82 clinical encounters and 43 providers. Vaccine discussions were longer when providers presented vaccination as elective versus indicated (140 vs. 74 s; p-value < 0.001). Controlling for vaccine type, parental vaccination intent, and patient characteristics, an elective style was associated with 41 seconds longer vaccine discussion (p-value < 0.05). Providers used the indicated style more frequently with the meningococcal vaccine than with the HPV vaccine (96% vs. 72%; p-value < 0.05). Parents' odds of vaccinating were 9.3 times higher following an indicated versus an elective presentation (p-value < 0.05). Vaccine discussion length and presentation style were not associated with parental satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that using an indicated recommendation improves vaccine discussions' efficiency and effectiveness, but this style is used more often with meningococcal than HPV Vaccines. Increasing providers' use of indicated styles for HPV Vaccines has the potential to increase vaccination rates and save time during medical visits.
Diane M Harper - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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HPV Vaccines a review of the first decade
Gynecologic Oncology, 2017Co-Authors: Diane M Harper, Leslie R DemarsAbstract:Pre-adolescent girls (9-15years) have the option of receiving a two dose HPV vaccine series at either a six month or one year interval to provide protection from HPV 16, the most prevalent type associated with cervical cancers, as well as several other less prevalent types. This series of vaccinations is highly likely to protect her from HPV infection until she enters the routine screening program, whether that be primary HPV testing or a combination of HPV testing and cytology. The two dose program has been recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 2015. For women 15years and older, the three dose vaccine schedule is still recommended. The past ten years of Gardasil use has provided evidence of reduced HPV 16/18 infections in countries where there has been high coverage. Gardasil9 has replaced Gardasil. Gardasil9 has the same rapid anti-HPV 18 and HPV45 titer loss as Gardasil did. Cervarix remains equivalent to Gardasil9 in the prevention of HPV infections and precancers of any HPV type; Cervarix also has demonstrated sustained high antibody titers for at least 10years. One dose of Cervarix provides protection against HPV 16/18 infection with robust antibody titers well above natural infection titers. This may offer the easiest and most cost effective vaccination program over time, especially in low and lower middle income countries. Cervical cancer screening must continue to control cancer incidence over the upcoming decades. Future studies of prophylactic HPV Vaccines, as defined by the WHO, must demonstrate protection against six month type specific persistent infections, not actual cervical cancer precursor disease endpoints, such as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN 3) or adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS). This simplifies and makes less expensive future comparative studies between existing and new generic Vaccines.
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review of gardasil
Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination, 2010Co-Authors: Diane M Harper, Stephen L Vierthaler, Jennifer SanteeAbstract:Human papillomavirus (HPV) is necessary for the development of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide but 80% occurs in developing countries, not countries with Pap screening programs. Pap screening programs in industrialized countries have reduced the incidence of cervical cancer to 4-8/100,000 women. HPV Vaccines may be a promising strategy for cervical cancer in women without access to screening programs. In industrialized countries, the benefit of HPV Vaccines focuses on individual abnormal Pap test reduction not cancer prevention. The focus of this review is to cover the side effects of Gardasil in perspective with the limited population benefit of cervical cancer reduction in countries with organized Pap screening programs. In addition, information about Gardasil benefits, risks and unknowns for individual patient decision making for vaccination is presented. Gardasil offers protection against CIN 2+ lesions caused by HPV 16/18 and against genital warts caused by HPV 6/11 for at least 5 years. Combining Gardasil with repeated cytology screenings may reduce the proportion of abnormal cytology screens by 10% and hence reduce the associated morbidity with the subsequent colposcopies and excisional procedures.
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prophylactic HPV Vaccines current knowledge of impact on gynecologic premalignancies
Discovery Medicine, 2010Co-Authors: Diane M Harper, Karen B WilliamsAbstract:Approaches for cervical cancer prevention are changing. Screening still remains the most effective method for cervical cancer prevention. Guidelines are moving to an older group of women to be screened less frequently with combinations of technologies that include biomarkers and cytology. HPV vaccination is an appropriate option for this older group of women as well, should the woman not wish to make her decision about vaccination until 21 years of age, the age of screening. Parents making decisions about HPV vaccination for their young adolescent daughters need to be fully informed that only continued screening prevents cervical cancer. HPV vaccination reduces the possibility of their daughter having an abnormal Pap test by 10% if the Vaccines have not waned by the time the young adolescent becomes sexually active. HPV vaccine efficacy must last at least 15 years to contribute to the prevention of cervical cancers. At this time, protection against cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2/3 (CIN 2/3) is 5 years for Gardasil and 8.4 years for Cervarix. The value of the current protection HPV Vaccines offer will be viewed differently by different women. Physicians' ethical duties are to provide full explanation of the risks and benefits of adding HPV vaccination to the ongoing screening programs, and to support women in their personal choice for cervical cancer prevention.
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Currently approved prophylactic HPV Vaccines
Expert Review of Vaccines, 2009Co-Authors: Diane M HarperAbstract:Cervarix and Gardasil are two prophylactic HPV Vaccines designed primarily for cervical cancer prevention. Cervarix is effective against HPV-16, -18, -31, -33 and -45, the five most common cancer-causing types, including most causes of adenocarcinoma for which we cannot screen adequately. Gardasil is effective against HPV-16, 18 and 31, three common squamous cell cancer-causing types. In addition, Gardasil is effective against HPV-6 and -11, causes of genital warts and respiratory papillomatosis. The most important determinant of vaccine impact to reduce cervical cancer is its duration of efficacy. To date, Cervarix's efficacy is proven for 6.4 years and Gardasil's for 5 years.
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human papillomavirus and HPV Vaccines a review
Bulletin of The World Health Organization, 2007Co-Authors: Felicity T Cutts, Silvia Franceschi, Sue J Goldie, Xavier Castellsague, S De Sanjose, Geoffrey P Garnett, W J Edmunds, P Claeys, K L Goldenthal, Diane M HarperAbstract:Cervical cancer, the most common cancer affecting women in developing countries, is caused by persistent infection with "high-risk" genotypes of human papillomaviruses (HPV). The most common oncogenic HPV genotypes are 16 and 18, causing approximately 70% of all cervical cancers. Types 6 and 11 do not contribute to the incidence of high-grade dysplasias (precancerous lesions) or cervical cancer, but do cause laryngeal papillomas and most genital warts. HPV is highly transmissible, with peak incidence soon after the onset of sexual activity. A quadrivalent (types 6, 11, 16 and 18) HPV vaccine has recently been licensed in several countries following the determination that it has an acceptable benefit/risk profile. In large phase III trials, the vaccine prevented 100% of moderate and severe precancerous cervical lesions associated with types 16 or 18 among women with no previous infection with these types. A bivalent (types 16 and 18) vaccine has also undergone extensive evaluation and been licensed in at least one country. Both Vaccines are prepared from non-infectious, DNA-free virus-like particles produced by recombinant technology and combined with an adjuvant. With three doses administered, they induce high levels of serum antibodies in virtually all vaccinated individuals. In women who have no evidence of past or current infection with the HPV genotypes in the vaccine, both Vaccines show > 90% protection against persistent HPV infection for up to 5 years after vaccination, which is the longest reported follow-up so far. Vaccinating at an age before females are exposed to HPV would have the greatest impact. Since HPV Vaccines do not eliminate the risk of cervical cancer, cervical screening will still be required to minimize cancer incidence. Tiered pricing for HPV Vaccines, innovative financing mechanisms and multidisciplinary partnerships will be essential in order for the Vaccines to reach populations in greatest need.
Elizabeth R. Unger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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us assessment of HPV types in cancers implications for current and 9 valent HPV Vaccines
Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2015Co-Authors: Mona Saraiya, Elizabeth R. Unger, Trevor D Thompson, Charles F Lynch, Brenda Y Hernandez, Christopher Lyu, Martin Steinau, Meg Watson, Edward J Wilkinson, Claudia HopenhaynAbstract:Background: This study sought to determine the prevaccine type-specific prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV)– associated cancers in the United States to evaluate the potential impact of the HPV types in the current and newly approved 9-valent HPV Vaccines. Methods: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention partnered with seven US population-based cancer registries to obtain archival tissue for cancers diagnosed from 1993 to 2005. HPV testing was performed on 2670 case patients that were fairly representative of all participating cancer registry cases by age and sex. Demographic and clinical data were evaluated by anatomic site and HPV status. Current US cancer registry data and the detection of HPV types were used to estimate the number of cancers potentially preventable through vaccination. Results: HPV DNA was detected in 90.6% of cervical, 91.1% of anal, 75.0% of vaginal, 70.1% of oropharyngeal, 68.8% of vulvar, 63.3% of penile, 32.0% of oral cavity, and 20.9% of laryngeal cancers, as well as in 98.8% of cervical cancer in situ (CCIS). A vaccine targeting HPV 16/18 potentially prevents the majority of invasive cervical (66.2%), anal (79.4%), oropharyngeal (60.2%), and vaginal (55.1%) cancers, as well as many penile (47.9%), vulvar (48.6%) cancers: 24 858 cases annually. The 9-valent vaccine also targeting HPV 31/33/45/52/58 may prevent an additional 4.2% to 18.3% of cancers: 3944 cases annually. For most cancers, younger age at diagnosis was associated with higher HPV 16/18 prevalence. With the exception of oropharyngeal cancers and CCIS, HPV 16/18 prevalence was similar across racial/ethnic groups.
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human papillomavirus vaccination recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices acip
MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports Centers for Disease Control, 2014Co-Authors: Lauri E. Markowitz, Eileen F. Dunne, Mona Saraiya, Harrell W Chesson, C R Curtis, Joseph A Bocchini, Elizabeth R. UngerAbstract:: This report summarizes the epidemiology of human papillomavirus (HPV) and associated diseases, describes the licensed HPV Vaccines, provides updated data from clinical trials and postlicensure safety studies, and compiles recommendations from CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for use of HPV Vaccines. Persistent infection with oncogenic HPV types can cause cervical cancer in women as well as other anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers in women and men. HPV also causes genital warts. Two HPV Vaccines are licensed in the United States. Both are composed of type-specific HPV L1 protein, the major capsid protein of HPV. Expression of the L1 protein using recombinant DNA technology produces noninfectious virus-like particles (VLPs). Quadrivalent HPV vaccine (HPV4) contains four HPV type-specific VLPs prepared from the L1 proteins of HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18. Bivalent HPV vaccine (HPV2) contains two HPV type-specific VLPs prepared from the L1 proteins of HPV 16 and 18. Both Vaccines are administered in a 3-dose series. ACIP recommends routine vaccination with HPV4 or HPV2 for females aged 11 or 12 years and with HPV4 for males aged 11 or 12 years. Vaccination also is recommended for females aged 13 through 26 years and for males aged 13 through 21 years who were not vaccinated previously. Males aged 22 through 26 years may be vaccinated. ACIP recommends vaccination of men who have sex with men and immunocompromised persons (including those with HIV infection) through age 26 years if not previously vaccinated. As a compendium of all current recommendations for use of HPV Vaccines, information in this report is intended for use by clinicians, vaccination providers, public health officials, and immunization program personnel as a resource. ACIP recommendations are reviewed periodically and are revised as indicated when new information and data become available.
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Population impact of HPV Vaccines: summary of early evidence.
The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 2013Co-Authors: Susan Hariri, Lauri E. Markowitz, Eileen F. Dunne, Elizabeth R. UngerAbstract:Human papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines are available in the United States and around the world to prevent HPV-associated diseases including cervical cancer and genital warts. HPV vaccination is currently recommended for adolescents: target ages for routine and catch-up vaccinations vary by country. Because the time from vaccination to cancer development can be several decades, many studies are evaluating more immediate outcomes. In the 4 years since the vaccine was introduced, reductions in HPV vaccine type prevalence and genital warts have been reported in young females in the United States and other countries. Many questions remain about the long-term impact, but the initial studies show promising results for the relatively new HPV vaccine.