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James B. Elsner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Hurricane Climatology - Hurricanes, Climate, and Statistics
Hurricane Climatology, 2013Co-Authors: James B. Elsner, Thomas H. JaggerAbstract:This book is about Hurricanes, climate, and statistics. These topics may not seem related. Hurricanes are violent winds and flooding rains, climate is about weather conditions from the past, and statistics is about numbers. But what if you wanted to estimate the probability of winds exceeding 60 ms−1 in Florida next year. The answer involves all three, Hurricanes (fastest winds), climate (weather of the past), and statistics (probability). This book teaches you how to answer these questions in a rigorous and scientific way. We begin here with a short description of the topics and a few notes on what this book is about. A hurricane is an area of low air pressure over the warm tropical ocean. The low pressure creates showers and thunderstorms that start the winds rotating. The rotation helps to develop new thunderstorms. A tropical storm forms when the rotating winds exceed 17 ms−1 and a hurricane when they exceed 33 ms−1. Once formed, the winds continue to blow despite friction by an in-up-and-out circulation that imports heat at high temperature from the ocean and exports heat at lower temperature in the upper troposphere (near 16 km), which is similar to the way a steam engine converts thermal energy to mechanical motion. In short, a hurricane is powered by moisture and heat. Strong winds are a hurricane’s defining characteristic. Wind is caused by the change in air pressure between two locations. In the center of a hurricane, the air pressure, which is the weight of a column of air from the surface to the top of the atmosphere, is quite low compared with the air pressure outside the hurricane. This difference causes the air to move from the outside inward toward the center. By a combination of friction as the air rubs on the ocean below and the spin of the earth as it rotates on its axis, the air does not move directly inward but rather spirals in a counter clockwise direction toward the region of lowest pressure.
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Hurricane Clusters in the Vicinity of Florida
Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 2012Co-Authors: Thomas H. Jagger, James B. ElsnerAbstract:AbstractModels that predict annual U.S. hurricane activity assume a Poisson distribution for the counts. Here the authors show that this assumption applied to Florida Hurricanes leads to a forecast that underpredicts both the number of years without Hurricanes and the number of years with three or more Hurricanes. The underdispersion in forecast counts arises from a tendency for Hurricanes to arrive in groups along this part of the coastline. The authors then develop an extension to their earlier statistical model that assumes that the rate of hurricane clusters follows a Poisson distribution with cluster size capped at two Hurricanes. Hindcasts from the cluster model better fit the distribution of Florida Hurricanes conditional on the climate covariates including the North Atlantic Oscillation and Southern Oscillation index. Results are similar to models that parameterize the extra-Poisson variation in the observed counts, including the negative binomial and the Poisson inverse Gaussian models. The autho...
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A Statistical Analysis of the Frequency of United States and Eastern North Pacific Hurricanes Related to Solar Activity
Hurricanes and Climate Change, 2010Co-Authors: Robert E. Hodges, James B. ElsnerAbstract:In this chapter, we examine the statistical relationship between the frequency of United States and eastern North Pacific (ENP) Hurricanes and the solar cycle. First, a relationship between the probability of a hurricane and sunspot numbers is shown that is conditional on ocean temperature. For years of above normal ocean temperatures, the probability of three or more Hurricanes in the United States decreases from 40% to 20% as sunspot numbers increase. Second, a solar index that tracks intraseasonal variability in sunspot numbers is constructed and correlated with hurricane activity. The index is inversely related to the total sunspot numbers (SSN) and is significantly correlated with the probability of Hurricanes and major Hurricanes affecting the United States. The chances of at least one U.S. hurricane in the lowest and highest SSN anomaly season are 25% and 64%, respectively. The solar index is then used as a predictor of major hurricane frequency over the ENP where it is found that the chance of at least six major ENP Hurricanes increases from about 1% when the solar index lowest to 28% when the index is highest.
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Florida Hurricanes and Damage Costs
Southeastern Geographer, 2009Co-Authors: Jill C. Malmstadt, Kelsey N. Scheitlin, James B. ElsnerAbstract:Florida has been visited by some of the most destructive and devastating Hurricanes on record in the United States causing well over $450 billion in damage since the early 20th century. The value of insured property in Florida against windstorm damage is the highest in the nation and on the rise. The frequency and severity of Hurricanes affecting Florida are examined from the best set of available data and the damages are related to characteristics of the storms at landfall. Results show that normalized losses are increasing over time consistent with small increases in hurricane intensity and hurricane size. The best predictor of potential losses is minimum central pressure. Hurricane size alone or in combination with hurricane intensity does not improve on the simpler relationship. An estimate of potential losses from Hurricanes can be obtained using a formula involving only a forecast of the minimum pressure at landfall. The ability to estimate potential losses in Florida will increase the ability to estimate losses in other areas of the United States, and will also allow policy makers and insurance companies to provide relevant information to the concerned public.
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united states and caribbean tropical cyclone activity related to the solar cycle
Geophysical Research Letters, 2008Co-Authors: James B. Elsner, Thomas H. JaggerAbstract:[1] The authors report on a finding that annual U.S hurricane counts are significantly related to solar activity. The relationship results from fewer intense tropical cyclones over the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico when sunspot numbers are high. The finding is in accord with the heat-engine theory of Hurricanes that predicts a reduction in the maximum potential intensity with a warming in the layer near the top of the hurricane. An active sun warms the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere through ozone absorption of additional ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Since the dissipation of the hurricane's energy occurs through ocean mixing and atmospheric transport, tropical cyclones can act to amplify the effect of relatively small changes in the sun's output thereby appreciably altering the climate. Results have implications for life and property throughout the Caribbean, Mexico, and portions of the United States.
Christopher W. Landsea - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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On the Classification of Extreme Atlantic Hurricanes Utilizing Mid-Twentieth-Century Monitoring Capabilities*
Journal of Climate, 2012Co-Authors: Andrew B. Hagen, Christopher W. LandseaAbstract:AbstractAn investigation is conducted to determine how improvements in observing capabilities and technology may have affected scientists’ ability to detect and monitor Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale Category 5 Hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean basin during the mid-twentieth century. Previous studies state that there has been an increase in the number of intense Hurricanes and attribute this increase to anthropogenic global warming. Other studies claim that the apparent increased hurricane activity is an artifact of better observational capabilities and improved technology for detecting these intense Hurricanes. The present study focuses on the 10 most recent Category 5 Hurricanes recorded in the Atlantic, from Hurricane Andrew (1992) through Hurricane Felix (2007). These 10 Hurricanes are placed into the context of the technology available in the period of 1944–53, the first decade of aircraft reconnaissance. A methodology is created to determine how many of these 10 recent Category 5 Hurricanes like...
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(AND OTHER FREQUENTLY REQUESTED HURRICANE FACTS) by
2012Co-Authors: Eric S. Blake, Tpc Miami, Jerry D. Jarrell, Christopher W. L, Hrd Miami, Christopher W. LandseaAbstract:period 1851-1899 provided by the best track reanalysis project headed by Chris Landsea, some significant revisions to the period 1900-1914 and a revised intensity of Hurricane Andrew [Landsea et al. (2004)]. A new feature for this update is a list of landfalling Hurricanes during this era, updating and supplementing information provided in Neumann et al. (1999). The paper continues the methodology of Jarrell et al. (2001) in producing an estimate of the monetary loss that historical Hurricanes could exact on the current property-at-risk in the same location. During 1995, the National Meteorological Center, which included the National Hurricane Center, was re-organized into the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). Under NCEP, the National Hurricane Center became the Tropical Prediction Center (TPC), a name which more accurately reflects the broad scope of its responsibilities, and more formally publicizes that the majority of its operational products were for tropical weather events exclusive of Hurricanes. The name “National Hurricane Center ” was retained to apply to the hurricane operations desk at TPC. We will follow the convention where “NHC ” refers to the previous National Hurricane Center, “TPC ” refers to the current center and “TPC/NHC ” refers to the hurricane operations desk of TPC. THE DEADLIEST, COSTLIEST, AND MOST INTENS
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1JULY 2012 HAGEN AND LANDSEA 4461 On the Classification of Extreme Atlantic Hurricanes Utilizing Mid-Twentieth-Century Monitoring Capabilities*
2011Co-Authors: Andrew B. Hagen, Christopher W. LandseaAbstract:An investigation is conducted to determine how improvements in observing capabilities and technology may have affected scientists ’ ability to detect and monitor Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale Category 5 Hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean basin during the mid-twentieth century. Previous studies state that there has been an increase in the number of intense Hurricanes and attribute this increase to anthropogenic global warming. Other studies claim that the apparent increased hurricane activity is an artifact of better observational capabilities and improved technology for detecting these intense Hurricanes. The present study focuses on the 10 most recent Category 5 Hurricanes recorded in the Atlantic, from Hurricane Andrew (1992) through Hurricane Felix (2007). These 10 Hurricanes are placed into the context of the technology available in the period of 1944–53, the first decade of aircraft reconnaissance. A methodology is created to determine how many of these 10 recent Category 5 Hurricanes likely would have been recorded as Category 5 if they had occurred during this period using only the observations that likely would have been available with existing technology and observational networks. Late-1940s and early-1950s best-track intensities are determined for the entire lifetime of these 10 recent Category 5 Hurricanes. It is found that likely only 2 of these 10—both Category 5 landfalling Hurricanes—would have been recorded as Category 5 Hurricanes if they had occurred during the late-1940s period. The results suggest that intensity estimates for extreme tropical cyclones prior to the satellite era are unreliable for trend and variability analysis. 1. Introduction an
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atlantic basin Hurricanes indices of climatic changes
Climatic Change, 1999Co-Authors: Christopher W. Landsea, Roger A. Pielke, Alberto M Mestasnunez, John A KnaffAbstract:Accurate records of basinwide Atlantic and U.S. landfalling Hurricanes extend back to the mid 1940s and the turn of the century, respectively, as a result of aircraft reconnaissance and instrumented weather stations along the U.S. coasts. Such long-term records are not exceeded elsewhere in the tropics. The Atlantic Hurricanes, U.S. landfalling Hurricanes and U.S. normalized damage time series are examined for interannual trends and multidecadal variability. It is found that only weak linear trends can be ascribed to the hurricane activity and that multidecadal variability is more characteristic of the region. Various environmental factors including Caribbean sea level pressures and 200mb zonal winds, the stratospheric Quasi-Biennial Oscillation, the El Nino-Southern Oscillation, African West Sahel rainfall and Atlantic sea surface temperatures, are analyzed for interannual links to the Atlantic hurricane activity. All show significant, concurrent relationships to the frequency, intensity and duration of Atlantic Hurricanes. Additionally, variations in the El Nino-Southern Oscillation are significantly linked to changes in U.S. tropical cyclone-caused damages. Finally, much of the multidecadal hurricane activity can be linked to the Atlantic Multidecadal Mode - an empirical orthogonal function pattern derived from a global sea surface temperature record. Such linkages may allow for prediction of Atlantic hurricane activity on a multidecadal basis. These results are placed into the context of climate change and natural hazards policy.
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a climatology of intense or major atlantic Hurricanes
Monthly Weather Review, 1993Co-Authors: Christopher W. LandseaAbstract:Abstract The variability of intense (or major) Hurricanes in the Atlantic basin is investigated on both intraseasonal and interannual time scales. Differences are highlighted in characteristics between intense Hurricanes and the weaker minor Hurricanes and tropical storms. Intense Hurricanes show a much more peaked annual cycle than do weaker tropical cyclones. Ninety-five percent of all intense hurricane activity occurs during August to October. In addition, over 80% of all intense Hurricanes originate from African easterly waves, a much higher proportion than is observed for weaker cyclones. Of all classes of Atlantic basin tropical cyclones, the intense Hurricanes display the greatest year-to-year variability. The incidence of intense Hurricanes also has decreased during the last two decades. A small portion of this decreased activity appears to be due to an overestimation of hurricane intensity during the period spanning the 1940s through the 1960s. After adjusting for this bias, however, a substantia...
Eric S. Blake - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Extremely Active 2017 North Atlantic Hurricane Season
Monthly Weather Review, 2018Co-Authors: Philip J. Klotzbach, Eric S. Blake, Carl J. Schreck, Jennifer M. Collins, Michael M. Bell, David R. RoacheAbstract:AbstractThe 2017 North Atlantic hurricane season was extremely active, with 17 named storms (1981–2010 median is 12.0), 10 Hurricanes (median is 6.5), 6 major Hurricanes (median is 2.0), and 245% o...
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Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2010
Monthly Weather Review, 2015Co-Authors: John L. Beven, Eric S. BlakeAbstract:AbstractThe 2010 Atlantic hurricane season was marked by above-average tropical cyclone activity with the formation of 19 tropical storms. A total of 12 of the storms became Hurricanes and 5 became major Hurricanes (category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale). In addition, there were two tropical depressions that did not reach storm strength. These totals were well above the long-term averages of 11 named storms, 6 Hurricanes, and 2 major Hurricanes. The areas most affected by the 2010 storms were eastern Mexico, Central America, and the island nations of the western Caribbean Sea, where multiple strikes occurred. In addition, two Hurricanes struck eastern Canada. Despite the high level of activity, no Hurricanes made landfall in the United States in 2010. The death toll from the 2010 Atlantic tropical cyclones was 189.A verification of National Hurricane Center official forecasts during 2010 is also presented. The 2010 mean track errors were slightly larger than the previous 5-yr ave...
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Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season of 2011
Monthly Weather Review, 2013Co-Authors: Eric S. Blake, Todd B. KimberlainAbstract:AbstractOverall activity during the 2011 eastern North Pacific hurricane season was near average. Of the 11 tropical storms that formed, 10 became Hurricanes and 6 reached major hurricane strength (category 3 or stronger on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale). For comparison, the 1981–2010 averages are about 15 tropical storms, 8 Hurricanes, and 4 major Hurricanes. Interestingly, although the number of named storms was below average, the numbers of Hurricanes and major Hurricanes were above average. The 2011 season had the most Hurricanes since 2006 and the most major Hurricanes since 1998. Two Hurricanes affected the southwestern coast of Mexico (Beatriz as a category 1 hurricane and Jova as a category 2 hurricane), and the season’s tropical cyclones caused about 49 deaths. On average, the National Hurricane Center track forecasts in the eastern North Pacific for 2011 were very skillful.
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(AND OTHER FREQUENTLY REQUESTED HURRICANE FACTS) by
2012Co-Authors: Eric S. Blake, Tpc Miami, Jerry D. Jarrell, Christopher W. L, Hrd Miami, Christopher W. LandseaAbstract:period 1851-1899 provided by the best track reanalysis project headed by Chris Landsea, some significant revisions to the period 1900-1914 and a revised intensity of Hurricane Andrew [Landsea et al. (2004)]. A new feature for this update is a list of landfalling Hurricanes during this era, updating and supplementing information provided in Neumann et al. (1999). The paper continues the methodology of Jarrell et al. (2001) in producing an estimate of the monetary loss that historical Hurricanes could exact on the current property-at-risk in the same location. During 1995, the National Meteorological Center, which included the National Hurricane Center, was re-organized into the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). Under NCEP, the National Hurricane Center became the Tropical Prediction Center (TPC), a name which more accurately reflects the broad scope of its responsibilities, and more formally publicizes that the majority of its operational products were for tropical weather events exclusive of Hurricanes. The name “National Hurricane Center ” was retained to apply to the hurricane operations desk at TPC. We will follow the convention where “NHC ” refers to the previous National Hurricane Center, “TPC ” refers to the current center and “TPC/NHC ” refers to the hurricane operations desk of TPC. THE DEADLIEST, COSTLIEST, AND MOST INTENS
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Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2008
Monthly Weather Review, 2010Co-Authors: Daniel P. Brown, John L. Beven, James L Franklin, Eric S. BlakeAbstract:Abstract The 2008 Atlantic hurricane season is summarized and the year’s tropical cyclones are described. Sixteen named storms formed in 2008. Of these, eight became Hurricanes with five of them strengthening into major Hurricanes (category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale). There was also one tropical depression that did not attain tropical storm strength. These totals are above the long-term means of 11 named storms, 6 Hurricanes, and 2 major Hurricanes. The 2008 Atlantic basin tropical cyclones produced significant impacts from the Greater Antilles to the Turks and Caicos Islands as well as along portions of the U.S. Gulf Coast. Hurricanes Gustav, Ike, and Paloma hit Cuba, as did Tropical Storm Fay. Haiti was hit by Gustav and adversely affected by heavy rains from Fay, Ike, and Hanna. Paloma struck the Cayman Islands as a major hurricane, while Omar was a major hurricane when it passed near the northern Leeward Islands. Six consecutive cyclones hit the United States, including Hurrica...
Todd B. Kimberlain - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season of 2011
Monthly Weather Review, 2013Co-Authors: Eric S. Blake, Todd B. KimberlainAbstract:AbstractOverall activity during the 2011 eastern North Pacific hurricane season was near average. Of the 11 tropical storms that formed, 10 became Hurricanes and 6 reached major hurricane strength (category 3 or stronger on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale). For comparison, the 1981–2010 averages are about 15 tropical storms, 8 Hurricanes, and 4 major Hurricanes. Interestingly, although the number of named storms was below average, the numbers of Hurricanes and major Hurricanes were above average. The 2011 season had the most Hurricanes since 2006 and the most major Hurricanes since 1998. Two Hurricanes affected the southwestern coast of Mexico (Beatriz as a category 1 hurricane and Jova as a category 2 hurricane), and the season’s tropical cyclones caused about 49 deaths. On average, the National Hurricane Center track forecasts in the eastern North Pacific for 2011 were very skillful.
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Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2007
Monthly Weather Review, 2009Co-Authors: Michael J. Brennan, Richard D. Knabb, Michelle Mainelli, Todd B. KimberlainAbstract:Abstract The 2007 Atlantic hurricane season had 15 named storms, including 14 tropical storms and 1 subtropical storm. Of these, six became Hurricanes, including two major Hurricanes, Dean and Felix, which reached category 5 intensity (on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale). In addition, there were two unnamed tropical depressions. While the number of Hurricanes in the basin was near the long-term mean, 2007 became the first year on record with two category 5 landfalls, with Hurricanes Dean and Felix inflicting severe damage on Mexico and Nicaragua, respectively. Dean was the first category 5 hurricane in the Atlantic basin to make landfall in 15 yr, since Hurricane Andrew (1992). In total, eight systems made landfall in the basin during 2007, and the season’s tropical cyclones caused approximately 380 deaths. In the United States, one hurricane, one tropical storm, and three tropical depressions made landfall, resulting in 10 fatalities and about $50 million in damage.
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ANNUAL SUMMARY Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2007
2009Co-Authors: Michael J. Brennan, Richard D. Knabb, Michelle Mainelli, Todd B. KimberlainAbstract:The 2007 Atlantic hurricane season had 15 named storms, including 14 tropical storms and 1 subtropical storm. Of these, six became Hurricanes, including two major Hurricanes, Dean and Felix, which reached category 5 intensity (on the Saffir‐Simpson hurricane scale). In addition, there were two unnamed tropical depressions. While the number of Hurricanes in the basin was near the long-term mean, 2007 became the first year on record with two category 5 landfalls, with Hurricanes Dean and Felix inflicting severe damage on Mexico and Nicaragua, respectively. Dean was the first category 5 hurricane in the Atlantic basin to make landfall in 15 yr, since Hurricane Andrew (1992). In total, eight systems made landfall in the basin during 2007,andtheseason’stropicalcyclonescausedapproximately380deaths.IntheUnitedStates,onehurricane, one tropical storm, and three tropical depressions made landfall, resulting in 10 fatalities and about $50 million in damage. 1. Overview Activity during the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season was near average, with 15 named storms, including 14 tropical storms and 1 subtropical storm. Six of the named storms became Hurricanes, with two becoming major Hurricanes, corresponding to category 3 or greater on the Saffir‐Simpson hurricane scale (Saffir 1973; Simpson 1974). For the 40-yr period 1967‐2006, the Atlantic basin averages for named storms, Hurricanes, and major Hurricanes are 11, 6, and 2, respectively. Even though the number of named storms was above average, many of these systems were short lived and weak. In fact, the 2007 season recorded a total of eight cyclones that lasted 2 days or less, tying the 2005 season for the largest number of such short-lived storms. In terms of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) accumulated cyclone energy
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The 1995 and 1996 North Atlantic Hurricane Seasons: A Return of the Tropical-Only Hurricane
Journal of Climate, 1998Co-Authors: Todd B. Kimberlain, James B. ElsnerAbstract:Hurricane activity over the North Atlantic basin during 1995 and 1996 is compared to the combined hurricane activity over the previous four years (1991-94). The earlier period produced a total of 15 Hurricanes compared to a total of 20 Hurricanes over the latter period. Despite this similarity in numbers, the Hurricanes of 1995 and 1996 were generally of the tropical-only variety, which marks a substantial departure from activity during the early 1990s. The return of tropical-only Hurricanes to the Atlantic basin is likely the result of several global and local factors, including cool SST conditions in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific and warm SSTs in the tropical Atlantic. The hurricane activity of 1995 and 1996 is more reminiscent of activity of some seasons during the early and mid-1950s.
Lixion A. Avila - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2011
Monthly Weather Review, 2013Co-Authors: Lixion A. Avila, Stacy R. StewartAbstract:AbstractThe 2011 Atlantic season was marked by above-average tropical cyclone activity with the formation of 19 tropical storms. Seven of the storms became Hurricanes and four became major Hurricanes (category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale). The numbers of tropical storms and Hurricanes were above the long-term averages of 12 named storms, 6 Hurricanes, and 3 major Hurricanes. Despite the high level of activity, Irene was the only hurricane to hit land in 2011, striking both the Bahamas and the United States. Other storms, however, affected the United States, eastern Canada, Central America, eastern Mexico, and the northeastern Caribbean Sea islands. The death toll from the 2011 Atlantic tropical cyclones is 80. National Hurricane Center mean official track forecast errors in 2011 were smaller than the previous 5-yr means at all forecast times except 120 h. In addition, the official track forecast errors set records for accuracy at the 24-, 36-, 48-, and 72-h forecast times. The m...
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Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2009
Monthly Weather Review, 2011Co-Authors: Robert J Berg, Lixion A. AvilaAbstract:AbstractThe 2009 Atlantic season was marked by below-average tropical cyclone activity with the formation of nine tropical storms, the fewest since the 1997 Atlantic hurricane season. Of these, three became Hurricanes and two strengthened into major Hurricanes (category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale). In addition, there were two tropical depressions that did not reach storm strength. The numbers of tropical storms and Hurricanes were below the long-term averages of 11 named storms and 6 Hurricanes, although the number of major Hurricanes equaled the long-term average of 2. Many of the cyclones remained relatively weak. Only one tropical cyclone, Tropical Storm Claudette, made landfall in the United States, although Ida affected the northern Gulf Coast as a tropical storm before moving inland as an extratropical cyclone. Hurricane Bill and Tropical Storm Danny indirectly affected the East Coast by producing high surf, rip currents, and beach erosion; Bill also produced tropical sto...
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Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2005
Monthly Weather Review, 2008Co-Authors: John L. Beven, Daniel P. Brown, Lixion A. Avila, Eric S. Blake, James L Franklin, Richard D. Knabb, Richard J. Pasch, Jamie R. Rhome, Stacy R. StewartAbstract:Abstract The 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active of record. Twenty-eight storms occurred, including 27 tropical storms and one subtropical storm. Fifteen of the storms became Hurricanes, and seven of these became major Hurricanes. Additionally, there were two tropical depressions and one subtropical depression. Numerous records for single-season activity were set, including most storms, most Hurricanes, and highest accumulated cyclone energy index. Five Hurricanes and two tropical storms made landfall in the United States, including four major Hurricanes. Eight other cyclones made landfall elsewhere in the basin, and five systems that did not make landfall nonetheless impacted land areas. The 2005 storms directly caused nearly 1700 deaths. This includes approximately 1500 in the United States from Hurricane Katrina—the deadliest U.S. hurricane since 1928. The storms also caused well over $100 billion in damages in the United States alone, making 2005 the costliest hurricane season of record.
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Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1996
Monthly Weather Review, 1999Co-Authors: Richard J. Pasch, Lixion A. AvilaAbstract:A summary of the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season is given, and the individual tropical storms and Hurricanes are described. This was the second active year in a row with a large number of intense Hurricanes. Hurricane Fran, which hit the coast of North Carolina, was the strongest system to make landfall, and also the most destructive.
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Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season of 1993
Monthly Weather Review, 1995Co-Authors: Lixion A. Avila, Max MayfieldAbstract:Abstract The National Hurricane Center tracked 14 tropical storms, 10 of which became Hurricanes, during the 1993 eastern North Pacific hurricane season. Four named tropical cyclones and one tropical depression made landfall in Mexico. A general overview of the 1993 hurricane season is presented.
