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Noordermeer J.w.m. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Influence of oligomeric Resins on traction and rolling resistance of silica tire treads
    2016
    Co-Authors: Vleugels N., Pille-wolf W., Dierkes W.k., Noordermeer J.w.m.
    Abstract:

    This study concerns the silica-reinforcement of synthetic rubber compounds for passenger tire treads with the objective to gain insight into the beneficial effects of oligomeric Resins, derived from natural and synthetic monomers, on the major tire performance factors: rolling resistance and (wet) skid resistance. This manuscript highlights the relationship between the performances of various oligomeric Resins in different concentrations (2, 4, and 6 phr) on the dynamic mechanical behavior of the silica reinforced passenger car tire tread compounds. Three types of Resins were tested: a polyterpene, a terpene-phenolic, and a pure vinyl-aromatic Hydrocarbon Resin. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was used, in addition to Mooney viscosity, cure meter, tensile, and hardness tests to assess the behavior of these Resins in the rubber and to characterize the processability of the compounds. The DMA shows that the Resins and rubber compounds are compatible at the Resin quantities used. The tan δ loss angle versus temperature was used as an indication for wet skid and rolling resistance. The shift to a higher temperature in the tan δ peak belonging to the glass transition (Tg) of the rubber phase, due to the contribution of the higher Tg of the Resins, is the reason for improved wet skid performance. A maximum improvement of about 35 % in the wet skid region (0 – 30 °C) is found. The improved tan δ at 60 °C, indicative for rolling resistance, accounts for reduced interaction between filler particles. This is also confirmed by a decrease in Payne effect. A maximum improvement of about 15 % is found in the rolling resistance temperature range, dependent on the particular choice of the Resin

  • Understanding the Influence of oligomeric Resins on traction and rolling resistance of silica tire treads
    2015
    Co-Authors: Vleugels N., Pille-wolf W., Dierkes W.k., Noordermeer J.w.m.
    Abstract:

    This study concerns the silica reinforcement of styrene–butadiene rubber compounds for passenger car tire treads, with the objective of gaining greater insight into the beneficial effects of oligomeric Resins. The major tire performance factors predicted are rolling resistance and (wet) skid resistance measured on a laboratory scale. Three types of Resins were tested: a polyterpene, a terpene-phenolic, and a pure vinyl-aromatic Hydrocarbon Resin, at various concentrations, namely, 2, 4, and 6 parts per hundred of rubber (phr). Laboratory scale dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), Mooney viscosity, cure meter, and tensile and hardness tests were used to assess the behavior of these Resins in the rubber and to characterize the processibility of the compounds. The DMA shows that the Resins and rubber compounds are partially compatible for the low Resin quantities used. The tan δ loss factor versus temperature was used as an indication for wet skid and rolling resistance. The shift to a higher temperature in the tan δ peak, due to the contribution of the tan δ peak shift of the Resins, is the reason for improved wet skid performance. A maximum improvement of about 35% in the wet skid region (0 °C–30 °C) is found. The improved tan δ at 60 °C, indicative for rolling resistance, accounts for reduced interaction between filler particles. This is also confirmed by a decrease in the Payne effect. A maximum improvement of about 15% is found in the rolling resistance temperature range, dependent on the particular choice of the Resin

José Miguel Martín-martínez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Assessment of the compatibility in hot melts by using different thermoanalytical methods. Ethylene/n-butyl acrylate (EBA) hot melts containing tackifiers of different nature
    Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2017
    Co-Authors: María Alejandra Moyano, Rodrigo París, José Miguel Martín-martínez
    Abstract:

    Several thermoanalytical methods were used to assess the compatibility of EBA (copolymer of ethylene and n -butyl acrylate) hot melts containing tackifiers of different nature (pentaerythritol rosin ester, polyterpene Resin, aliphatic Hydrocarbon Resin, aromatic Hydrocarbon Resin, and cycloaliphatic-aromatic Hydrocarbon Resin). The influence of the compatibility of EBA hot melts on their rheological, viscoelastic, and adhesion properties to polar (aluminum foil) and nonpolar (polypropylene film) substrates were analyzed. The viscosity and shear thinning at 160 °C of EBA hot melts varied significantly by changing the tackifier nature; however, at 180 °C all EBA hot melts showed similar viscosities and shear thinning was absent because of the rupture of physical interactions between their components. EBA copolymer showed broad tackifier compatibility, even though aliphatic and aromatic Hydrocarbon Resins were less compatible. Compatibility was assessed by softening point and cloud point measurement, and dynamical mechanical thermal analysis. The most compatible EBA hot melts were obtained with rosin ester, polyterpene and cycloaliphatic-aromatic Hydrocarbon tackifiers and they showed the highest tack and adhesion. On the contrary, the less-compatible EBA hot melts were obtained with aromatic and aliphatic Hydrocarbon tackifiers, and they showed the lowest adhesion. EBA containing aliphatic Hydrocarbon tackifier was exceptional because of even being incompatible, it showed high tack.

  • Assessment of the compatibility in hot melts by using different thermoanalytical methods. Ethylene/ n -butyl acrylate (EBA) hot melts containing tackifiers of different nature
    Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2017
    Co-Authors: María Alejandra Moyano, Rodrigo París, José Miguel Martín-martínez
    Abstract:

    Several thermoanalytical methods were used to assess the compatibility of EBA (copolymer of ethylene and n-butyl acrylate) hot melts containing tackifiers of different nature (pentaerythritol rosin ester, polyterpene Resin, aliphatic Hydrocarbon Resin, aromatic Hydrocarbon Resin, and cycloaliphatic-aromatic Hydrocarbon Resin). The influence of the compatibility of EBA hot melts on their rheological, viscoelastic, and adhesion properties to polar (aluminum foil) and nonpolar (polypropylene film) substrates were analyzed. The viscosity and shear thinning at 160 °C of EBA hot melts varied significantly by changing the tackifier nature; however, at 180 °C all EBA hot melts showed similar viscosities and shear thinning was absent because of the rupture of physical interactions between their components. EBA copolymer showed broad tackifier compatibility, even though aliphatic and aromatic Hydrocarbon Resins were less compatible. Compatibility was assessed by softening point and cloud point measurement, and dynamical mechanical thermal analysis. The most compatible EBA hot melts were obtained with rosin ester, polyterpene and cycloaliphatic-aromatic Hydrocarbon tackifiers and they showed the highest tack and adhesion. On the contrary, the less-compatible EBA hot melts were obtained with aromatic and aliphatic Hydrocarbon tackifiers, and they showed the lowest adhesion. EBA containing aliphatic Hydrocarbon tackifier was exceptional because of even being incompatible, it showed high tack.

  • Effects of Hydrocarbon tackifiers on the adhesive properties of contact adhesives based on polychloroprene. II. Nature of the Hydrocarbon tackifier
    Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 1996
    Co-Authors: Teresa Del Pilar Ferrándiz-gómez, Juan C. Fernández-garcía, A. César Orgilés-barceló, José Miguel Martín-martínez
    Abstract:

    50 phr each of three Hydrocarbon Resins of different aliphatic-aromatic nature was added to a solvent based polychloroprene adhesive. The Hydrocarbon Resins were characterized using infra-red (IR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. The properties and compatibility of the polychloroprene/ Resin blends were studied using thermal mechanical analysis (TMA), DSC, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and rheology. Tack measurements were carried out, and the joint strength was obtained from T-peel tests of roughened styrene-butadiene rubber-polychloroprene adhesive joints. The addition of aromatic Hydrocarbon Resins produced a compatible Resin-polychloroprene blend, whereas an incompatibility was obtained between an aliphatic Hydrocarbon Resin and the polychloroprene. The compatibility of aromatic Hydrocarbon Resin-polychloroprene blends was responsible for the enhanced tack and improved adhesion to roughened rubber materials. On the other hand, the incompatibility of aliphatic ...

  • Effects of Hydrocarbon tackifiers on the adhesive properties of contact adhesives based on polychloroprene. I. Influence of the amount of Hydrocarbon tackifier
    Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 1996
    Co-Authors: Teresa Del Pilar Ferrándiz-gómez, Juan C. Fernández-garcía, A. César Orgilés-barceló, José Miguel Martín-martínez
    Abstract:

    Amounts between 20 and 120 phr of an aromatic Hydrocarbon Resin were added to a solvent-based polychloroprene adhesive. The Hydrocarbon Resin was characterized using infra-red (IR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. The properties and compatibility of the polychloroprene/Resin mixture were studied using contact angle measurements, mechanical tests, DSC, thermal mechanical analysis (TMA), and rheology. Tack measurements were also carried out, and the adhesion strength was obtained from T-peel tests on roughened styrene-butadiene rubber/polychloroprene adhesive joints. The addition of Resin produced an increase in the contact angle, and a decrease in the mechanical and viscoelastic properties of the adhesives. For amounts of Resin lower than 50 phr, there was adequate compatibility with polychloroprene, which could be the reason for the improved tack and practical adhesion of the polychloroprene adhesives. Amounts of Resin higher than 50 phr produced a lesser degree of co...

Anil K. Bhowmick - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Facile one-pot synthesis and characterization of maleated Hydrocarbon Resin tackifier for improved adhesion
    International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 2010
    Co-Authors: K. Dinesh Kumar, Andy H. Tsou, Anil K. Bhowmick
    Abstract:

    Abstract This work reports for the first time the facile method for grafting maleic anhydride (MAH) to solid C5-aliphatic Hydrocarbon Resin tackifier (HCR). MAH grafting has been carried out thermally (240°C) without using any peroxide. It has been shown that up to 30 wt% of MAH can be conveniently grafted to the HCR via thermal process. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy confirm that the MAH has been appended to the HCR. The effect of varying MAH concentration, reaction time and reaction temperature on the grafting efficiency (GE) has been reported. The grafting degree (wt%) and grafting efficiency (GE) of the maleated (MA-g-HCR) samples have been determined by FT-IR spectroscopy and solvent extraction. The MA-g-HCR samples have been thoroughly characterized by using gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, contact angle measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A steady increase in the molecular weight, glass transition temperature, melting point and maximum degradation temperature of the HCR tackifier has been observed with the increasing weight percentage of MAH grafting. It has been shown that the polar component of the surface energy of HCR Resin can be increased up to 9±3 mN m−1 by grafting 30 wt% of MAH.

  • Interplay between bulk viscoelasticity and surface energy in autohesive tack of rubber‐tackifier blends
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B, 2010
    Co-Authors: K. Dinesh Kumar, Andy H. Tsou, Anil K. Bhowmick
    Abstract:

    The effects of change in surface energy and bulk viscoelastic properties on the autohesive tack strength of brominated isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene (BIMS) rubber have been investigated by the addition of Hydrocarbon Resin (HCR) tackifier and maleated Hydrocarbon Resin (MA-g-HCR) tackifier. The addition of compatible HCR tackifier results in a reasonable increment in the tack strength of BIMS rubber by modifying only the bulk viscoelastic properties (compliance, entanglement molecular weight, relaxation time, self-diffusion, and monomer friction coefficient values) of BIMS rubber to perform better during the course of bonding and debonding steps of the peel test. Incorporation of MA-g-HCR tackifier (containing 5―20 wt % of grafted maleic anhydride) steadily increases the tack strength of BIMS rubber further by precisely modifying both the surface energy and bulk viscoelastic properties to perform much better in the bonding and debonding steps. However, beyond 20 wt % of grafted maleic anhydride in the HCR tackifier, the tack strength starts decreasing due to the incompatibility between the blend components, and hence, the bulk viscoelastic properties required for bond formation are severely retarded by the interrelated reinforcing effect and the phase separation effect of the brittle MA-g-HCR tackifier in the BIMS rubber. Hence, the polar groups in a tackifier will contribute to significant enhancement of autohesive tack strength only if the bulk viscoelastic property of the rubber-tackifier blend is favorable for bond formation and bond separation.

  • Probing the Viscoelastic Properties of Brominated Isobutylene-co-p-Methylstyrene Rubber/Tackifier Blends Using a Rubber Process Analyzer
    Polymer Engineering and Science, 2008
    Co-Authors: K. Dinesh Kumar, Sanjiv Gupta, Andy H. Tsou, B.b. Sharma, Anil K. Bhowmick
    Abstract:

    The viscoelastic behavior of brominated isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene (BIMS) rubber/Hydrocarbon Resin blends and BIMS/phenol formaldehyde Resin blends was studied with the use of a rubber process analyzer. Dynamic mechanical analysis and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the compatibility between the BIMS/tackifier blends. Strain sweep tests at temperature below the softening point of the tackifiers showed the formation of Resin–Resin networks in the incompatible BIMS/phenolic Resin blends. However, Resin–Resin network was not prominent in the case of the compatible BIMS/Hydrocarbon Resin blends. Frequency sweep tests were performed at the strain amplitude within the linear region at several temperatures and the variations of shear storage modulus, G′ and complex viscosity, η* against frequency were recorded. The tackifying Resins modified the viscoelastic properties of the BIMS rubber by reducing the storage modulus at lower frequency and by increasing the storage modulus at higher frequencies. However, this action was found to be highly dependent on (a) rubber-tackifier compatibility, (b) blend proportions, and (c) test temperature. Furthermore, stress relaxation measurements of the BIMS/tackifier blends at temperature below the softening point of the tackifiers showed longer period of relaxation for the incompatible BIMS/phenolic Resin blends. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers

  • Compatibility and viscoelastic properties of brominated isobutylene‐co‐p‐methylstyrene rubber/tackifier blends
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2008
    Co-Authors: K. Dinesh Kumar, Sanjiv Gupta, ANDY HAISHUNG TSOU, Anil K. Bhowmick
    Abstract:

    Brominated isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene (BIMS) rubber has been blended with Hydrocarbon Resin tackifier and alkyl phenol formaldehyde Resin tackifier, and the compatibility between the blend components has been systematically evaluated. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies show that BIMS rubber and Hydrocarbon Resin tackifier blends are compatible at all blend proportions studied. However, BIMS rubber and phenol formaldehyde Resin blends exhibit very limited compatibility with each other and phase separation even at very low phenolic tackifier concentration. Morphological studies of the rubber–Resin blends by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) corroborate well with the DMA and DSC results. From the DMA frequency sweep and temperature sweep studies, it is shown that the Hydrocarbon Resin tackifier acts as a diluent and causes a decrease in the storage modulus values (by reducing the entanglement and network density) in the rubbery plateau region. On the other hand, phenol formaldehyde Resin behaves in the way similar to that of the reinforcing filler by increasing the storage modulus values (by increasing the entanglement and network density) in the rubbery plateau zone. The relaxation time estimated from the different zones of frequency sweep master curves provides information about the influence of the two tackifiers on the viscoelastic properties of the BIMS rubber in the respective zones. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008

  • Unique Behavior of Hydrocarbon Resin Tackifier on Unaged and Aged Tack of Brominated Isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene (BIMS) Rubber
    Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 2008
    Co-Authors: Dinesh K. Kumar, Andy H. Tsou, Anil K. Bhowmick
    Abstract:

    The effect of Hydrocarbon Resin tackifier on autohesion of brominated isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene (BIMS) rubber was investigated by a 180° peel test. The tack strength increased with Resin (tackifier) loading up to 10 phr beyond which it dropped. At 10 phr Resin concentration, the tackifier enhanced the self-bond formation by enhancing the chain mobility across the interface and, in turn, by providing greater separation resistance from the diffused chains. These conclusions were derived from measured maximum tensile stress, compression creep and viscoelastic properties of the rubber–Resin mixtures. The tack strength of neat BIMS rubber showed t ½ dependence with respect to increasing contact time (t). On the other hand, the tack strength of the Resin loaded sample showed t ¼ time dependence on contact time. Although the results from dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) studies suggested good compatibility between the blend components, morphological studies revealed migration of the tackifier to the rubber...

Clara Silvestre - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • effect of Hydrocarbon Resin on the morphology and mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene clay composites
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2011
    Co-Authors: Sossio Cimmino, Clara Silvestre, Donatella Duraccio, Marilena Pezzuto
    Abstract:

    The article reports an investigation of the effect of a Hydrocarbon Resin, Necires TR100, on the structure, morphology, and properties of two isotactic polypropylene/clay composites. The clays are Dellite HPS, a purified montmorillonite, and Dellite 67G, a purified and modified montmorillonite with a high content of quaternary ammonium salt. Necires TR100 contains hydroxyl and acid groups, which were expected to interact during the melt mixing with the polar surface of the clays to have intercalation with Dellite HPS and/or exfoliation of Dellite 67G, which is already intercalated by the quaternary ammonium salt. The morphological results indicate that the composite isotactic polypropylene/Dellite HPS presents large and coarse clay domains, whereas the composite isotactic polypropylene/Dellite 67G presents a better distribution of the clay clusters, although the presence of some clay domains of a few μm are also detected. Although results from Wide Angle X-ray Diffraction have indicated that Necires TR100 has no effect on the layers distance of Dellite HPS and Dellite 67G its addition produces composites with clay particles homogenously distributed in the polyolefin matrix, better tensile properties (higher values of Young's modululs and elongation to break) and decrease of permeability. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011

  • Effect of Hydrocarbon Resin on the morphology and mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene/clay composites
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2010
    Co-Authors: Sossio Cimmino, Clara Silvestre, Donatella Duraccio, Marilena Pezzuto
    Abstract:

    The article reports an investigation of the effect of a Hydrocarbon Resin, Necires TR100, on the structure, morphology, and properties of two isotactic polypropylene/clay composites. The clays are Dellite HPS, a purified montmorillonite, and Dellite 67G, a purified and modified montmorillonite with a high content of quaternary ammonium salt. Necires TR100 contains hydroxyl and acid groups, which were expected to interact during the melt mixing with the polar surface of the clays to have intercalation with Dellite HPS and/or exfoliation of Dellite 67G, which is already intercalated by the quaternary ammonium salt. The morphological results indicate that the composite isotactic polypropylene/Dellite HPS presents large and coarse clay domains, whereas the composite isotactic polypropylene/Dellite 67G presents a better distribution of the clay clusters, although the presence of some clay domains of a few μm are also detected. Although results from Wide Angle X-ray Diffraction have indicated that Necires TR100 has no effect on the layers distance of Dellite HPS and Dellite 67G its addition produces composites with clay particles homogenously distributed in the polyolefin matrix, better tensile properties (higher values of Young's modululs and elongation to break) and decrease of permeability. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011

  • Isotactic polypropylene modified with clay and Hydrocarbon Resin: Compatibility, structure and morphology in dependence on crystallization conditions
    Applied Surface Science, 2009
    Co-Authors: Sossio Cimmino, Clara Silvestre, Donatella Duraccio, Marilena Pezzuto
    Abstract:

    The influence of a based montmorillonite (MMT) clay on the phase structure, structure, morphology and crystallization behaviour of iPP is investigated. A low molecular mass Hydrocarbon Resin, containing hydroxyl and acid groups, suitable to interactions probably through hydrogen bonding with the polar surface of the clay, was also added to iPP/clay system with the aim to increase the compatibility between iPP and clay and then to improve the performance of such nanocomposites. The crystallization conditions as well as the blend formulation dictate the phase structure, the clay interlayer distances and the iPP polymorphism. In the ternary system intercalation and probably exfoliation of clay layers can be obtained in dependence on thermal treatments. These results open new perspectives to the preparation of homogeneous polypropylene clay nanocomposites and can be the base for further investigation aiming at optimizing the nanomaterials processing conditions.

  • Structure and Properties of a Polypropylene Containing Random Ethylene Units Modified with a Hydrogenated Hydrocarbon Resin
    Macromolecular Symposia, 2006
    Co-Authors: Sossio Cimmino, Donatella Duraccio, Clara Silvestre
    Abstract:

    The system formed by a polypropylene containing random low ethylene content (EP copolymer) of and a hydrogenated Hydrocarbon Resin (HR) is investigated in order to study the influence of Resin (up to 20% in wt) on properties of blends and derived films. The random EP copolymer used is MoplenEP2C37F and the Resin is MBG273 of Hercules Chemical Co. DSC and DMTA analyses of the blends show increase of Tg with Resin content indicating that the two components are compatible in the amorphous phase. WAXD spectra show that MBG273 influences slightly the crystalline structure of EP copolymer. In fact the diffractograms of the EP copolymer and 95/5 blend present, beside the predominant peak of a form, also a small span denoting presence of yform; this span is not detectable on spectra of 90/10 and 80/ 20 samples. The crystallization during the cooling is found to be only lightly delayed by the HR: in fact, only 4 degrees is the difference between the Tc values of EP copolymer and 80/20 blend. Stress-strain test performed at room temperature show that MBG273 induces increase of Young's modulus and small decrease of elongation at break as function of Resin content. An important effect is on the water vapour permeability, which decreases with Resin content. The permeability and tensile properties are related to the increase of the glass transition with the addition of MBG273 that transforms gradually the amorphous of the material from rubbery to glassy. The results reported in this work indicate that an addition of 5-10% of MBG273 changes favourably properties, as Young' modulus and water vapour permeability, of an EP copolymer designed for the production of films for packaging application.

  • Morphology of a melt crystallized iPP/HDPE/hydrogenated Hydrocarbon Resin blend
    Polymer, 2003
    Co-Authors: Clara Silvestre, Sossio Cimmino, Beniamino Pirozzi
    Abstract:

    Abstract The structure, phase structure, morphology, crystallization and melting behavior of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) blended with a master batch (MB), formed by high density polyethylene and hydrogenated Hydrocarbon Resin (iPP/MB), have been in details investigated by using X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that the structure and morphology depend on crystallization conditions. A new family of α spherulites of iPP (type I spherulites) can be activated using appropriate crystallization conditions. Nucleation of these spherulites has been explained by using the approach of nucleus migration in polymer blends. Type I spherulites present specific morphological, kinetic and thermal behaviors. In particular it was found that the growth rate of type I spherulites, at a given T c , is higher than the growth rate of spherulites grown from plain iPP.

Vleugels N. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Influence of oligomeric Resins on traction and rolling resistance of silica tire treads
    2016
    Co-Authors: Vleugels N., Pille-wolf W., Dierkes W.k., Noordermeer J.w.m.
    Abstract:

    This study concerns the silica-reinforcement of synthetic rubber compounds for passenger tire treads with the objective to gain insight into the beneficial effects of oligomeric Resins, derived from natural and synthetic monomers, on the major tire performance factors: rolling resistance and (wet) skid resistance. This manuscript highlights the relationship between the performances of various oligomeric Resins in different concentrations (2, 4, and 6 phr) on the dynamic mechanical behavior of the silica reinforced passenger car tire tread compounds. Three types of Resins were tested: a polyterpene, a terpene-phenolic, and a pure vinyl-aromatic Hydrocarbon Resin. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was used, in addition to Mooney viscosity, cure meter, tensile, and hardness tests to assess the behavior of these Resins in the rubber and to characterize the processability of the compounds. The DMA shows that the Resins and rubber compounds are compatible at the Resin quantities used. The tan δ loss angle versus temperature was used as an indication for wet skid and rolling resistance. The shift to a higher temperature in the tan δ peak belonging to the glass transition (Tg) of the rubber phase, due to the contribution of the higher Tg of the Resins, is the reason for improved wet skid performance. A maximum improvement of about 35 % in the wet skid region (0 – 30 °C) is found. The improved tan δ at 60 °C, indicative for rolling resistance, accounts for reduced interaction between filler particles. This is also confirmed by a decrease in Payne effect. A maximum improvement of about 15 % is found in the rolling resistance temperature range, dependent on the particular choice of the Resin

  • Understanding the Influence of oligomeric Resins on traction and rolling resistance of silica tire treads
    2015
    Co-Authors: Vleugels N., Pille-wolf W., Dierkes W.k., Noordermeer J.w.m.
    Abstract:

    This study concerns the silica reinforcement of styrene–butadiene rubber compounds for passenger car tire treads, with the objective of gaining greater insight into the beneficial effects of oligomeric Resins. The major tire performance factors predicted are rolling resistance and (wet) skid resistance measured on a laboratory scale. Three types of Resins were tested: a polyterpene, a terpene-phenolic, and a pure vinyl-aromatic Hydrocarbon Resin, at various concentrations, namely, 2, 4, and 6 parts per hundred of rubber (phr). Laboratory scale dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), Mooney viscosity, cure meter, and tensile and hardness tests were used to assess the behavior of these Resins in the rubber and to characterize the processibility of the compounds. The DMA shows that the Resins and rubber compounds are partially compatible for the low Resin quantities used. The tan δ loss factor versus temperature was used as an indication for wet skid and rolling resistance. The shift to a higher temperature in the tan δ peak, due to the contribution of the tan δ peak shift of the Resins, is the reason for improved wet skid performance. A maximum improvement of about 35% in the wet skid region (0 °C–30 °C) is found. The improved tan δ at 60 °C, indicative for rolling resistance, accounts for reduced interaction between filler particles. This is also confirmed by a decrease in the Payne effect. A maximum improvement of about 15% is found in the rolling resistance temperature range, dependent on the particular choice of the Resin