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Nina Heinrichs - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Attentional Bias in Children with Social Anxiety Disorder
Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2018Co-Authors: Steffen Schmidtendorf, Susanne Wiedau, Julia Asbrand, Brunna Tuschen-caffier, Nina HeinrichsAbstract:Previous research stated a robust attentional bias to threat in adult anxiety. However, the number of studies analyzing attentional biases in clinically anxious children is limited and results are inconsistent. The present study aims to assess attentional biases in children with social anxiety disorder ( n = 37) and healthy control children ( n = 42) using a free-viewing eye-tracking paradigm. Children viewed different picture pairs consisting of social and non-social stimuli under two conditions (with/without a stressor to activate social threat perception). We found the direction of gaze regarding threatening stimuli to be context-dependent. Both groups showed a Hypervigilance-avoidance pattern to angry faces when they were paired with houses. In face–face trials, angry faces were less often initially fixated than neutral or happy faces in both groups. However, schema activation differentially affected initial fixations in angry-neutral face pairs across groups. Children with social anxiety disorder more often initially directed their gaze to angry faces than did healthy control children, indicating a lack of inhibiting threat representations rather than a Hypervigilance to threat.
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Hypervigilance and avoidance in visual attention in children with social phobia
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 2014Co-Authors: Wiebke Lina Seefeldt, Martina Kramer, Brunna Tuschencaffier, Nina HeinrichsAbstract:Abstract Background and objectives Attentional bias towards threat in socially anxious adults is well documented; however, research on this bias in children with social phobia is rather scarce. The present study investigates whether the Hypervigilance-avoidance hypothesis also applies to children with social phobia. Methods Thirty children (aged 8–12) with social phobia and 43 control children participated in an eye-tracking experiment while their attentional distribution was recorded. Social anxiety was induced in half of the children before the eye-tracking task. Stimuli were presented for 3000 ms, and bias scores for initial fixations and the time span of attention were assessed. Results Results indicated initial vigilance towards angry faces for all children independent of anxiety induction, while Hypervigilance (but not avoidance) was only established in children with social phobia for angry–neutral face pairs and with social fears induced. Self-report measures of anxiety correlated with bias towards threat with more pronounced associations occurring in the anxiety induction condition. Limitations We did not record reaction times simultaneously which limits the opportunity to compare our results to some previous studies which focused on this variable as an indicator of attention. Conclusions Cognitive biases in elementary school children (between 8 and 12 years) relate to hypervigilant rather than to avoidant information processing. Attentional distribution varies over time. Differences between clinical anxious and healthy children seem to be modified by anxiety induction, symptom severity and contextual stimuli, such as the emotional valence of a face and the context in which the threat stimulus appears.
Simkje Sieswerda - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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successful psychotherapy reduces Hypervigilance in borderline personality disorder
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 2007Co-Authors: Simkje Sieswerda, Arnoud Arntz, Merel KindtAbstract:The aims of the present study were to investigate whether selective attention in borderline personality disorder (BPD) is content-specific and influenced by treatment. Comparisons were made between emotional Stroop interferences of stimulus types that were related and unrelated to hypothesized BPD schemas (1) of patients with BPD (n = 24) and nonpatient controls (n = 23), and (2) of BPD patients (n = 16) at start and end of an intensive, 3-year lasting treatment. Patients with BPD showed general Hypervigilance, i.e. attentional biases for both schema related and unrelated emotional stimuli. Hypervigilance was completely reduced to normalized levels in recovered patients (n = 6), but not in non-recovered patients (n = 10) at the end of treatment. The findings support the possibility of structural change in BPD.
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Hypervigilance in patients with borderline personality disorder specificity automaticity and predictors
Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2007Co-Authors: Simkje Sieswerda, Ingrid Mertens, Arnoud Arntz, Stefaan VertommenAbstract:According to cognitive theory, an important factor in borderline personality disorder (BPD) is Hypervigilance. The aim of the present study was to test whether BPD patients show schema-related biases, and to explore relations with childhood trauma, schemas, and BPD symptoms. Sixteen BPD patients were compared with 18 patients with a cluster C personality disorder, 16 patients with an axis I disorder, and 16 normal controls. An emotional Stroop task was applied with schema-related and unrelated, negative and positive, supra- and subliminal person-related stimuli. BPD patients showed Hypervigilance for both negative and positive cues, but were specifically biased towards schema-related negative cues. Predictors were BPD schemas, childhood sexual traumas, and BPD anxiety symptoms. Both BPD and axis I disorder patients showed a trend for a bias for negative schema-related subliminal stimuli. More attention to Hypervigilance in BPD is recommended for clinical practice.
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Hypervigilance in patients with borderline personality disorder: Specificity, automaticity, and predictors
Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2007Co-Authors: Simkje Sieswerda, Ingrid Mertens, Arnoud Arntz, Stefaan VertommenAbstract:According to cognitive theory, an important factor in borderline personality disorder (BPD) is Hypervigilance. The aim of the present study was to test whether BPD patients show schema-related biases, and to explore relations with childhood trauma, schemas, and BPD symptoms. Sixteen BPD patients were compared with 18 patients with a cluster C personality disorder, 16 patients with an axis I disorder, and 16 normal controls. An emotional Stroop task was applied with schema-related and unrelated, negative and positive, supra- and subliminal person-related stimuli. BPD patients showed Hypervigilance for both negative and positive cues, but were specifically biased towards schema-related negative cues. Predictors were BPD schemas, childhood sexual traumas, and BPD anxiety symptoms. Both BPD and axis I disorder patients showed a trend for a bias for negative schema-related subliminal stimuli. More attention to Hypervigilance in BPD is recommended for clinical practice. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sylvia Helbiglang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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anxious and alert Hypervigilance in social anxiety disorder
Psychiatry Research-neuroimaging, 2018Co-Authors: Richard Wermes, Tania M Lincoln, Sylvia HelbiglangAbstract:Abstract The vast majority of research on attentional biases to threat focusses on selective attention, even though several cognitive-behavioral models furthermore assume Hypervigilance to be important in this regard. Thus, the current study examined Hypervigilance in trait and state social anxiety. We analyzed visual scanpath lengths and fixation counts of participants with Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) (n = 61) and healthy controls (n = 60) in a combined visual search and eye tracking paradigm, including photographs of facial expressions. Half of all participants were randomly assigned to a state anxiety induction. Interaction effects revealed opposed attentional patterns of participants with SAD as compared to healthy controls considering overall visual scanpath lengths (F(1,117) = 5.32, p = 0.023, η2partial = 0.043) and fixation counts (F(1,117) = 5.10, p = 0.026, η2partial = 0.042). Accordingly, participants with SAD showed signs of Hypervigilance in the anxiety induction condition. In contrast, there was no main effect of diagnostic group, indicating that individuals with SAD shift their attentional focus to broad scanning behavior only under conditions of threat. Our results add to the small number of existing studies on Hypervigilance in SAD and suggest the topic to be promising for future research.
Stefaan Vertommen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Hypervigilance in patients with borderline personality disorder specificity automaticity and predictors
Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2007Co-Authors: Simkje Sieswerda, Ingrid Mertens, Arnoud Arntz, Stefaan VertommenAbstract:According to cognitive theory, an important factor in borderline personality disorder (BPD) is Hypervigilance. The aim of the present study was to test whether BPD patients show schema-related biases, and to explore relations with childhood trauma, schemas, and BPD symptoms. Sixteen BPD patients were compared with 18 patients with a cluster C personality disorder, 16 patients with an axis I disorder, and 16 normal controls. An emotional Stroop task was applied with schema-related and unrelated, negative and positive, supra- and subliminal person-related stimuli. BPD patients showed Hypervigilance for both negative and positive cues, but were specifically biased towards schema-related negative cues. Predictors were BPD schemas, childhood sexual traumas, and BPD anxiety symptoms. Both BPD and axis I disorder patients showed a trend for a bias for negative schema-related subliminal stimuli. More attention to Hypervigilance in BPD is recommended for clinical practice.
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Hypervigilance in patients with borderline personality disorder: Specificity, automaticity, and predictors
Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2007Co-Authors: Simkje Sieswerda, Ingrid Mertens, Arnoud Arntz, Stefaan VertommenAbstract:According to cognitive theory, an important factor in borderline personality disorder (BPD) is Hypervigilance. The aim of the present study was to test whether BPD patients show schema-related biases, and to explore relations with childhood trauma, schemas, and BPD symptoms. Sixteen BPD patients were compared with 18 patients with a cluster C personality disorder, 16 patients with an axis I disorder, and 16 normal controls. An emotional Stroop task was applied with schema-related and unrelated, negative and positive, supra- and subliminal person-related stimuli. BPD patients showed Hypervigilance for both negative and positive cues, but were specifically biased towards schema-related negative cues. Predictors were BPD schemas, childhood sexual traumas, and BPD anxiety symptoms. Both BPD and axis I disorder patients showed a trend for a bias for negative schema-related subliminal stimuli. More attention to Hypervigilance in BPD is recommended for clinical practice. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Mark Hollins - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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experimental Hypervigilance changes the intensity unpleasantness ratio of pressure sensations evidence for the generalized Hypervigilance hypothesis
Experimental Brain Research, 2016Co-Authors: Mark Hollins, Sloan WaltersAbstract:Patients with chronic pain conditions such as fibromyalgia often demonstrate Hypervigilance—undue alertness for unpleasant or threatening bodily sensations—as well as enhancement of these sensations. The generalized Hypervigilance hypothesis (GHH) of Rollman and colleagues asserts that Hypervigilance leads to this perceptual amplification. However, cause-and-effect relationships are difficult to establish in studies using a quasi-experimental design. In the present study, we sought to address this issue by attempting to induce Hypervigilance experimentally, in one of two groups to which young, healthy adults had been randomly assigned. Those in the experimental group wrote about the flu and practiced counting their own blinks, breaths, and heartbeats; those in the control group wrote about a neutral topic and counted innocuous lights and sounds. Next, both groups rated the intensity and unpleasantness of pressure sensations (ranging from mild to painful) caused by a series of applications of a weighted rod to the forearm. The intensity/unpleasantness ratio of these ratings was significantly greater in the experimental group, suggesting that induced Hypervigilance had caused perceptual amplification that generalized to pressure sensations, which had not been part of the experimental manipulation. Psychometric measures of anxiety and catastrophizing were equivalent in the two groups, indicating that the experimental manipulation operated via attentional rather than emotional changes. The results support the GHH.
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Experimental Hypervigilance changes the intensity/unpleasantness ratio of pressure sensations: evidence for the generalized Hypervigilance hypothesis.
Experimental Brain Research, 2016Co-Authors: Mark Hollins, Sloan WaltersAbstract:Patients with chronic pain conditions such as fibromyalgia often demonstrate Hypervigilance—undue alertness for unpleasant or threatening bodily sensations—as well as enhancement of these sensations. The generalized Hypervigilance hypothesis (GHH) of Rollman and colleagues asserts that Hypervigilance leads to this perceptual amplification. However, cause-and-effect relationships are difficult to establish in studies using a quasi-experimental design. In the present study, we sought to address this issue by attempting to induce Hypervigilance experimentally, in one of two groups to which young, healthy adults had been randomly assigned. Those in the experimental group wrote about the flu and practiced counting their own blinks, breaths, and heartbeats; those in the control group wrote about a neutral topic and counted innocuous lights and sounds. Next, both groups rated the intensity and unpleasantness of pressure sensations (ranging from mild to painful) caused by a series of applications of a weighted rod to the forearm. The intensity/unpleasantness ratio of these ratings was significantly greater in the experimental group, suggesting that induced Hypervigilance had caused perceptual amplification that generalized to pressure sensations, which had not been part of the experimental manipulation. Psychometric measures of anxiety and catastrophizing were equivalent in the two groups, indicating that the experimental manipulation operated via attentional rather than emotional changes. The results support the GHH.
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perceived intensity and unpleasantness of cutaneous and auditory stimuli an evaluation of the generalized Hypervigilance hypothesis
Pain, 2009Co-Authors: Mark Hollins, Daniel Harper, Shannon Gallagher, Eric W Owings, Vanessa Miller, Muhammad Q Siddiqi, William MaixnerAbstract:According to the Generalized Hypervigilance Hypothesis (GHH) of McDermid et al. [15], the unpleasantness of sensory stimuli, rather than their modality, determines whether they will be perceptually amplified in hypervigilant persons. In a test of this idea, ratings of the intensity of sensations evoked by cutaneous and auditory stimuli were obtained from individuals with chronic myofascial pain (fibromyalgia, temporomandibular disorders), and from (less hypervigilant) healthy control participants. In each modality, the stimuli spanned a wide intensity range, with the weakest stimuli being affectively neutral and the strongest being distinctly unpleasant, as determined by unpleasantness ratings. The pain patients showed robust perceptual amplification of the cutaneous pressure stimuli, and modest amplification of the auditory stimuli. In both cases, perceptual amplification extended to even the lowest stimulus intensities, a result that is not consistent with the predictions of the GHH. An alternative formulation, the attentional gain control model of Hypervigilance, is proposed, according to which those types of stimuli that are associated with pain are amplified because of the attention that is habitually directed toward them.