The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Stephen Reicher - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a social Identity Model of riot diffusion from injustice to empowerment in the 2011 london riots
European Journal of Social Psychology, 2020Co-Authors: John Drury, Stephen Reicher, Clifford Stott, Roger Ball, Fergus Neville, Linda Bell, Mikey Biddlestone, Sanjeedah ChoudhuryAbstract:Previous research has shown that riots spread across multiple locations, but has not explained underlying psychological processes. We examined rioting in three locations during the August 2011 disorders in England to test a social Identity Model of riot diffusion. We triangulated multiple sources to construct a narrative of events; and we analysed interviews with 68 participants to examine experiences. In line with the Model, we found evidence for two pathways of influence: “cognitive” and “strategic”. For some participants, previous rioting was highly self-relevant, and shared Identity was the basis of their subsequent involvement. For others, previous rioting was empowering because it demonstrated the vulnerability of a common enemy (the police). In each location, interaction dynamics mediated the link between initial perceptions and collective action. The utility of this social Identity approach is that it is able to account for both the boundaries and the sequence of urban riot diffusion.
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when prisoners take over the prison a social psychology of resistance
Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2012Co-Authors: Alexander S Haslam, Stephen ReicherAbstract:There is a general tendency for social psychologists to focus on processes of oppression rather than resistance. This is exemplified and entrenched by the Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE). Consequently, researchers and commentators have come to see domination, tyranny, and abuse as natural or inevitable in the world at large. Challenging this view, research suggests that where members of low-status groups are bound together by a sense of shared social Identity, this can be the basis for effective leadership and organization that allows them to counteract stress, secure support, challenge authority, and promote social change in even the most extreme of situations. This view is supported by a review of experimental research—notably the SPE and the BBC Prison Study—and case studies of rebellion against carceral regimes in Northern Ireland, South Africa, and Nazi Germany. This evidence is used to develop a social Identity Model of resistance dynamics.
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making a virtue of evil a five step social Identity Model of the development of collective hate
Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2008Co-Authors: Stephen Reicher, Alexander S Haslam, Rakshi RathAbstract:In the first part of this paper, we re-examine the historical and psychological case for ‘the banality of evil’– the idea that people commit extreme acts of inhumanity, and more particularly genocides, in a state where they lack awareness or else control over what they are doing. Instead, we provide evidence that those who commit great wrongs knowingly choose to act as they do because they believe that what they are doing is right. In the second part of the paper, we then outline an integrative five-step social Identity Model that details the processes through which inhumane acts against other groups can come to be celebrated as right. The five steps are: (i) Identification, the construction of an ingroup; (ii) Exclusion, the definition of targets as external to the ingroup; (iii) Threat, the representation of these targets as endangering ingroup Identity; (iv) Virtue, the championing of the ingroup as (uniquely) good; and (v) Celebration, embracing the eradication of the outgroup as necessary to the defence of virtue.
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stressing the group social Identity and the unfolding dynamics of responses to stress
Journal of Applied Psychology, 2006Co-Authors: Alexander S Haslam, Stephen ReicherAbstract:Participants in the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) prison study were randomly assigned to high-status (guard) and low-status (prisoner) groups. Structural interventions increased the prisoners' sense of shared group Identity and their willingness to challenge the power of the guards. Psychometric, physiological, behavioral, and observational data support the hypothesis that Identity-based processes also affected participants' experience of stress. As prisoners' sense of shared Identity increased, they provided each other with more social support and effectively resisted the adverse effects of situational stressors. As guards' sense of shared Identity declined, they provided each other with less support and succumbed to stressors. Findings support an integrated social Identity Model of stress that addresses intragroup and intergroup dynamics of the stress process.
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more on deindividuation power relations between groups and the expression of social Identity three studies on the effects of visibility to the in group
British Journal of Social Psychology, 1998Co-Authors: Stephen Reicher, R M Levine, Ernestine GordijnAbstract:The studies reported in this paper address the predictions of the social Identity Model of deindividuation phenomena, or SIDE (Reicher, Spears & Postmes, 1995), concerning the strategic effects of visibility to the in-group: increasing the visibility of in-group members to each other increases their ability to support each other against the out-group and hence increases the expression of those aspects of in-group Identity which would attract sanctions from this out-group. In a first study, where anti-fox hunting participants were rendered accountable to pro-fox hunters, the results were the opposite of those expected: participants actually decreased their endorsement of anti-hunt disruption (which had been defined as normative for the in-group but unacceptable to the out-group) when made more visible to the in-group. These results were explained by arguing that participants perceived the intergroup relationship as participants versus experimenters rather than as anti-versus pro-fox hunters and that in-group visibility was being used to resist an experimentally imposed definition of themselves as favouring disruptive activity. This interpretation was supported in a second study where participants' accountability to the pro-fox hunters was removed, leaving them solely accountable to the experimenters, and similar results were obtained. In the final study, the relationship between student participants and staff experimenters was made the explicit topic of study. As expected students increased their endorsement of activities that are normative to students but unacceptable to staff when visible to fellow in-group members. Together these results provide further support for the SIDE Model.
Tom Postmes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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on conviction s collective consequences integrating moral conviction with the social Identity Model of collective action
British Journal of Social Psychology, 2012Co-Authors: Martijn Van Zomeren, Tom Postmes, Russell SpearsAbstract:This article examines whether and how moral convictions predict collective action to achieve social change. Because moral convictions defined as strong and absolute stances on moral issues tolerate no exceptions, any violation motivates individuals to actively change that situation. We propose that moral convictions have a special relationship with politicized identities and collective action because of the potentially strong normative fit between moral convictions and the action-oriented content of politicized identities. This effectively integrates moral conviction with the Social Identity Model of Collective Action (Van Zomeren, Postmes, & Spears, 2008), which predicts that, on the basis of a relevant social Identity, group-based anger and efficacy predict collective action. Results from two studies indeed showed that moral convictions predicted collective action intentions (Study 12) and collective action (Study 2) through politicized identification, group-based anger, and group efficacy. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of our integrative Model.
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can moral convictions motivate the advantaged to challenge social inequality extending the social Identity Model of collective action
Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 2011Co-Authors: Martijn Van Zomeren, Tom Postmes, Russell Spears, Karim BettacheAbstract:This article examines whether and how moral convictions, defined as strong and absolute stances on moralized issues, motivate advantaged group members to challenge social inequality. Specifically, we propose that violations of moral convictions against social inequality motivate collective action against it by increasing identification with the victims of social inequality. Such identification links the current work with the Social Identity Model of Collective Action (SIMCA; Van Zomeren, Postmes, & Spears, 2008, in press), which predicts that individuals’ motivation to challenge social inequality requires a relevant social Identity in which group-based anger and group efficacy beliefs motivate collective action. For the advantaged, moral convictions are therefore powerful motivators of collective action against social inequality. Two studies, conducted in the Netherlands and Hong Kong, replicated empirical support for this line of thought. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our findi...
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can moral convictions motivate the advantaged to challenge social inequality extending the social Identity Model of collective action
Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 2011Co-Authors: Van Martijn Zomeren, Tom Postmes, Russell Spears, Karim BettacheAbstract:This article examines whether and how moral convictions, defined as strong and absolute stances on moralized issues, motivate advantaged group members to challenge social inequality. Specifically, ...
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toward an integrative social Identity Model of collective action a quantitative research synthesis of three socio psychological perspectives
Psychological Bulletin, 2008Co-Authors: Martijn Van Zomeren, Tom Postmes, Russell SpearsAbstract:An integrative social Identity Model of collective action (SIMCA) is developed that incorporates 3 socio-psychological perspectives on collective action. Three meta-analyses synthesized a total of 182 effects of perceived injustice, efficacy, and Identity on collective action (corresponding to these socio-psychological perspectives). Results showed that, in isolation, all 3 predictors had medium-sized (and causal) effects. Moreover, results showed the importance of social Identity in predicting collective action by supporting SIMCA's key predictions that (a) affective injustice and politicized Identity produced stronger effects than those of non-affective injustice and non-politicized Identity; (b) Identity predicted collective action against both incidental and structural disadvantages, whereas injustice and efficacy predicted collective action against incidental disadvantages better than against structural disadvantages; (c) all 3 predictors had unique medium-sized effects on collective action when controlling for between-predictor covariance; and (d) Identity bridged the injustice and efficacy explanations of collective action. Results also showed more support for SIMCA than for alternative Models reflecting previous attempts at theoretical integration. The authors discuss key implications for theory, practice, future research, and further integration of social and psychological perspectives on collective action.
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a social Identity approach to trust interpersonal perception group membership and trusting behaviour
European Journal of Social Psychology, 2005Co-Authors: Martin Tanis, Tom PostmesAbstract:Trusting behaviour involves relinquishing control over outcomes valuable to the self. Previous research suggests that interpersonal perceptions of trustworthiness are closely related to this behaviour. The present research suggests that the more proximal determinant of trusting behaviour is the expectation that the other will reciprocate. Based on the Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE) Model, reciprocity expectations may be created by interpersonal perceptions of trustworthiness or a shared group membership. To investigate this, group membership and individual identifiability were experimentally manipulated (N = 139): When individuals were not identifiable, trusting behaviour was based on expectations of reciprocity inferred from group membership, not on perceived trustworthiness. In contrast, personal identifiability fostered perceptions of trustworthiness for both in- and out-group members. In this case interpersonal trustworthiness enhanced expectations of reciprocity, which in turn increased trusting behaviour. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Russell Spears - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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on conviction s collective consequences integrating moral conviction with the social Identity Model of collective action
British Journal of Social Psychology, 2012Co-Authors: Martijn Van Zomeren, Tom Postmes, Russell SpearsAbstract:This article examines whether and how moral convictions predict collective action to achieve social change. Because moral convictions defined as strong and absolute stances on moral issues tolerate no exceptions, any violation motivates individuals to actively change that situation. We propose that moral convictions have a special relationship with politicized identities and collective action because of the potentially strong normative fit between moral convictions and the action-oriented content of politicized identities. This effectively integrates moral conviction with the Social Identity Model of Collective Action (Van Zomeren, Postmes, & Spears, 2008), which predicts that, on the basis of a relevant social Identity, group-based anger and efficacy predict collective action. Results from two studies indeed showed that moral convictions predicted collective action intentions (Study 12) and collective action (Study 2) through politicized identification, group-based anger, and group efficacy. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of our integrative Model.
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can moral convictions motivate the advantaged to challenge social inequality extending the social Identity Model of collective action
Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 2011Co-Authors: Martijn Van Zomeren, Tom Postmes, Russell Spears, Karim BettacheAbstract:This article examines whether and how moral convictions, defined as strong and absolute stances on moralized issues, motivate advantaged group members to challenge social inequality. Specifically, we propose that violations of moral convictions against social inequality motivate collective action against it by increasing identification with the victims of social inequality. Such identification links the current work with the Social Identity Model of Collective Action (SIMCA; Van Zomeren, Postmes, & Spears, 2008, in press), which predicts that individuals’ motivation to challenge social inequality requires a relevant social Identity in which group-based anger and group efficacy beliefs motivate collective action. For the advantaged, moral convictions are therefore powerful motivators of collective action against social inequality. Two studies, conducted in the Netherlands and Hong Kong, replicated empirical support for this line of thought. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our findi...
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can moral convictions motivate the advantaged to challenge social inequality extending the social Identity Model of collective action
Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 2011Co-Authors: Van Martijn Zomeren, Tom Postmes, Russell Spears, Karim BettacheAbstract:This article examines whether and how moral convictions, defined as strong and absolute stances on moralized issues, motivate advantaged group members to challenge social inequality. Specifically, ...
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toward an integrative social Identity Model of collective action a quantitative research synthesis of three socio psychological perspectives
Psychological Bulletin, 2008Co-Authors: Martijn Van Zomeren, Tom Postmes, Russell SpearsAbstract:An integrative social Identity Model of collective action (SIMCA) is developed that incorporates 3 socio-psychological perspectives on collective action. Three meta-analyses synthesized a total of 182 effects of perceived injustice, efficacy, and Identity on collective action (corresponding to these socio-psychological perspectives). Results showed that, in isolation, all 3 predictors had medium-sized (and causal) effects. Moreover, results showed the importance of social Identity in predicting collective action by supporting SIMCA's key predictions that (a) affective injustice and politicized Identity produced stronger effects than those of non-affective injustice and non-politicized Identity; (b) Identity predicted collective action against both incidental and structural disadvantages, whereas injustice and efficacy predicted collective action against incidental disadvantages better than against structural disadvantages; (c) all 3 predictors had unique medium-sized effects on collective action when controlling for between-predictor covariance; and (d) Identity bridged the injustice and efficacy explanations of collective action. Results also showed more support for SIMCA than for alternative Models reflecting previous attempts at theoretical integration. The authors discuss key implications for theory, practice, future research, and further integration of social and psychological perspectives on collective action.
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computer mediated communication as a channel for social resistance the strategic side of side
Small Group Research, 2002Co-Authors: Russell Spears, Tom Postmes, Rolf Arne Corneliussen, Wouter Ter HaarAbstract:In two studies, the authors tested predictions derived from the social Identity Model of deindividuation effects (SIDE) concerning the potential of computer-mediated communication (CMC) to serve as a means to resist powerful out-groups. Earlier research using the SIDE Model indicates that the anonymity of virtual groups can accentuate the lower differentials associated with salient social identities: a cogntive effect. The present research builds on the strategic component of the SIDE Model to show that CMC can alos provide a channel of social support fostering resistance. In Study 1, students were more likely to express opinions normative for their group but punishable by the out-group (faculty) when CDC was available, independent of mutual anonymity. In Study 2, the authors directly manipulated the proposed mediator, social support within CMC, and showed increased willingness to express normative attitudes against out-group interests as a function of support. These studies reveal the importance of CMC as a medium for communicating and coordinating the social support central to collective action.
Alexander S Haslam - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the importance of social groups for retirement adjustment evidence application and policy implications of the social Identity Model of Identity change
Social Issues and Policy Review, 2019Co-Authors: Catherine Haslam, Tegan Cruwys, Alexander S Haslam, Niklas K Steffens, Nyla R Branscombe, Nancy A Pachana, Jie YangAbstract:Previous work in the social Identity tradition suggests that adjustment to significant life changes, both positive (e.g., becoming a new parent) and negative (e.g., experiencing a stroke), can be supported by access to social group networks. This is the basis for the social Identity Model of Identity change (SIMIC), which argues that, in the context of life transitions, well-being and adjustment are enhanced to the extent that people are able to maintain preexisting social group memberships that are important to them or else acquire new ones. Building on empirical work that has examined these issues in the context of a variety of life transitions, we outline the relevance of SIMIC for one particular life transition: retiring from work. We identify four key lessons that speak to the importance of managing social group resources effectively during the transition to retirement from the workforce. These suggest that adjustment to retirement is enhanced to the extent that retirees: (1) can access multiple important group memberships and the psychological resources they provide, (2) maintain positive and valued existing groups, and (3) develop meaningful new groups, (4) providing they are compatible with one another. This theory and empirical evidence is used to introduce a new social intervention, Groups 4 Health, that translates SIMIC's lessons into practice. This program aims to guide people through the process of developing and embedding their social group ties in ways that protect their health and well-being in periods of significant life change of the form experienced by many people as they transition into retirement.
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overcoming alcohol and other drug addiction as a process of social Identity transition the social Identity Model of recovery simor
Addiction Research & Theory, 2016Co-Authors: David Best, Alexander S Haslam, Catherine Haslam, Melinda Beckwith, Jolanda Jetten, Emily Mawson, Dan I LubmanAbstract:AbstractIn recent years, there has been an increasing focus on a recovery Model within alcohol and drug policy and practice. This has occurred concurrently with the emergence of community- and strengths-based approaches in positive psychology, mental health recovery and desistance and rehabilitation from offending. Recovery is predicated on the idea of substance user empowerment and self-determination, using the metaphor of a “journey”. Previous research describing recovery journeys has pointed to the importance of Identity change processes, through which the internalised stigma and status of an “addict Identity” is supplanted with a new Identity. This theoretical paper argues that recovery is best understood as a personal journey of socially negotiated Identity transition that occurs through changes in social networks and related meaningful activities. Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is used as a case study to illustrate this process of social Identity transition. In line with recent social Identity theorising...
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when prisoners take over the prison a social psychology of resistance
Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2012Co-Authors: Alexander S Haslam, Stephen ReicherAbstract:There is a general tendency for social psychologists to focus on processes of oppression rather than resistance. This is exemplified and entrenched by the Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE). Consequently, researchers and commentators have come to see domination, tyranny, and abuse as natural or inevitable in the world at large. Challenging this view, research suggests that where members of low-status groups are bound together by a sense of shared social Identity, this can be the basis for effective leadership and organization that allows them to counteract stress, secure support, challenge authority, and promote social change in even the most extreme of situations. This view is supported by a review of experimental research—notably the SPE and the BBC Prison Study—and case studies of rebellion against carceral regimes in Northern Ireland, South Africa, and Nazi Germany. This evidence is used to develop a social Identity Model of resistance dynamics.
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making a virtue of evil a five step social Identity Model of the development of collective hate
Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2008Co-Authors: Stephen Reicher, Alexander S Haslam, Rakshi RathAbstract:In the first part of this paper, we re-examine the historical and psychological case for ‘the banality of evil’– the idea that people commit extreme acts of inhumanity, and more particularly genocides, in a state where they lack awareness or else control over what they are doing. Instead, we provide evidence that those who commit great wrongs knowingly choose to act as they do because they believe that what they are doing is right. In the second part of the paper, we then outline an integrative five-step social Identity Model that details the processes through which inhumane acts against other groups can come to be celebrated as right. The five steps are: (i) Identification, the construction of an ingroup; (ii) Exclusion, the definition of targets as external to the ingroup; (iii) Threat, the representation of these targets as endangering ingroup Identity; (iv) Virtue, the championing of the ingroup as (uniquely) good; and (v) Celebration, embracing the eradication of the outgroup as necessary to the defence of virtue.
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stressing the group social Identity and the unfolding dynamics of responses to stress
Journal of Applied Psychology, 2006Co-Authors: Alexander S Haslam, Stephen ReicherAbstract:Participants in the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) prison study were randomly assigned to high-status (guard) and low-status (prisoner) groups. Structural interventions increased the prisoners' sense of shared group Identity and their willingness to challenge the power of the guards. Psychometric, physiological, behavioral, and observational data support the hypothesis that Identity-based processes also affected participants' experience of stress. As prisoners' sense of shared Identity increased, they provided each other with more social support and effectively resisted the adverse effects of situational stressors. As guards' sense of shared Identity declined, they provided each other with less support and succumbed to stressors. Findings support an integrated social Identity Model of stress that addresses intragroup and intergroup dynamics of the stress process.
Brian S Connelly - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a multi rater framework for studying personality the trait reputation Identity Model
Psychological Review, 2016Co-Authors: Samuel T Mcabee, Brian S ConnellyAbstract:Personality and social psychology have historically been divided between personality researchers who study the impact of traits and social-cognitive researchers who study errors in trait judgments. However, a broader view of personality incorporates not only individual differences in underlying traits but also individual differences in the distinct ways a person's personality is construed by oneself and by others. Such unique insights are likely to appear in the idiosyncratic personality judgments that raters make and are likely to have etiologies and causal force independent of trait perceptions shared across raters. Drawing on the logic of the Johari window (Luft & Ingham, 1955), the Self-Other Knowledge Asymmetry Model (Vazire, 2010), and Socioanalytic Theory (Hogan, 1996; Hogan & Blickle, 2013), we present a new Model that separates personality variance into consensus about underlying traits (Trait), unique self-perceptions (Identity), and impressions conveyed to others that are distinct from self-perceptions (Reputation). We provide three demonstrations of how this Trait-Reputation-Identity (TRI) Model can be used to understand (a) consensus and discrepancies across rating sources, (b) personality's links with self-evaluation and self-presentation, and (c) gender differences in traits. We conclude by discussing how researchers can use the TRI Model to achieve a more sophisticated view of personality's impact on life outcomes, developmental trajectories, genetic origins, person-situation interactions, and stereotyped judgments. (PsycINFO Database Record
