The Experts below are selected from a list of 6501 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Mark G. Stewart - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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modelling Improvised Explosive Device attacks in the west assessing the hazard
Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 2017Co-Authors: Matthew J. Grant, Mark G. StewartAbstract:Abstract Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) continue to be a terrorist weapon of choice. With increasing pressures on the economies of Western nations, spending on counter-terrorism is subject to greater scrutiny. Homeland security agencies are no longer exempt from government fiscal due diligence, needing to justify how their spending achieves best value-for-money. Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) is a valuable tool that can assist in this endeavour. This paper introduces a PRA model that characterises IED attacks in Western nations, and can be used to assess the risk reduction associated with IED attack countermeasures. When using the model with the START open-source terrorism database we identified that current IED attack countermeasures provide a risk reduction of at approximately 22%, and that terrorists using IEDs in Western nations cannot generally be considered adaptive, with the operational effectiveness of terrorists being approximately 7%.
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Modelling Improvised Explosive Device attacks in the West – Assessing the hazard
Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 2017Co-Authors: Matthew J. Grant, Mark G. StewartAbstract:Abstract Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) continue to be a terrorist weapon of choice. With increasing pressures on the economies of Western nations, spending on counter-terrorism is subject to greater scrutiny. Homeland security agencies are no longer exempt from government fiscal due diligence, needing to justify how their spending achieves best value-for-money. Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) is a valuable tool that can assist in this endeavour. This paper introduces a PRA model that characterises IED attacks in Western nations, and can be used to assess the risk reduction associated with IED attack countermeasures. When using the model with the START open-source terrorism database we identified that current IED attack countermeasures provide a risk reduction of at approximately 22%, and that terrorists using IEDs in Western nations cannot generally be considered adaptive, with the operational effectiveness of terrorists being approximately 7%.
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Probabilistic Risk Assessment for Improvised Explosive Device Attacks That Cause Significant Building Damage
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 2015Co-Authors: Matthew J. Grant, Mark G. StewartAbstract:AbstractMost vulnerability assessments assume that an Improvised Explosive Device (IED) will reach maximum TNT equivalency, and that the IED will successfully detonate. These assumptions will tend to overestimate actual blast-load effects. The paper develops an IED probabilistic risk-assessment model using a systems model for IED attacks based on the reliability of IEDs and by characterizing the human aspects of an IED attack’s operational effectiveness from existing databases of terrorist incidents. The analysis includes estimates of the probability of threat, hazard, and loss for large commercial buildings in the United States. It was found that annual fatality risk for building occupants is similar to acceptable risk criteria. This suggests that strengthening buildings against progressive collapse may not be warranted unless there is a specific threat against a building.
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A systems model for probabilistic risk assessment of Improvised Explosive Device attacks
International Journal of Intelligent Defence Support Systems, 2012Co-Authors: Matthew J. Grant, Mark G. StewartAbstract:Due to their Improvised nature, the variability in the design, manufacture and operation of most Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) defy the traditional paradigms used to assess the effectiveness of conventional munitions. Thus, IEDs are complex socio-technical systems to model. To compensate for inadequacies in model design or data deficiencies, expert judgement and subjective probability assignments are often employed. The paper aims to reduce this reliance by developing an IED probabilistic risk assessment model using a systems model for IED attacks based on IED Device reliability and characterising the human aspects of IED attack operational effectiveness from existing terrorism databases. This model can then be used to develop an automated model for IED probabilistic risk assessment that can be used towards informing military applications such as operations planning and war-gaming, and civil applications such as security risk management (including event planning), protective construction requirements, and insurance assessments. It was found that the risk of loss (fatalities, property damage) is influenced more by operational aspects (such as target selection, IED placement and attack timing) than the technical aspects of the Device design and manufacture.
Hsinchun Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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IEDs in the Dark Web: Genre classification of Improvised Explosive Device web pages
2008 IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics, 2008Co-Authors: Hsinchun ChenAbstract:Improvised Explosive Device web pages represent a significant source of knowledge for security organizations. These web pages exist in distinctive genres of communication, providing different types and levels of information for the intelligence community. This paper presents a framework for the classification of Improvised Explosive Device web pages by genre. The approach uses a complex feature extractor, extended feature representation, and support vector machine learning algorithms. Improvised Explosive Device web pages were collected from the Dark Web and two classification models were examined, one using feature selection. Classification accuracy exceeded 88%.
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discovery of Improvised Explosive Device content in the dark web
Intelligence and Security Informatics, 2008Co-Authors: Hsinchun ChenAbstract:Improvised Explosive Device related Web content offers a wealth of knowledge to members of the security and intelligence communities. However, acquiring the desired topical information remains a challenge for analysts due to issues including site identification, accessibility, and language. This paper presents a focused crawling approach for the discovery and collection of Improvised Explosive Device content from the dark Web. Results and examples from an exploratory collection effort are described. Site map and link analyses were also performed, offering insight into the communication dynamics and publication of Improvised Explosive Device Web content.
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ISI - Discovery of Improvised Explosive Device content in the Dark Web
2008 IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics, 2008Co-Authors: Hsinchun ChenAbstract:Improvised Explosive Device related Web content offers a wealth of knowledge to members of the security and intelligence communities. However, acquiring the desired topical information remains a challenge for analysts due to issues including site identification, accessibility, and language. This paper presents a focused crawling approach for the discovery and collection of Improvised Explosive Device content from the dark Web. Results and examples from an exploratory collection effort are described. Site map and link analyses were also performed, offering insight into the communication dynamics and publication of Improvised Explosive Device Web content.
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ISI - IEDs in the Dark Web: Genre classification of Improvised Explosive Device web pages
2008 IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics, 2008Co-Authors: Hsinchun ChenAbstract:Improvised Explosive Device web pages represent a significant source of knowledge for security organizations. These web pages exist in distinctive genres of communication, providing different types and levels of information for the intelligence community. This paper presents a framework for the classification of Improvised Explosive Device web pages by genre. The approach uses a complex feature extractor, extended feature representation, and support vector machine learning algorithms. Improvised Explosive Device web pages were collected from the Dark Web and two classification models were examined, one using feature selection. Classification accuracy exceeded 88%.
Eugene J Carragee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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wartime spine injuries understanding the Improvised Explosive Device and biophysics of blast trauma
The Spine Journal, 2012Co-Authors: Daniel G Kang, Ronald A Lehman, Eugene J CarrageeAbstract:The Improvised Explosive Device (IED) has been the most significant threat by terrorists worldwide. Blast trauma has produced a wide pattern of combat spinal column injuries not commonly experienced in the civilian community. Unfortunately, explosion-related injuries have also become a widespread reality of civilian life throughout the world, and civilian medical providers who are involved in emergency trauma care must be prepared to manage casualties from terrorist attacks using high-energy Explosive Devices. Treatment decisions for complex spine injuries after blast trauma require special planning, taking into consideration many different factors and the complicated multiple organ system injuries not normally experienced at most civilian trauma centers. Therefore, an understanding about the effects of blast trauma by spine surgeons in the community has become imperative, as the battlefield has been brought closer to home in many countries through domestic terrorism and mass casualty situations, with the lines blurred between military and civilian trauma. We set out to provide the spine surgeon with a brief overview on the use of IEDs for terrorism and the current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan and also a perspective on the biophysics of blast trauma.
Matthew J. Grant - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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modelling Improvised Explosive Device attacks in the west assessing the hazard
Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 2017Co-Authors: Matthew J. Grant, Mark G. StewartAbstract:Abstract Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) continue to be a terrorist weapon of choice. With increasing pressures on the economies of Western nations, spending on counter-terrorism is subject to greater scrutiny. Homeland security agencies are no longer exempt from government fiscal due diligence, needing to justify how their spending achieves best value-for-money. Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) is a valuable tool that can assist in this endeavour. This paper introduces a PRA model that characterises IED attacks in Western nations, and can be used to assess the risk reduction associated with IED attack countermeasures. When using the model with the START open-source terrorism database we identified that current IED attack countermeasures provide a risk reduction of at approximately 22%, and that terrorists using IEDs in Western nations cannot generally be considered adaptive, with the operational effectiveness of terrorists being approximately 7%.
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Modelling Improvised Explosive Device attacks in the West – Assessing the hazard
Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 2017Co-Authors: Matthew J. Grant, Mark G. StewartAbstract:Abstract Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) continue to be a terrorist weapon of choice. With increasing pressures on the economies of Western nations, spending on counter-terrorism is subject to greater scrutiny. Homeland security agencies are no longer exempt from government fiscal due diligence, needing to justify how their spending achieves best value-for-money. Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) is a valuable tool that can assist in this endeavour. This paper introduces a PRA model that characterises IED attacks in Western nations, and can be used to assess the risk reduction associated with IED attack countermeasures. When using the model with the START open-source terrorism database we identified that current IED attack countermeasures provide a risk reduction of at approximately 22%, and that terrorists using IEDs in Western nations cannot generally be considered adaptive, with the operational effectiveness of terrorists being approximately 7%.
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Probabilistic Risk Assessment for Improvised Explosive Device Attacks That Cause Significant Building Damage
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 2015Co-Authors: Matthew J. Grant, Mark G. StewartAbstract:AbstractMost vulnerability assessments assume that an Improvised Explosive Device (IED) will reach maximum TNT equivalency, and that the IED will successfully detonate. These assumptions will tend to overestimate actual blast-load effects. The paper develops an IED probabilistic risk-assessment model using a systems model for IED attacks based on the reliability of IEDs and by characterizing the human aspects of an IED attack’s operational effectiveness from existing databases of terrorist incidents. The analysis includes estimates of the probability of threat, hazard, and loss for large commercial buildings in the United States. It was found that annual fatality risk for building occupants is similar to acceptable risk criteria. This suggests that strengthening buildings against progressive collapse may not be warranted unless there is a specific threat against a building.
-
A systems model for probabilistic risk assessment of Improvised Explosive Device attacks
International Journal of Intelligent Defence Support Systems, 2012Co-Authors: Matthew J. Grant, Mark G. StewartAbstract:Due to their Improvised nature, the variability in the design, manufacture and operation of most Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) defy the traditional paradigms used to assess the effectiveness of conventional munitions. Thus, IEDs are complex socio-technical systems to model. To compensate for inadequacies in model design or data deficiencies, expert judgement and subjective probability assignments are often employed. The paper aims to reduce this reliance by developing an IED probabilistic risk assessment model using a systems model for IED attacks based on IED Device reliability and characterising the human aspects of IED attack operational effectiveness from existing terrorism databases. This model can then be used to develop an automated model for IED probabilistic risk assessment that can be used towards informing military applications such as operations planning and war-gaming, and civil applications such as security risk management (including event planning), protective construction requirements, and insurance assessments. It was found that the risk of loss (fatalities, property damage) is influenced more by operational aspects (such as target selection, IED placement and attack timing) than the technical aspects of the Device design and manufacture.
Ronald A Lehman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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wartime spine injuries understanding the Improvised Explosive Device and biophysics of blast trauma
The Spine Journal, 2012Co-Authors: Daniel G Kang, Ronald A Lehman, Eugene J CarrageeAbstract:The Improvised Explosive Device (IED) has been the most significant threat by terrorists worldwide. Blast trauma has produced a wide pattern of combat spinal column injuries not commonly experienced in the civilian community. Unfortunately, explosion-related injuries have also become a widespread reality of civilian life throughout the world, and civilian medical providers who are involved in emergency trauma care must be prepared to manage casualties from terrorist attacks using high-energy Explosive Devices. Treatment decisions for complex spine injuries after blast trauma require special planning, taking into consideration many different factors and the complicated multiple organ system injuries not normally experienced at most civilian trauma centers. Therefore, an understanding about the effects of blast trauma by spine surgeons in the community has become imperative, as the battlefield has been brought closer to home in many countries through domestic terrorism and mass casualty situations, with the lines blurred between military and civilian trauma. We set out to provide the spine surgeon with a brief overview on the use of IEDs for terrorism and the current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan and also a perspective on the biophysics of blast trauma.
