The Experts below are selected from a list of 135105 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Alonso Gurmendi Dunkelberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the era of Terrorism the peruvian armed conflict and the temporal scope of application of international humanitarian law
Social Science Research Network, 2017Co-Authors: Alonso Gurmendi DunkelbergAbstract:During the eighties and nineties, Peruvians lived through what they call the "Era of Terrorism", or "la Epoca del Terrorismo" in the original Spanish. Throughout these years, the Peruvian Government battled against the "Shining Path", a bloody and violent Maoist terrorist organization. The "Era of Terrorism" is Peru's most destructive national tragedy since its 19th century war against Chile, and it has been belatedly recognized as a non-international armed conflict by its Truth & Reconciliation Commission, since 2003. Yet, despite its importance, not much attention has been given to the international law implications of this armed conflict, specifically, its relationship to international humanitarian law. In this article, I will analyze the Peruvian armed conflict through the lens of international humanitarian law, seeking to legally determine its beginning and ending point, a question that, surprisingly, remains unanswered to this date. My ulterior objective is to encourage the improvement of our understanding of the "Era of Terrorism" through international humanitarian law.
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the era of Terrorism the peruvian armed conflict and the temporal scope of application of international humanitarian law
Social Science Research Network, 2017Co-Authors: Alonso Gurmendi DunkelbergAbstract:During the eighties and nineties, Peruvians lived through what they call the "Era of Terrorism", or "la Epoca del Terrorismo" in the original Spanish. Throughout these years, the Peruvian Government battled against the "Shining Path", a bloody and violent Maoist terrorist organization. The "Era of Terrorism" is Peru's most destructive national tragedy since its 19th century war against Chile, and it has been belatedly recognized as a non-international armed conflict by its Truth & Reconciliation Commission, since 2003. Yet, despite its importance, not much attention has been given to the international law implications of this armed conflict, specifically, its relationship to international humanitarian law. In this article, I will analyze the Peruvian armed conflict through the lens of international humanitarian law, seeking to legally determine its beginning and ending point, a question that, surprisingly, remains unanswered to this date. My ulterior objective is to encourage the improvement of our understanding of the "Era of Terrorism" through international humanitarian law.
Khusrav Gaibulloev - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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what we have learned about Terrorism since 9 11
Journal of Economic Literature, 2019Co-Authors: Khusrav Gaibulloev, Todd SandlerAbstract:This overview examines critically the post-9/11 empirical literature on Terrorism. Major contributions by both economists and political scientists are included. We focus on five main themes: the changing nature of Terrorism, the organization of terrorist groups, the effectiveness of counterTerrorism policies, modern drivers or causes of Terrorism, and the economic consequences of Terrorism. In so doing, we investigate a host of questions that include: How do terrorist groups attract and retain members? What determines the survival of terrorist groups? Is poverty a root cause of Terrorism? What counterTerrorism measures work best? In the latter regard, we find that many counterTerrorism policies have unintended negative consequences owing to attack transference and terrorist backlash. This suggests the need for novel policies such as service provision to counter some terrorist groups' efforts to provide such services. Despite terrorists' concerted efforts to damage targeted countries' economies, the empirical literature shows that Terrorism has had little or no effect on economic growth or GDP except in small Terrorism-plagued countries. At the sectoral level, Terrorism can adversely affect tourism and foreign direct investment, but these effects are rather transient and create transference of activities to other sectors, thus cushioning the consequences.
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domestic versus transnational Terrorism data decomposition and dynamics
Journal of Peace Research, 2011Co-Authors: Walter Enders, Todd Sandler, Khusrav GaibulloevAbstract:This article devises a method to separate the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) into transnational and domestic terrorist incidents. This decomposition is essential for the understanding of some Terrorism phenomena when the two types of Terrorism are hypothesized to have different impacts. For example, transnational Terrorism may have a greater adverse effect than domestic Terrorism on economic growth. Moreover, the causes of the two types of Terrorism may differ. Once the data are separated, we apply a calibration method to address some issues with GTD data - namely, the missing data for 1993 and different coding procedures used before 1998. In particular, we calibrate the GTD transnational terrorist incidents to ITERATE transnational terrorist incidents to address GTD's undercounting of incidents in much of the 1970s and its overcounting of incidents in much of the 1990s. Given our assumption that analogous errors characterize domestic terrorist events in GTD, we apply the same calibrations to adjust GTD domestic incidents. The second part of the article investigates the dynamic aspects of GTD domestic and transnational terrorist incidents, based on the calibrated data. Contemporaneous and lagged cross-correlations for the two types of terrorist incidents are computed for component time series involving casualties, deaths, assassinations, bombings, and armed attacks. We find a large cross-correlation between domestic and transnational terrorist incidents that persists over a number of periods. A key finding is that shocks to domestic Terrorism result in persistent effects on transnational Terrorism; however, the reverse is not true. This finding suggests that domestic Terrorism can spill over to transnational Terrorism, so that prime-target countries cannot ignore domestic Terrorism abroad and may need to assist in curbing this homegrown Terrorism.
Todd Sandler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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what we have learned about Terrorism since 9 11
Journal of Economic Literature, 2019Co-Authors: Khusrav Gaibulloev, Todd SandlerAbstract:This overview examines critically the post-9/11 empirical literature on Terrorism. Major contributions by both economists and political scientists are included. We focus on five main themes: the changing nature of Terrorism, the organization of terrorist groups, the effectiveness of counterTerrorism policies, modern drivers or causes of Terrorism, and the economic consequences of Terrorism. In so doing, we investigate a host of questions that include: How do terrorist groups attract and retain members? What determines the survival of terrorist groups? Is poverty a root cause of Terrorism? What counterTerrorism measures work best? In the latter regard, we find that many counterTerrorism policies have unintended negative consequences owing to attack transference and terrorist backlash. This suggests the need for novel policies such as service provision to counter some terrorist groups' efforts to provide such services. Despite terrorists' concerted efforts to damage targeted countries' economies, the empirical literature shows that Terrorism has had little or no effect on economic growth or GDP except in small Terrorism-plagued countries. At the sectoral level, Terrorism can adversely affect tourism and foreign direct investment, but these effects are rather transient and create transference of activities to other sectors, thus cushioning the consequences.
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the political economy of Terrorism
Cambridge Books, 2012Co-Authors: Walter Enders, Todd SandlerAbstract:The Political Economy of Terrorism presents a widely accessible political economy approach to the study of Terrorism. It applies economic methodology – theoretical and empirical – combined with political analysis and realities to the study of domestic and transnational Terrorism. In so doing, the book provides both a qualitative and quantitative investigation of Terrorism in a balanced up-to-date presentation that informs students, policy makers, researchers and the general reader of the current state of knowledge. Included are historical aspects, a discussion of watershed events, the rise of modern-day Terrorism, examination of current trends, the dilemma of liberal democracies, evaluation of counterTerrorism, analysis of hostage incidents and much more. The new edition expands coverage of every chapter, adds a new chapter on terrorist network structures and organization, accounts for changes in the Department of Homeland Security and the USA Patriot Act and insurance against Terrorism. Rational-actor models of terrorist and government behavior and game-theoretic analysis are presented for readers with no prior theoretical training. Where relevant, the authors display graphs using data from International Terrorism: Attributes of Terrorist Events (ITERATE), the Global Terrorism Database (GTD), and other public-access data sets.
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domestic versus transnational Terrorism data decomposition and dynamics
Journal of Peace Research, 2011Co-Authors: Walter Enders, Todd Sandler, Khusrav GaibulloevAbstract:This article devises a method to separate the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) into transnational and domestic terrorist incidents. This decomposition is essential for the understanding of some Terrorism phenomena when the two types of Terrorism are hypothesized to have different impacts. For example, transnational Terrorism may have a greater adverse effect than domestic Terrorism on economic growth. Moreover, the causes of the two types of Terrorism may differ. Once the data are separated, we apply a calibration method to address some issues with GTD data - namely, the missing data for 1993 and different coding procedures used before 1998. In particular, we calibrate the GTD transnational terrorist incidents to ITERATE transnational terrorist incidents to address GTD's undercounting of incidents in much of the 1970s and its overcounting of incidents in much of the 1990s. Given our assumption that analogous errors characterize domestic terrorist events in GTD, we apply the same calibrations to adjust GTD domestic incidents. The second part of the article investigates the dynamic aspects of GTD domestic and transnational terrorist incidents, based on the calibrated data. Contemporaneous and lagged cross-correlations for the two types of terrorist incidents are computed for component time series involving casualties, deaths, assassinations, bombings, and armed attacks. We find a large cross-correlation between domestic and transnational terrorist incidents that persists over a number of periods. A key finding is that shocks to domestic Terrorism result in persistent effects on transnational Terrorism; however, the reverse is not true. This finding suggests that domestic Terrorism can spill over to transnational Terrorism, so that prime-target countries cannot ignore domestic Terrorism abroad and may need to assist in curbing this homegrown Terrorism.
Uchenna Efobi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Terrorism and capital flight from Africa
International Economics, 2016Co-Authors: Uchenna EfobiAbstract:We assess the effects of Terrorism on capital flight in a panel of 29 African countries for which data is available for the period 1987-2008. The Terrorism dynamics entail domestic, transnational, unclear and total Terrorisms. The empirical evidence is based on Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) with forward orthogonal deviations and Quantile regressions (QR). The following findings are established. First, for GMM, domestic, transnational, unclear and total Terrorisms consistently increase capital flight. Second, for QR, with the exception of transnational Terrorism for which a positive effect on capital flight is apparent in the 0.90th quintile, Terrorism dynamics affect capital flight in low quintiles of the capital flight distribution. In other words, Terrorism increases capital flight for the most part when initial levels of capital flight are low. Policy implications are discussed.
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how Terrorism explains capital flight from africa
MPRA Paper, 2015Co-Authors: Uchenna Efobi, Simplice A. AsonguAbstract:We assess the effects of Terrorism on capital flight in a panel of 29 African countries for which data is available for the period 1987-2008. The Terrorism dynamics entail domestic, transnational, unclear and total Terrorisms. The empirical evidence is based on Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) with forward orthogonal deviations and Quantile regressions (QR). The following findings are established. First, for GMM, domestic, unclear and total Terrorisms consistently increase capital flight, with the magnitude relative higher from unclear Terrorism. Second, for QR: (i) the effect of transnational Terrorism is now positively significant in the top quantiles (0.75th and 0.90th) of the capital flight distribution, (ii) domestic and total Terrorisms are also significant in the top quantiles and (iii) unclear Terrorism is significant in the 0.10th and 0.75th quantiles. Policy implications are discussed.
Subhayu Bandyopadhyay - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the effects of terror on international air passenger transport an empirical invstigation
Social Science Research Network, 2017Co-Authors: Devashish Mitra, Cong S Pham, Subhayu BandyopadhyayAbstract:This paper presents a theoretical model (adapted from the structural gravity model by Anderson and van Wincoop, 2003) to capture the effects of Terrorism on air passenger traffic between nations affected by Terrorism. We then use equations derived from this model, in conjunction with alternative functional forms for trade costs, to estimate the effects of Terrorism on bilateral air passenger flows from 57 source countries to 25 destination countries for the period of 2000 to 2014. We find that an additional terrorist incident results in approximately a 1.2% decrease in the bilateral air passenger transport per unit distance while doubling of the accumulated terrorist incidents during the past 5 years reduces it by 18%. Terrorism adversely impacts the bilateral air passenger transport per unit distance both by reducing national output and especially by increasing psychological distress, which could be an important contributing factor in perceived travel costs. Last but not the least, we show that the responsiveness of international air travel to Terrorism critically depends on the nature of the terrorist attacks. Specifically, international air passenger transport is found to be extremely sensitive to fatal terrorist attacks and terrorist attacks of targets such as airports, transportation or tourists.
