The Experts below are selected from a list of 204657 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Nathan C Dewall - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
negative urgency and risky sexual behaviors a clarification of the relationship between Impulsivity and risky sexual behavior
Personality and Individual Differences, 2011Co-Authors: Timothy Deckman, Nathan C DewallAbstract:Abstract How does Impulsivity relate to risky sexual behavior? Whereas some research has attempted to answer this question in terms of global Impulsivity, past research has demonstrated the need to conceptualize Impulsivity as a multifaceted trait ( Whiteside & Lynam, 2001 ). Research has been mixed as to which facets of Impulsivity predict risky sexual behavior. The major aim of this project was to further the understanding between the five facets of Impulsivity (positive urgency, negative urgency, lack of premeditation, sensation-seeking, and lack of perseverance) and risky sexual behavior. This study used a longitudinal design and showed that risky sex was highest among people who act rashly on the basis of negative emotion (negative urgency) and who crave novel, exciting situations (sensation seeking). These findings add to a growing body of literature on the importance of different facets of Impulsivity in predicting risky sexual behavior.
Trevor W. Robbins - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Fractionating Impulsivity: neuropsychiatric implications
Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2017Co-Authors: Jeffrey W. Dalley, Trevor W. RobbinsAbstract:Impulsivity comes in various forms, with some forms considered more or less advantageous than others. Dalley and Robbins review the different types of Impulsivity and their underlying neural mechanisms, and comment on the applicability of measures of Impulsivity in research into psychiatric disorders. The ability to make decisions and act quickly without hesitation can be advantageous in many settings. However, when persistently expressed, impulsive decisions and actions are considered risky, maladaptive and symptomatic of such diverse brain disorders as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, drug addiction and affective disorders. Over the past decade, rapid progress has been made in the identification of discrete neural networks that underlie different forms of Impulsivity — from impaired response inhibition and risky decision making to a profound intolerance of delayed rewards. Herein, we review what is currently known about the neural and psychological mechanisms of Impulsivity, and discuss the relevance and application of these new insights to various neuropsychiatric disorders. Although also being a characteristic of normal behaviour, excessive Impulsivity is an important symptom of several neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders, including addiction, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and Parkinson disease. However, Impulsivity may comprise several apparently related forms that depend on distinct neuropsychological processes and neural systems. Of particular importance are interactions between frontostriatal systems and their neurochemical modulation, which are also providing new insights into the functions of these systems in behaviour. The psychological and neural basis of Impulsivity can be studied in a mutually profitable way in experimental animals and in humans. Striking parallels can be observed in the underlying neurobehavioural systems, allowing both macro- and micro-definition of functional circuits. The dissection of Impulsivity in this Review may represent a way in which complex behaviour relevant to psychiatric disorders can be broken down into its constituent parts, thus allowing for improved genetic understanding and more-precise treatments at the level of symptoms rather than according to categorical diagnoses of mental health disorders.
-
Impulsivity compulsivity and top down cognitive control
Neuron, 2011Co-Authors: Jeffrey W. Dalley, Barry J Everitt, Trevor W. RobbinsAbstract:Impulsivity is the tendency to act prematurely without foresight. Behavioral and neurobiological analysis of this construct, with evidence from both animal and human studies, defines several dissociable forms depending on distinct cortico-striatal substrates. One form of Impulsivity depends on the temporal discounting of reward, another on motor or response disinhibition. Impulsivity is commonly associated with addiction to drugs from different pharmacological classes, but its causal role in human addiction is unclear. We characterize in neurobehavioral and neurochemical terms a rodent model of Impulsivity based on premature responding in an attentional task. Evidence is surveyed that high Impulsivity on this task precedes the escalation subsequently of cocaine self-administration behavior, and also a tendency toward compulsive cocaine-seeking and to relapse. These results indicate that the vulnerability to stimulant addiction may depend on an Impulsivity endophenotype. Implications of these findings for the etiology, development, and treatment of drug addiction are considered.
-
Impulsivity, Compulsivity, and Top-Down Cognitive Control
Neuron, 2011Co-Authors: Jeffrey W. Dalley, Barry J Everitt, Trevor W. RobbinsAbstract:Impulsivity is the tendency to act prematurely without foresight. Behavioral and neurobiological analysis of this construct, with evidence from both animal and human studies, defines several dissociable forms depending on distinct cortico-striatal substrates. One form of Impulsivity depends on the temporal discounting of reward, another on motor or response disinhibition. Impulsivity is commonly associated with addiction to drugs from different pharmacological classes, but its causal role in human addiction is unclear. We characterize in neurobehavioral and neurochemical terms a rodent model of Impulsivity based on premature responding in an attentional task. Evidence is surveyed that high Impulsivity on this task precedes the escalation subsequently of cocaine self-administration behavior, and also a tendency toward compulsive cocaine-seeking and to relapse. These results indicate that the vulnerability to stimulant addiction may depend on an Impulsivity endophenotype. Implications of these findings for the etiology, development, and treatment of drug addiction are considered. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
-
similar effects of the selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine on three distinct forms of Impulsivity in the rat
Neuropsychopharmacology, 2008Co-Authors: Emma S J Robinson, Jeffrey W. Dalley, Dawn M. Eagle, Andrea Bari, Gargi Banerjee, Xiaosu Jiang, Trevor W. RobbinsAbstract:Atomoxetine is a noradrenaline-specific reuptake inhibitor used clinically for the treatment of childhood and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Studies in human volunteers and patient groups have shown that atomoxetine improves stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) performance, an effect consistent with a reduction in motor Impulsivity. However, ADHD is a heterogeneous disorder and it is of interest to determine whether atomoxetine is similarly effective against other forms of Impulsivity, as well as the attentional impairment present in certain subtypes of ADHD. The present study examined the effects of atomoxetine on Impulsivity using an analogous SSRT task in rats and two additional tests of Impulsivity; delay discounting of reward and the five-choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT), the latter providing an added assessment of sustained visual attention. Atomoxetine produced a significant dose-dependent speeding of SSRT. In addition, atomoxetine produced a selective, dose-dependent decrease in premature responding on the 5CSRTT. Finally, on the delay-discounting task, atomoxetine significantly decreased Impulsivity by increasing preference for the large-value reward across increasing delay. These findings conclusively demonstrate that atomoxetine decreases several distinct forms of Impulsivity in rats. The apparent contrast of these effects with stimulant drugs such as amphetamine and methylphenidate, which generally act to increase Impulsivity on the 5CSRTT, may provide new insights into the mechanisms of action of stimulant and nonstimulant drugs in ADHD.
-
behavioral models of Impulsivity in relation to adhd translation between clinical and preclinical studies
Clinical Psychology Review, 2006Co-Authors: Catharine A Winstanley, Dawn M. Eagle, Trevor W. RobbinsAbstract:Impulsivity, broadly defined as action without foresight, is a component of numerous psychiatric illnesses including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mania and substance abuse. In order to investigate the mechanisms underpinning impulsive behavior, the nature of Impulsivity itself needs to be defined in operational terms that can be used as the basis for empirical investigation. Due to the range of behaviors that the term Impulsivity describes, it has been suggested that Impulsivity is not a unitary construct, but encompasses a variety of related phenomena that may differ in their biological basis. Through fractionating Impulsivity into these component parts, it has proved possible to devise different behavioral paradigms to measure various aspects of Impulsivity in both humans and laboratory animals. This review describes and evaluates some of the current behavioral models of Impulsivity developed for use with rodents based on human neuropsychological tests, focusing on the five-choice serial reaction time task, the stop-signal reaction time task and delay-discounting paradigms. Furthermore, the contributions made by preclinical studies using such methodology to improve our understanding of the neural and neurochemical basis of Impulsivity and ADHD are discussed, with particular reference to the involvement of both the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems, and frontostriatal circuitry.
Alan C Swann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Impulsivity and Suicidal Behavior.
Current topics in behavioral neurosciences, 2020Co-Authors: Alan C Swann, Marijn Lijffijt, Brittany O'brien, Sanjay J. MathewAbstract:Suicide is the leading cause of injury mortality in the United States and the second-leading cause of death in people aged 10-34 years. While many long-term risk factors are known, the short-term prediction of suicidal behavior remains elusive. Many characteristics of suicidal behavior cut across diagnoses, but suicide is increased in recurrent psychiatric disorders, addictive disorders, and trauma-related disorders. Suicide results from the interaction of short-term and long-term behavioral regulation. The shorter the time-course of the mechanism, the closer it is to actual suicidal behavior, and the harder it is to prevent. We will discuss the manner in which Impulsivity, a major determinant of short-term suicide risk, interacts with longer-term risk factors, especially sensitization to addictive or traumatic stimuli. Impulsivity predisposes to sensitization; in turn, Impulsivity is a prominent component of sensitized behavior. Impulsivity can be described as a general pattern of behavior ("trait" Impulsivity), as responses that are not conformed to their context (action-Impulsivity), or as inability to delay reward or to take future consequences into account (choice-Impulsivity). Each of these contributes to suicidal behavior. The neural mechanisms of Impulsivity and sensitization are analogous, and sensitization can produce rapidly fluctuating patterns of impulsive behavior, arousal, and anhedonia. In order to recognize and prevent suicidal behavior, it is necessary to identify factors associated with susceptibility to bouts of impulsive behavior in people at elevated long-term risk.
-
Impulsivity and Affective Regulation
Oxford Handbooks Online, 2012Co-Authors: Alan C SwannAbstract:Impulsivity and affect share important neurobehavioral mechanisms. Impulsivity is a pattern of responses to stimuli without the ability to conform the responses to their context, usually representing either inability to adequately evaluate a stimulus before responding to it or inability to delay the response for a reward. Mechanisms underlying Impulsivity overlap substantially with constructs like arousal, attention, motivation, and reward, which are also prominent in regulation of affect. Both Impulsivity and affect share relationships with regulation of monoaminergic and amino acid transmitter function. For example, activity of the locus coeruleus is sensitive to unexpected, intense, noxious, or stress-related stimuli. Impulsivity and affective dysregulation are increased by exaggerated or poorly modulated responses in this system. The course of the illness interacts with context-dependent effects on behavior via behavioral sensitization. Repeated exposure to stressors, drugs of abuse, or endogenous norepinephrine release in affective episodes leads to behavioral sensitization with increased Impulsivity, affective dysregulation, and substance use. Impulsivity predisposes to, and is increased by, behavioral sensitization. In this context, we discuss Impulsivity in depressive, manic, anxious, and mixed states, including suicidal behavior and characteristics of the course of illness that are related to behavioral sensitization.
-
Impulsivity in mania
Current Psychiatry Reports, 2009Co-Authors: Alan C SwannAbstract:Impulsivity, a breakdown in the balance between initiation and screening of action that leads to reactions to stimuli without adequate reflection or regard for consequences, is a core feature of bipolar disorder and is prominent in manic episodes. Catecholaminergic function is related to Impulsivity and mania. Manic individuals have abnormal dopaminergic reactions to reward and abnormal responses in the ventral prefrontal cortex that are consistent with impulsive behavior. Impulsivity in mania is pervasive, encompassing deficits in attention and behavioral inhibition. Impulsivity is increased with severe course of illness (eg, frequent episodes, substance use disorders, and suicide attempts). In mixed states, mania-associated Impulsivity combines with depressive symptoms to increase the risk of suicide. Clinical management of Impulsivity in mania involves addressing interpersonal distortions inherent in mania; reducing overstimulation; alertness to medical-, trauma-, or substance-related problems; and prompt pharmacologic treatment. Manic episodes must be viewed in the context of the life course of bipolar disorder.
-
Impulsivity a link between bipolar disorder and substance abuse
Bipolar Disorders, 2004Co-Authors: Alan C Swann, Donald M Dougherty, Peggy J Pazzaglia, Mary Pham, Gerard F MoellerAbstract:BACKGROUND: Substance abuse is present in most patients with bipolar disorder and associated with poor treatment outcome and increased risk of suicide. Increased Impulsivity may be a link between bipolar disorder and substance abuse. METHODS: First, we compared Impulsivity as a stable trait (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, BIS) and as state-dependent behavioral laboratory performance (Immediate Memory-Delayed Memory task, derived from the Continuous Performance Task) in interepisode bipolar and non-bipolar subjects with and without substance abuse. Secondly, we compared Impulsivity in interepisode and manic bipolar subjects with and without substance abuse. RESULTS: The BIS scores were increased in interepisode bipolar disorder and in subjects with histories of substance abuse, and were increased further in interepisode bipolar subjects with substance abuse. Performance Impulsivity was increased in subjects with substance abuse, regardless of whether they had bipolar disorder. Among subjects with bipolar disorder, after correction for age, BIS scores were increased in those with substance abuse. Performance Impulsivity was increased in manic compared with interepisode subjects, regardless of substance abuse history, and was increased in interepisode subjects with substance abuse similarly to manic subjects without substance abuse. These differences could not be accounted for by age, gender, or course of illness. CONCLUSIONS: Trait Impulsivity is increased additively in bipolar disorder and substance abuse. Performance Impulsivity is increased in interepisode bipolar disorder only if a history of substance abuse is present. This increased predisposition to Impulsivity when not manic may contribute to the decrement in treatment outcome and compliance, and increased risk for suicide and aggression, in bipolar disorder with substance abuse.
-
two models of Impulsivity relationship to personality traits and psychopathology
Biological Psychiatry, 2002Co-Authors: Alan C Swann, James M Bjork, Gerard F Moeller, Donald M DoughertyAbstract:Abstract Background: Impulsivity is prominent in psychiatric disorders. Two dominant models of Impulsivity are the reward-discounting model, where Impulsivity is defined as inability to wait for a larger reward, and the rapid-response model, where Impulsivity is defined as responding without adequate assessment of context. We have compared the role of these models of Impulsivity in human psychopathology, based on the hypothesis that rapid-response Impulsivity would be more strongly related to other aspects of psychopathology and to Impulsivity as described by questionnaires. Methods: We investigated relationships between personality and laboratory measures of Impulsivity, and between these measures and clinical characteristics, in parents of adolescent subjects with disruptive behavioral disorders (DBDs) and matched control subjects. Diagnoses were rendered using the Structured Interview for DSM-IV. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) was used as a trait measure of Impulsivity. Rapid-response Impulsivity was assessed using a form of the Continuous Performance Test, the Immediate Memory-Delayed Memory Task (IMT/DMT). Reward-delay Impulsivity was measured using two tasks where subjects could choose between smaller immediate or larger delayed rewards. Results: Rapid-response, but not reward-delay Impulsivity, was significantly higher in subjects with lifetime Axis I or Axis II diagnoses. Scores on the BIS were elevated in subjects with Axis I diagnoses and correlated significantly with both rapid-response and reward-delay tests, but more strongly with the former. Multiple regression showed that rapid-response, but not reward-delay performance or intelligence quotient, contributed significantly to BIS scores. Correlations were similar in parents of control subjects and of DBD subjects. Conclusions: These data suggest that measures of rapid-response Impulsivity and of reward-delay Impulsivity are both related to Impulsivity as a personality characteristic. The relationship appears stronger, however, for rapid-response Impulsivity, as measured by the IMT/DMT. Laboratory and personality measures of Impulsivity appear to be related to risk of psychopathology.
Timothy Deckman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
negative urgency and risky sexual behaviors a clarification of the relationship between Impulsivity and risky sexual behavior
Personality and Individual Differences, 2011Co-Authors: Timothy Deckman, Nathan C DewallAbstract:Abstract How does Impulsivity relate to risky sexual behavior? Whereas some research has attempted to answer this question in terms of global Impulsivity, past research has demonstrated the need to conceptualize Impulsivity as a multifaceted trait ( Whiteside & Lynam, 2001 ). Research has been mixed as to which facets of Impulsivity predict risky sexual behavior. The major aim of this project was to further the understanding between the five facets of Impulsivity (positive urgency, negative urgency, lack of premeditation, sensation-seeking, and lack of perseverance) and risky sexual behavior. This study used a longitudinal design and showed that risky sex was highest among people who act rashly on the basis of negative emotion (negative urgency) and who crave novel, exciting situations (sensation seeking). These findings add to a growing body of literature on the importance of different facets of Impulsivity in predicting risky sexual behavior.
Suzanne H. Mitchell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
understanding the construct of Impulsivity and its relationship to alcohol use disorders
Addiction Biology, 2010Co-Authors: Danielle M Dick, Suzanne H. Mitchell, Gregory T Smith, Peter Olausson, Robert F Leeman, Stephanie S Omalley, Kenneth J SherAbstract:There are well-established links between Impulsivity and alcohol use in humans and other model organisms; however, the etiological nature of these associations remains unclear. This is likely due, in part, to the heterogeneous nature of the construct of Impulsivity. Many different measures of Impulsivity have been employed in human studies, using both questionnaire and laboratory-based tasks. Animal studies also use multiple tasks to assess the construct of Impulsivity. In both human and animal studies, different measures of Impulsivity often show little correlation and are differentially related to outcome, suggesting that the Impulsivity construct may actually consist of a number of more homogeneous (and potentially more meaningful) subfacets. Here, we provide an overview of the different measures of Impulsivity used across human and animal studies, evidence that the construct of Impulsivity may be better studied in the context of more meaningful subfacets, and recommendations for how research in this direction may provide for better consilience between human and animal studies of the connection between Impulsivity and alcohol use.
-
measures of Impulsivity in cigarette smokers and non smokers
Psychopharmacology, 1999Co-Authors: Suzanne H. MitchellAbstract:Rationale: Drug users are thought to be more ”impulsive” than non-users. Objectives: This study examined whether regular smokers are more impulsive than never smokers using personality and behavioral measures of Impulsivity. Methods: Twenty regular smokers (≥15 cigarettes/day) and 20 never smokers were recruited. Participants completed five personality questionnaires to assess Impulsivity: Adjective Checklist, Barratt’s Impulsivity Scale, the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire, Eysenck’s Personality Questionnaire, and the Sensation-Seeking Scale. Participants also performed three behavioral choice tasks designed to assess Impulsivity. In the delay task, participants chose between small, immediate and large, delayed monetary rewards. Impulsivity was defined as a relative preference for the small, immediate alternative. In the probability task, participants chose between small, certain and large, uncertain monetary rewards. Impulsivity was defined as a relative preference for the large but more risky alternative. In the work task, participants chose between small monetary rewards obtained by performing a negligible amount of work and a larger amount of money requiring more work. Impulsivity was defined as a relative preference for the smaller, easier alternative. Results: On the personality questionnaires, smokers had statistically higher Impulsivity scores on most scales. On the behavioral choice tasks, smokers chose small, immediate money over large, delayed money more frequently, signifying greater levels of Impulsivity. There were no differences between the groups’ choices on the other tasks. Correlations between questionnaire and task data were small, as were correlations between data from each task. Conclusions: Together, these results indicate that the smokers were more impulsive than never smokers.
-
Measures of Impulsivity in cigarette smokers and non-smokers
Psychopharmacology, 1999Co-Authors: Suzanne H. MitchellAbstract:RATIONALE:Drug users are thought to be more "impulsive" than non-users.\n\nOBJECTIVES:This study examined whether regular smokers are more impulsive than never smokers using personality and behavioral measures of Impulsivity.\n\nMETHODS:Twenty regular smokers (>/=15 cigarettes/day) and 20 never smokers were recruited. Participants completed five personality questionnaires to assess Impulsivity: Adjective Checklist, Barratt's Impulsivity Scale, the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire, Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire, and the Sensation-Seeking Scale. Participants also performed three behavioral choice tasks designed to assess Impulsivity. In the delay task, participants chose between small, immediate and large, delayed monetary rewards. Impulsivity was defined as a relative preference for the small, immediate alternative. In the probability task, participants chose between small, certain and large, uncertain monetary rewards. Impulsivity was defined as a relative preference for the large but more risky alternative. In the work task, participants chose between small monetary rewards obtained by performing a negligible amount of work and a larger amount of money requiring more work. Impulsivity was defined as a relative preference for the smaller, easier alternative.\n\nRESULTS:On the personality questionnaires, smokers had statistically higher Impulsivity scores on most scales. On the behavioral choice tasks, smokers chose small, immediate money over large, delayed money more frequently, signifying greater levels of Impulsivity. There were no differences between the groups' choices on the other tasks. Correlations between questionnaire and task data were small, as were correlations between data from each task.\n\nCONCLUSIONS:Together, these results indicate that the smokers were more impulsive than never smokers.
