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Daniel J Simons - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Inattentional Blindness for a gun during a simulated police vehicle stop
'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 2017Co-Authors: Daniel J Simons, Michael D. SchlosserAbstract:Abstract People often fail to notice unexpected objects and events when they are focusing attention on something else. Most studies of this “Inattentional Blindness” use unexpected objects that are irrelevant to the primary task and to the participant (e.g., gorillas in basketball games or colored shapes in computerized tracking tasks). Although a few studies have examined noticing rates for personally relevant or task-relevant unexpected objects, few have done so in a real-world context with objects that represent a direct threat to the participant. In this study, police academy trainees (n = 100) and experienced police officers (n = 75) engaged in a simulated vehicle traffic stop in which they approached a vehicle to issue a warning or citation for running a stop sign. The driver was either passive and cooperative or agitated and hostile when complying with the officer’s instructions. Overall, 58% of the trainees and 33% of the officers failed to notice a gun positioned in full view on the passenger dashboard. The driver’s style of interaction had little effect on noticing rates for either group. People can experience Inattentional Blindness for a potentially dangerous object in a naturalistic real-world context, even when noticing that object would change how they perform their primary task and even when their training focuses on awareness of potential threats
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using mechanical turk to assess the effects of age and spatial proximity on Inattentional Blindness
Collabra, 2015Co-Authors: Cary Stothart, Walter R Boot, Daniel J SimonsAbstract:Few studies have used online data collection to study cognitive aging. We used a large ( N = 515) online sample to replicate the findings that Inattentional Blindness increases with age and with the distance of the unexpected object from the focus of attention. Critically, we assessed whether distance moderates the relationship between age and noticing. We replicated both age and distance effects, but found no age by distance interaction. These findings disconfirm a plausible explanation for age differences in noticing (restricted field of view), while for the first time highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of using Mechanical Turk for the study of cognitive aging.
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Scatterplots for Study 1.
2015Co-Authors: Carina Kreitz, Daniel Memmert, Philip Furley, Daniel J SimonsAbstract:Scatter plots of the relationships between Inattentional Blindness (0 = miss, 1 = notice) and the working memory and attention breadth measures in Study 1. The plots were prepared separately for the Near and the Far condition. The y-axes depict the test scores for each measure as described in the method section. Each circle represents a single participant. The blue lines depict the linear regression lines for each relationship.
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Scatterplots for Study 2.
2015Co-Authors: Carina Kreitz, Daniel Memmert, Philip Furley, Daniel J SimonsAbstract:Scatter plots of the relationships between Inattentional Blindness (0 = miss, 1 = notice) and the working memory and attention breadth measures in Study 2. The plots were prepared separately for IB Cross and IB Motion and for the Near and the Far condition. The y-axes depict the test scores for each measure as described in the method section. Each circle represents a single participant. The blue lines depict the linear regression lines for each relationship.
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change Blindness and Inattentional Blindness
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 2011Co-Authors: Melinda S Jensen, Whitney N Street, Daniel J SimonsAbstract:Change Blindness and Inattentional Blindness are both failures of visual awareness. Change Blindness is the failure to notice an obvious change. Inattentional Blindness is the failure to notice the existence of an unexpected item. In each case, we fail to notice something that is clearly visible once we know to look for it. Despite similarities, each type of Blindness has a unique background and distinct theoretical implications. Here, we discuss the central paradigms used to explore each phenomenon in a historical context. We also outline the central findings from each field and discuss their implications for visual perception and attention. In addition, we examine the impact of task and observer effects on both types of Blindness as well as common pitfalls and confusions people make while studying these topics. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 529-546 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.130 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Michael A Pitts - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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erp signatures of conscious and unconscious word and letter perception in an Inattentional Blindness paradigm
Consciousness and Cognition, 2017Co-Authors: Kathryn Schelonka, Enriqueta Cansecogonzalez, Christian Graulty, Michael A PittsAbstract:A three-phase Inattentional Blindness paradigm was combined with ERPs. While participants performed a distracter task, line segments in the background formed words or consonant-strings. Nearly half of the participants failed to notice these word-forms and were deemed Inattentionally blind. All participants noticed the word-forms in phase 2 of the experiment while they performed the same distracter task. In the final phase, participants performed a task on the word-forms. In all phases, including during Inattentional Blindness, word-forms elicited distinct ERPs during early latencies (∼200-280ms) suggesting unconscious orthographic processing. A subsequent ERP (∼320-380ms) similar to the visual awareness negativity appeared only when subjects were aware of the word-forms, regardless of the task. Finally, word-forms elicited a P3b (∼400-550ms) only when these stimuli were task-relevant. These results are consistent with previous Inattentional Blindness studies and help distinguish brain activity associated with pre- and post-perceptual processing from correlates of conscious perception.
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neural signatures of conscious face perception in an Inattentional Blindness paradigm
The Journal of Neuroscience, 2015Co-Authors: Juliet P Shafto, Michael A PittsAbstract:Previous studies suggest that early stages of face-specific processing are performed preattentively and unconsciously, whereas conscious perception emerges with late-stage (>300 ms) neuronal activity. A conflicting view, however, posits that attention is necessary for face-specific processing and that early-to-mid latency neural responses (∼ 100-300 ms) correspond more closely with perceptual awareness. The current study capitalized on a recently developed method for manipulating attention and conscious perception during EEG recording (modified Inattentional Blindness paradigm) and used face stimuli that elicit a well known marker of early face processing, the N170 event-related potential (ERP). In Phase 1 of the experiment, subjects performed a demanding distracter task while line drawings of faces and matched control stimuli were presented in the center of their view. When queried, half of the subjects reported no awareness of the faces and were deemed Inattentionally blind. In Phase 2, subjects performed the same distracter task, but now consciously perceived the face stimuli due to the intervening questioning. In Phase 3, subjects performed a discrimination task on the faces. Two primary contrasts were made: aware versus unaware (equally task irrelevant) and task-relevant versus task-irrelevant (equally aware). The N170 and a subsequent ERP component, the visual awareness negativity (∼ 260-300 ms), were absent during Inattentional Blindness and present in the aware conditions. The P3b (> 300 ms) was absent for task-irrelevant faces, even when consciously perceived, and present only when the faces were task relevant. These results inform contemporary theories of conscious face perception in particular and visual attention and perceptual awareness in general.
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isolating neural correlates of conscious perception from neural correlates of reporting one s perception
Frontiers in Psychology, 2014Co-Authors: Michael A Pitts, Stephen Metzler, Steven A HillyardAbstract:To isolate neural correlates of conscious perception (NCCs), a standard approach has been to contrast neural activity elicited by identical stimuli of which subjects are aware versus unaware. Because conscious experience is private, determining whether a stimulus was consciously perceived requires subjective report: e.g., button-presses indicating detection, visibility ratings, verbal reports, etc. This reporting requirement introduces a methodological confound when attempting to isolate NCCs: The neural processes responsible for accessing and reporting one’s percept are difficult to distinguish from those underlying the conscious percept itself. Here, we review recent attempts to circumvent this issue via a modified Inattentional Blindness paradigm (Pitts, Martinez, & Hillyard, 2012) and present new data from a backward masking experiment in which task-relevance and visual awareness were manipulated in a 2x2 crossed design. In agreement with our previous Inattentional Blindness results, stimuli that were consciously perceived yet not immediately accessed for report (aware, task-irrelevant condition) elicited a mid-latency posterior ERP negativity (~200-240ms), while stimuli that were accessed for report (aware, task-relevant condition) elicited additional components including a robust P3b (~380-480ms) subsequent to the mid-latency negativity. Overall, these results suggest that some of the NCCs identified in previous studies may be more closely linked with accessing and maintaining perceptual information for reporting purposes than with encoding the conscious percept itself. An open question is whether the remaining NCC candidate (the ERP negativity at 200-240ms) reflects visual awareness or object-based attention.
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Isolating neural correlates of conscious perception from neural correlates of reporting one’s perception
Frontiers Media S.A., 2014Co-Authors: Michael A Pitts, Stephen Emetzler, Steven EhillyardAbstract:To isolate neural correlates of conscious perception (NCCs), a standard approach has been to contrast neural activity elicited by identical stimuli of which subjects are aware versus unaware. Because conscious experience is private, determining whether a stimulus was consciously perceived requires subjective report: e.g., button-presses indicating detection, visibility ratings, verbal reports, etc. This reporting requirement introduces a methodological confound when attempting to isolate NCCs: The neural processes responsible for accessing and reporting one’s percept are difficult to distinguish from those underlying the conscious percept itself. Here, we review recent attempts to circumvent this issue via a modified Inattentional Blindness paradigm (Pitts, Martinez, & Hillyard, 2012) and present new data from a backward masking experiment in which task-relevance and visual awareness were manipulated in a 2x2 crossed design. In agreement with our previous Inattentional Blindness results, stimuli that were consciously perceived yet not immediately accessed for report (aware, task-irrelevant condition) elicited a mid-latency posterior ERP negativity (~200-240ms), while stimuli that were accessed for report (aware, task-relevant condition) elicited additional components including a robust P3b (~380-480ms) subsequent to the mid-latency negativity. Overall, these results suggest that some of the NCCs identified in previous studies may be more closely linked with accessing and maintaining perceptual information for reporting purposes than with encoding the conscious percept itself. An open question is whether the remaining NCC candidate (the ERP negativity at 200-240ms) reflects visual awareness or object-based attention
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preconscious conscious and post perceptual processing of visual word forms in an Inattentional Blindness paradigm
2012Co-Authors: Kathryn Schelonka, Enriqueta Cansecogonzalez, Michael A PittsAbstract:Introduction • To investigate the neural correlates of conscious perception, one strategy is to contrast ERPs elicited by identical visual stimuli of which subjects are aware versus unaware1. • Inattentional Blindness refers to the failure to detect unexpected, but otherwise salient stimuli because one’s attention is engaged elsewhere2. o The Inattentional Blindness paradigm2 was recently adapted for ERPs1. • Previous studies suggest that access to meaning of “unseen” words occurs during the attentional blink, indexed by the N400 component3. o However, the prime words were seen and the unseen probe words were taskrelevant targets3, thus it is unclear whether the N400 would remain during the complete absence of attention (Inattentional Blindness). o Earlier components reflecting orthographic and lexical processing (N1, midlatency posterior components) may also be modulated by attention and awareness4.
Jason B Mattingley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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awareness is related to reduced post stimulus alpha power a no report Inattentional Blindness study
European Journal of Neuroscience, 2020Co-Authors: Anthony M Harris, Paul E Dux, Jason B MattingleyAbstract:Delineating the neural correlates of sensory awareness is a key requirement for developing a neuroscientific understanding of consciousness. A neural signal that has been proposed as a key neural correlate of awareness is amplitude reduction of 8-14 Hz alpha oscillations. Alpha oscillations are also closely linked to processes of spatial attention, providing potential alternative explanations for past results associating alpha oscillations with awareness. We employed a no-report Inattentional Blindness (IB) paradigm with electroencephalography to examine the association between awareness and the power of 8-14 Hz alpha oscillations. We asked whether the alpha-power decrease commonly reported when stimuli are perceived is related to awareness, or other factors that commonly confound awareness investigations, specifically task-relevance and visual salience. Two groups of participants performed a target discrimination task at fixation while irrelevant non-salient shape probes were presented briefly in the left or right visual field. One group was explicitly informed of the peripheral probes at the commencement of the experiment (the control group), whereas the other was not told about the probes until halfway through the experiment (IB group). Consequently, the IB group remained unaware of the probes for the first half of the experiment. In all conditions in which participants were aware of the probes, there was an enhanced negativity in the event-related potential (the visual awareness negativity). Furthermore, there was an extended contralateral alpha-power decrease when the probes were perceived, which was not present when they failed to reach awareness. These results suggest alpha oscillations are intrinsically associated with awareness itself.
Anthony M Harris - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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awareness is related to reduced post stimulus alpha power a no report Inattentional Blindness study
European Journal of Neuroscience, 2020Co-Authors: Anthony M Harris, Paul E Dux, Jason B MattingleyAbstract:Delineating the neural correlates of sensory awareness is a key requirement for developing a neuroscientific understanding of consciousness. A neural signal that has been proposed as a key neural correlate of awareness is amplitude reduction of 8-14 Hz alpha oscillations. Alpha oscillations are also closely linked to processes of spatial attention, providing potential alternative explanations for past results associating alpha oscillations with awareness. We employed a no-report Inattentional Blindness (IB) paradigm with electroencephalography to examine the association between awareness and the power of 8-14 Hz alpha oscillations. We asked whether the alpha-power decrease commonly reported when stimuli are perceived is related to awareness, or other factors that commonly confound awareness investigations, specifically task-relevance and visual salience. Two groups of participants performed a target discrimination task at fixation while irrelevant non-salient shape probes were presented briefly in the left or right visual field. One group was explicitly informed of the peripheral probes at the commencement of the experiment (the control group), whereas the other was not told about the probes until halfway through the experiment (IB group). Consequently, the IB group remained unaware of the probes for the first half of the experiment. In all conditions in which participants were aware of the probes, there was an enhanced negativity in the event-related potential (the visual awareness negativity). Furthermore, there was an extended contralateral alpha-power decrease when the probes were perceived, which was not present when they failed to reach awareness. These results suggest alpha oscillations are intrinsically associated with awareness itself.
Daniel Memmert - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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guessing right preconscious processing in Inattentional Blindness
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2020Co-Authors: Carina Kreitz, Giulia Pugnaghi, Daniel MemmertAbstract:Much research has been conducted on the determinants of Inattentional Blindness-the failure to miss an unexpected but salient stimulus in plain view. Far less research has been concerned with the fate of those objects that go unnoticed in such a setting. The available evidence suggests that objects that are not consciously noticed due to Inattentional Blindness are still processed to a certain degree. The present study substantiated and generalised this limited evidence by reanalysing 16 datasets in regard to participants' guessing accuracy in multiple-choice questions concerning the unexpected object: Participants who did not notice the critical object showed guessing accuracy that lay significantly above chance. Thus, stimuli that are not consciously noticed (i.e., cannot be reported) can nevertheless exert an influence on seemingly random choices. Modality of the primary task as well as performance in the primary task and in a divided-attention trial were evaluated as potential moderators. Methodological limitations such as the design and implementation of the multiple-choice questions and the generalisability of our findings are discussed, and promises of the present approach for future studies are presented.
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examining effects of preconscious mere exposure an Inattentional Blindness approach
Consciousness and Cognition, 2019Co-Authors: Giulia Pugnaghi, Daniel Memmert, Carina KreitzAbstract:Abstract An increase in affective preference for stimuli, which a person has been repeatedly exposed to, is known as mere exposure effect. This effect has been shown for stimuli that are processed subliminally, that is, below the threshold of awareness. This study fills a current research gap by investigating mere exposure effects under processing that is preconscious, which follows from a high stimulus strength but absence of top-down amplification. In three experiments (N = 240 in total) preconscious processing was evoked using an Inattentional Blindness paradigm, which allowed the processing of stimuli (nonwords or Chinese symbols) under complete inattention. Contrary to our hypothesis, we did not find a mere exposure effect in our experiments. We expand the current state of knowledge by discussing the distractor devaluation effect and the attentional set of participants as possible reasons for the absence of the mere exposure effect. Directions for future investigations are outlined.
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RESEARCH ARTICLE Some See It, Some Don’t: Exploring the Relation between Inattentional Blindness and Personality Factors
2016Co-Authors: Carina Kreitz, Robert Schnuerch, Henning Gibbons, Daniel MemmertAbstract:Human awareness is highly limited, which is vividly demonstrated by the phenomenon that unexpected objects go unnoticed when attention is focused elsewhere (Inattentional blind-ness). Typically, some people fail to notice unexpected objects while others detect them in-stantaneously. Whether this pattern reflects stable individual differences is unclear to date. In particular, hardly anything is known about the influence of personality on the likelihood of Inattentional Blindness. To fill this empirical gap, we examined the role of multiple personali-ty factors, namely the Big Five, BIS/BAS, absorption, achievement motivation, and schizo-typy, in these failures of awareness. In a large-scale sample (N = 554), susceptibility to Inattentional Blindness was associated with a low level of openness to experience and mar-ginally with a low level of achievement motivation. However, in a multiple regression analy-sis, only openness emerged as an independent, negative predictor. This suggests that the general tendency to be open to experience extends to the domain of perception. Our results complement earlier work on the possible link between Inattentional Blindness and personali-ty by demonstrating, for the first time, that failures to consciously perceive unexpected ob-jects reflect individual differences on a fundamental dimension of personality
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Some See It, Some Don’t: Exploring the Relation between Inattentional Blindness and Personality Factors
2015Co-Authors: Carina Kreitz, Robert Schnuerch, Henning Gibbons, Daniel MemmertAbstract:Human awareness is highly limited, which is vividly demonstrated by the phenomenon that unexpected objects go unnoticed when attention is focused elsewhere (Inattentional Blindness). Typically, some people fail to notice unexpected objects while others detect them instantaneously. Whether this pattern reflects stable individual differences is unclear to date. In particular, hardly anything is known about the influence of personality on the likelihood of Inattentional Blindness. To fill this empirical gap, we examined the role of multiple personality factors, namely the Big Five, BIS/BAS, absorption, achievement motivation, and schizotypy, in these failures of awareness. In a large-scale sample (N = 554), susceptibility to Inattentional Blindness was associated with a low level of openness to experience and marginally with a low level of achievement motivation. However, in a multiple regression analysis, only openness emerged as an independent, negative predictor. This suggests that the general tendency to be open to experience extends to the domain of perception. Our results complement earlier work on the possible link between Inattentional Blindness and personality by demonstrating, for the first time, that failures to consciously perceive unexpected objects reflect individual differences on a fundamental dimension of personality.
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Scatterplots for Study 1.
2015Co-Authors: Carina Kreitz, Daniel Memmert, Philip Furley, Daniel J SimonsAbstract:Scatter plots of the relationships between Inattentional Blindness (0 = miss, 1 = notice) and the working memory and attention breadth measures in Study 1. The plots were prepared separately for the Near and the Far condition. The y-axes depict the test scores for each measure as described in the method section. Each circle represents a single participant. The blue lines depict the linear regression lines for each relationship.
