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Thomas R. Kwapil - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a brief questionnaire measure of multidimensional Schizotypy predicts interview rated symptoms and impairment
PLOS ONE, 2020Co-Authors: Kathryn C. Kemp, Thomas R. Kwapil, Neus Barrantesvidal, Alyssa J BatheryAbstract:The present study employed structured diagnostic interviews to assess the construct validity of the brief version of the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale (MSS-B), which was developed to assess positive, negative, and disorganized dimensions of Schizotypy. It was hypothesized that the MSS-B subscales would be associated with differential patterns of symptoms and impairment, comparable to findings for the full-length MSS. A total of 177 young adults completed structured diagnostic interviews assessing symptoms and impairment. As hypothesized, MSS-B positive Schizotypy was significantly associated with interview ratings of positive (psychotic-like) symptoms, as well as schizotypal and paranoid personality disorder traits. MSS-B negative Schizotypy was associated with interview ratings of negative symptoms, as well as schizoid, paranoid, and schizotypal traits. Furthermore, negative Schizotypy predicted Cluster A personality disorder diagnoses. MSS-B disorganized Schizotypy was associated with interview ratings of disorganized symptoms. All three Schizotypy dimensions were associated with impaired functioning. This was the first study to evaluate the validity of the MSS-B using interview measures, and the pattern of findings for each MSS-B subscale was closely comparable to the findings for the full-length MSS. Contrary to our hypothesis, cannabis use was largely unassociated with psychotic-like symptoms and did not moderate the expression of the Schizotypy dimensions. The MSS-B has good psychometric properties, high concordance with the full-length MSS, and good construct validity. Thus, it appears to be a promising brief alternative to traditional Schizotypy measures.
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Association of multidimensional Schizotypy with psychotic-like experiences, affect, and social functioning in daily life: Comparable findings across samples and Schizotypy measures
Journal of abnormal psychology, 2020Co-Authors: Thomas R. Kwapil, Kathryn C. Kemp, Alyssa Mielock, Sarah H. Sperry, Charlotte A. Chun, Georgina M. Gross, Neus Barrantes-vidalAbstract:The present study examined the associations of positive, negative, and disorganized Schizotypy with psychotic-like experiences, affect, and social functioning in daily life using experience sampling methodology (ESM) in 2 samples (ns = 165 and 203) that employed different measures of Schizotypy. Schizotypy is a useful framework for understanding schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology, and ESM offers a powerful approach for assessing Schizotypy in real-world settings. Participants were signaled 8 times daily for 7 days to complete ESM questionnaires. As hypothesized, positive Schizotypy was robustly associated with psychotic-like experiences in daily life, whereas negative Schizotypy was associated with negative experiences, diminished positive affect, and social disinterest in both samples. As expected, disorganized Schizotypy was associated with disorganization in daily life. Furthermore, it was associated with increased negative affect and diminished positive affect. Thus, positive, negative, and disorganized Schizotypy were associated with unique, hypothesized patterns of experiences in daily life, and the findings across the two samples and two Schizotypy measures were strikingly consistent. Note that when disorganized Schizotypy was not entered as a predictor in the 2 samples, disorganized experiences and negative affect in daily life were associated with positive Schizotypy. However, when disorganized Schizotypy was included as a predictor, these daily life experiences were associated with disorganized, not positive, Schizotypy. This is similar to findings from interview and questionnaire studies that have simultaneously assessed positive, negative, and disorganized Schizotypy. The findings support the construct validity of the multidimensional model of Schizotypy and the importance of including disorganization in the conceptualization and assessment of Schizotypy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Differential impairment of positive and negative Schizotypy in list-method and item-method directed forgetting.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2020Co-Authors: Lili Sahakyan, Thomas R. Kwapil, Lydia JiangAbstract:Schizophrenia is characterized by cognitive impairment and this impairment is expected to occur, albeit to a lesser degree, in people putatively at risk for schizophrenia. Two experiments assessed the relationship between directed forgetting (DF) and Schizotypy, which is a multidimensional construct that reflects the expression of the underlying vulnerability for schizophrenia. Experiment 1 involved item-method DF and Experiment 2 involves list-method DF study. The Schizotypy dimensions exhibited differential patterns of impairment across the 2 methods that suggest different underlying processes. Positive Schizotypy showed impairment in item-method DF that was driven by reduced ability to forget forget-cued items, whereas performance on remember-cued items was unaffected in positive Schizotypy. Despite the deficit in item-method DF, positive Schizotypy participants showed preserved performance in list-method DF. The opposite pattern was found in negative Schizotypy participants, who showed impairment in list-method DF, despite preserved performance in item-method DF. Negative Schizotypy was previously associated with deficits in context processing and, consistent with context-change account of list-method DF, showed deficits in list-method DF task. Positive Schizotypy is characterized by deficits in inhibitory control and, consistent with inhibitory account of item-method DF, showed deficits in item-method DF task. Collectively, these results (a) suggest that different DF methods involve different underlying mechanisms, (b) support the context-account of list-method DF and an inhibitory account of item-method DF, and (c) support the multidimensional model of Schizotypy by showing differential impairment in positive and negative Schizotypy across the 2 DF tasks. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Schizotypy, schizotypal personality, and psychosis risk
Risk Factors for Psychosis, 2020Co-Authors: Neus Barrantes-vidal, Anna Racioppi, Thomas R. KwapilAbstract:Abstract Current models of schizophrenia suggest that it is the most severe expression of a broad range of clinical and subclinical symptoms and impairment referred to as Schizotypy. This chapter reviews the predictive validity of Schizotypy for schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology in nonclinical and genetic and clinical high-risk participants, as well as the developmental course of schizotypal personality disorder. High Schizotypy is consistently associated with elevated rates of symptoms. Furthermore, longitudinal studies indicate that positive Schizotypy is associated with risk for developing psychotic disorders, and both positive and negative Schizotypy are associated with risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Findings indicate the relevance of assessing premorbid Schizotypy traits in clinical high-risk individuals, as obtaining a comprehensive profile may help to tailor psychological and pharmacological interventions and address features that may be obscured by prominent attenuated psychotic symptoms. Also, continuous models of Schizotypy fit well with dimensional approaches to psychopathology like the Research Domain Criteria.
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Aberrant Salience Across Levels of Processing in Positive and Negative Schizotypy
Frontiers in psychology, 2019Co-Authors: Charlotte A. Chun, Peter Brugger, Thomas R. KwapilAbstract:Schizotypy is a multidimensional construct conceptualized as the expression of the underlying vulnerability for schizophrenia. Certain traits of positive Schizotypy, such as odd beliefs, unusual perceptual experiences, suspiciousness, and referential thinking show associations with aberrant salience. Positive Schizotypy may involve hyper-attribution of salience toward insignificant events, whereas negative Schizotypy may involve hypo-attribution of salience, even toward important events. Attribution of salience is thought to involve dopamine-mediated processes, a mechanism that is disrupted in Schizotypy; however, little is known about the cognitive processes potentially underlying salience attribution. The present study assessed the relationship between aberrant salience and latent inhibition (LI), as well as their associations with positive and negative Schizotypy. Salience was measured at various stages of processing, including visual salience, attributions of salience to contingency illusions, and self-reported experience of salience. Schizotypy traits were differentially associated with self-reported aberrant salience experiences: positive Schizotypy showed positive associations (s = 0.67, f2 = 0.82, large effect) and negative Schizotypy showed inverse associations (s = -0.20, f2 = 0.07, small effect). However, neither Schizotypy dimension was associated with visual salience, contingency illusions, or LI. Salience processing across perceptual, cognitive, and experiential levels likely involves different mechanisms, some of which may not show major disruption in subclinical manifestations of Schizotypy.
Neus Barrantesvidal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a brief questionnaire measure of multidimensional Schizotypy predicts interview rated symptoms and impairment
PLOS ONE, 2020Co-Authors: Kathryn C. Kemp, Thomas R. Kwapil, Neus Barrantesvidal, Alyssa J BatheryAbstract:The present study employed structured diagnostic interviews to assess the construct validity of the brief version of the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale (MSS-B), which was developed to assess positive, negative, and disorganized dimensions of Schizotypy. It was hypothesized that the MSS-B subscales would be associated with differential patterns of symptoms and impairment, comparable to findings for the full-length MSS. A total of 177 young adults completed structured diagnostic interviews assessing symptoms and impairment. As hypothesized, MSS-B positive Schizotypy was significantly associated with interview ratings of positive (psychotic-like) symptoms, as well as schizotypal and paranoid personality disorder traits. MSS-B negative Schizotypy was associated with interview ratings of negative symptoms, as well as schizoid, paranoid, and schizotypal traits. Furthermore, negative Schizotypy predicted Cluster A personality disorder diagnoses. MSS-B disorganized Schizotypy was associated with interview ratings of disorganized symptoms. All three Schizotypy dimensions were associated with impaired functioning. This was the first study to evaluate the validity of the MSS-B using interview measures, and the pattern of findings for each MSS-B subscale was closely comparable to the findings for the full-length MSS. Contrary to our hypothesis, cannabis use was largely unassociated with psychotic-like symptoms and did not moderate the expression of the Schizotypy dimensions. The MSS-B has good psychometric properties, high concordance with the full-length MSS, and good construct validity. Thus, it appears to be a promising brief alternative to traditional Schizotypy measures.
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association of positive negative and disorganized Schizotypy dimensions with affective symptoms and experiences
Psychiatry Research-neuroimaging, 2018Co-Authors: Kathryn C. Kemp, Thomas R. Kwapil, Georgina M. Gross, Neus BarrantesvidalAbstract:Abstract Schizotypy offers a useful construct for investigating the etiology, development, and expression of schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology, as well as the comorbid expression of mood and anxiety disorders across the schizophrenia spectrum. The present study examined the associations of positive, negative, and disorganized Schizotypy with affective symptoms and experiences in a sample of MTurk workers and college students (n = 575). Participants completed the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale (MSS) and measures of depression, anxiety, social phobia, hypomanic traits, and state affect. As expected, positive Schizotypy was significantly associated with hypomanic traits, whereas negative Schizotypy was associated with reduced positive affect and reduced hypomanic traits. Although prior research has emphasized the association of positive Schizotypy with depression and anxiety, the current results demonstrate that disorganized Schizotypy is more strongly associated with elevated negative affect (over-and-above positive Schizotypy). As such, these findings highlight the importance of examining disorganization of affect, in addition to the cognitive-behavioral deficits traditionally associated with disorganized Schizotypy. Finally, the MSS and MSS-Brief demonstrated closely comparable findings. The present results provide further support for the construct validity of the MSS and the three-factor model of Schizotypy.
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prediction of prodromal symptoms and schizophrenia spectrum personality disorder traits by positive and negative Schizotypy a 3 year prospective study
PLOS ONE, 2018Co-Authors: Anna Racioppi, Thomas R. Kwapil, Georgina M. Gross, Neus Barrantesvidal, Tamara Sheinbaum, Sergi BallespiAbstract:The present study extends previous cross-sectional findings by examining the predictive validity of positive and negative Schizotypy in a young adult sample at a three-year follow-up. Schizotypy and schizophrenia share a comparable multidimensional structure with positive and negative dimensions being the most strongly supported factors. Previous cross-sectional and longitudinal studies employing the psychometric high-risk strategy indicated that Schizotypy is a useful method for identifying risk and resilience factors for the development of schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology. In the present study, 103 participants (77% of 134 candidate participants) were reassessed at a three-year follow-up. As hypothesized, positive Schizotypy predicted psychotic-like symptoms, depression, low self-esteem, and general psychopathology. Negative Schizotypy predicted emotional disturbances, schizoid personality traits, and mental health treatment during the past year. As expected, both Schizotypy dimensions predicted schizotypal, paranoid, and avoidant personality traits, and impaired functioning. These longitudinal findings provide additional evidence supporting the multidimensional model of Schizotypy as a valid framework for studying etiological mechanisms and trajectories of psychosis.
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worries about being judged versus being harmed disentangling the association of social anxiety and paranoia with Schizotypy
PLOS ONE, 2014Co-Authors: Neus Barrantesvidal, Paul J Silvia, Leslie E Horton, Thomas R. KwapilAbstract:Paranoia is a dimension of clinical and subclinical experiences in which others are believed to have harmful intentions. Mild paranoid concerns are relatively common in the general population, and more clinically severe paranoia shares features with social anxiety and is a key characteristic of Schizotypy. Given that subclinical manifestations of Schizotypy and paranoia may predict the occurrence of more severe symptoms, disentangling the associations of these related constructs may advance our understanding of their etiology; however no known studies to date have comprehensively evaluated how paranoia relates to social anxiety and Schizotypy. The current research sought to examine the association of paranoia, assessed across a broad continuum of severity, with 1) the positive and negative Schizotypy dimensions and 2) social anxiety. Specifically, the study tested a series of six competing, a priori models using confirmatory factor analysis in a sample of 862 young adults. As hypothesized, the data supported a four-factor model including positive Schizotypy, negative Schizotypy, social anxiety, and paranoia factors, suggesting that these are distinct constructs with differing patterns of interrelationships. Paranoia had a strong association with positive Schizotypy, a moderate association with social anxiety, and a minimal association with negative Schizotypy. The results are consistent with paranoia being part of a multidimensional model of Schizotypy and schizophrenia. Prior studies treating Schizotypy and schizophrenia as homogenous constructs often produce equivocal or non-replicable results because these dimensions are associated with distinct etiologies, presentations, and treatment responses; thus, the present conceptualization of paranoia within a multidimensional Schizotypy framework should advance our understanding of these constructs.
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comparing the factor structure of the wisconsin Schizotypy scales and the schizotypal personality questionnaire
Personality Disorders: Theory Research and Treatment, 2014Co-Authors: Georgina M. Gross, Paul J Silvia, Neus Barrantesvidal, Juliann M Mellin, Thomas R. KwapilAbstract:Schizotypy is a multidimensional construct that captures the expression of schizophrenic symptoms and impairment from subclinical levels to full-blown psychosis. The present study examined the comparability of the factor structure of 2 leading psychometric measures of Schizotypy: the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales (WSS) and the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). Both the SPQ and WSS purportedly capture the multidimensional structure of Schizotypy; however, whether they are measuring comparable factors has not been empirically demonstrated. This study provided support for a 2-factor model with positive and negative factors underlying the WSS; however, contrary to previous findings, the best fit for the SPQ was for a 4-factor model using confirmatory factor analysis, and a 2-factor model using exploratory factor analysis. The WSS factors were relatively distinct, whereas those underlying the SPQ showed high overlap. The WSS positive and SPQ cognitive-perceptual factors appeared to tap comparable constructs. However, the WSS negative and SPQ interpersonal factors appeared to tap somewhat different constructs based on their correlation and their patterns of associations with other Schizotypy dimensions and the Five-Factor Model—suggesting that the SPQ interpersonal factor may not adequately tap negative or deficit Schizotypy. Although the SPQ offers the advantage over the WSS of having a disorganization factor, it is not clear that this SPQ factor is actually distinct from positive Schizotypy. Existing measures should be used with caution and new measures based on a priori theories are necessary to further understand the factor structure of Schizotypy.
Neus Barrantes-vidal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Association of multidimensional Schizotypy with psychotic-like experiences, affect, and social functioning in daily life: Comparable findings across samples and Schizotypy measures
Journal of abnormal psychology, 2020Co-Authors: Thomas R. Kwapil, Kathryn C. Kemp, Alyssa Mielock, Sarah H. Sperry, Charlotte A. Chun, Georgina M. Gross, Neus Barrantes-vidalAbstract:The present study examined the associations of positive, negative, and disorganized Schizotypy with psychotic-like experiences, affect, and social functioning in daily life using experience sampling methodology (ESM) in 2 samples (ns = 165 and 203) that employed different measures of Schizotypy. Schizotypy is a useful framework for understanding schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology, and ESM offers a powerful approach for assessing Schizotypy in real-world settings. Participants were signaled 8 times daily for 7 days to complete ESM questionnaires. As hypothesized, positive Schizotypy was robustly associated with psychotic-like experiences in daily life, whereas negative Schizotypy was associated with negative experiences, diminished positive affect, and social disinterest in both samples. As expected, disorganized Schizotypy was associated with disorganization in daily life. Furthermore, it was associated with increased negative affect and diminished positive affect. Thus, positive, negative, and disorganized Schizotypy were associated with unique, hypothesized patterns of experiences in daily life, and the findings across the two samples and two Schizotypy measures were strikingly consistent. Note that when disorganized Schizotypy was not entered as a predictor in the 2 samples, disorganized experiences and negative affect in daily life were associated with positive Schizotypy. However, when disorganized Schizotypy was included as a predictor, these daily life experiences were associated with disorganized, not positive, Schizotypy. This is similar to findings from interview and questionnaire studies that have simultaneously assessed positive, negative, and disorganized Schizotypy. The findings support the construct validity of the multidimensional model of Schizotypy and the importance of including disorganization in the conceptualization and assessment of Schizotypy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Schizotypy, schizotypal personality, and psychosis risk
Risk Factors for Psychosis, 2020Co-Authors: Neus Barrantes-vidal, Anna Racioppi, Thomas R. KwapilAbstract:Abstract Current models of schizophrenia suggest that it is the most severe expression of a broad range of clinical and subclinical symptoms and impairment referred to as Schizotypy. This chapter reviews the predictive validity of Schizotypy for schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology in nonclinical and genetic and clinical high-risk participants, as well as the developmental course of schizotypal personality disorder. High Schizotypy is consistently associated with elevated rates of symptoms. Furthermore, longitudinal studies indicate that positive Schizotypy is associated with risk for developing psychotic disorders, and both positive and negative Schizotypy are associated with risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Findings indicate the relevance of assessing premorbid Schizotypy traits in clinical high-risk individuals, as obtaining a comprehensive profile may help to tailor psychological and pharmacological interventions and address features that may be obscured by prominent attenuated psychotic symptoms. Also, continuous models of Schizotypy fit well with dimensional approaches to psychopathology like the Research Domain Criteria.
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Validation of the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale-Brief in Two Large Samples
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 2018Co-Authors: Georgina M. Gross, Thomas R. Kwapil, Kathryn C. Kemp, Paul J Silvia, Michael L. Raulin, Chris J. Burgin, Neus Barrantes-vidalAbstract:This study reports on an initial examination of the construct validity of the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale-Brief (MSS-B) and the first investigation of its psychometric properties outside of its derivation samples. The MSS-B contains 38 items that assess positive, negative, and disorganized Schizotypy and has comparable content coverage and psychometric properties as the original 77-item Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale. Two large samples ( n = 1430 and 1289) completed the MSS-B, as well as measures of schizotypal personality traits and the Five-Factor Model of Personality. MSS-B scores were computed from the full-length scale in sample 1, whereas participants in sample 2 were administered the MSS-B. The psychometric properties and intercorrelations of the MSS-B subscales were consistent with findings from the original derivation samples, with no shrinkage in reliability. In terms of relations with schizotypal traits, the MSS-B positive Schizotypy dimension had its strongest association with cognitive-perceptual schizotypal traits, MSS-B negative Schizotypy had its strongest association with interpersonal schizotypal traits, and MSS-B disorganized Schizotypy had its strongest association with disorganized schizotypal traits. The Schizotypy dimensions were characterized by hypothesized patterns of distinct associations with the Five-Factor Model. The present findings are consistent with results from the full-scale MSS.
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Development and psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale: A new measure for assessing positive, negative, and disorganized Schizotypy
Schizophrenia research, 2017Co-Authors: Thomas R. Kwapil, Georgina M. Gross, Paul J Silvia, Michael L. Raulin, Neus Barrantes-vidalAbstract:This article reports on the development of a new self-report questionnaire measure of Schizotypy – the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale (MSS). Schizotypy offers a useful and unifying construct for understanding schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology. Questionnaire measures have been widely used to assess Schizotypy and have greatly informed our understanding of the construct. However, available measures suffer from a number of limitations, including lack of a clear conceptual framework, outdated wording, unclear factor structure, and psychometric shortcomings. The MSS is based on current conceptual models and taps positive, negative, and disorganized dimensions of Schizotypy. The derivation sample included 6265 participants sampled from four universities and Amazon Mechanical Turk. A separate sample of 1000 participants from these sources was used to examine the psychometric properties of the final subscales. Scale development employed classical test theory, item response theory, and differential item function methods. The positive Schizotypy and negative Schizotypy subscales contain 26 items each, and the disorganized Schizotypy subscale contains 25 items. The psychometric properties were almost identical in the derivation and validation samples. All three subscales demonstrated good to excellent reliability, high item-scale correlations, and good item and test curve characteristics. The MSS appears to provide a promising measure for assessing Schizotypy.
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Schizotypy from a developmental perspective.
Schizophrenia bulletin, 2014Co-Authors: Martin Debbané, Neus Barrantes-vidalAbstract:The Schizotypy construct focuses attention on the liability to develop schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, yet traditionally, the Schizotypy models have put more emphasis on stress-vulnerability interactions rather than developmental dynamics of emerging risk for psychopathology. Indeed, developmental accounts of this emerging personality trait have rarely been explicitly formulated. In this position article, we wish to convey some of the basic developmental tenets of Schizotypy, and how they can inform high-risk research. Firstly, we tackle the state vs trait issue to outline the possible relationship between high-risk states and trait Schizotypy. Second, we review the evidence suggesting that the consolidation of Schizotypy, encompassing its 3 main dimensions, could be considered as a developmental mediator between very early risk factors and transition into high-risk states. Importantly, developmental dynamics between endophenotypes, as well as transactional and epigenetics mechanisms should enter modern conceptualizations of Schizotypy. Finally, we present a developmental psychopathology perspective of Schizotypy sensitive to both the multifinality and equifinality of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. We conclude that Schizotypy represents a crucial construct in a fully-developmental study of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.
Paul J Silvia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Validation of the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale-Brief in Two Large Samples
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 2018Co-Authors: Georgina M. Gross, Thomas R. Kwapil, Kathryn C. Kemp, Paul J Silvia, Michael L. Raulin, Chris J. Burgin, Neus Barrantes-vidalAbstract:This study reports on an initial examination of the construct validity of the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale-Brief (MSS-B) and the first investigation of its psychometric properties outside of its derivation samples. The MSS-B contains 38 items that assess positive, negative, and disorganized Schizotypy and has comparable content coverage and psychometric properties as the original 77-item Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale. Two large samples ( n = 1430 and 1289) completed the MSS-B, as well as measures of schizotypal personality traits and the Five-Factor Model of Personality. MSS-B scores were computed from the full-length scale in sample 1, whereas participants in sample 2 were administered the MSS-B. The psychometric properties and intercorrelations of the MSS-B subscales were consistent with findings from the original derivation samples, with no shrinkage in reliability. In terms of relations with schizotypal traits, the MSS-B positive Schizotypy dimension had its strongest association with cognitive-perceptual schizotypal traits, MSS-B negative Schizotypy had its strongest association with interpersonal schizotypal traits, and MSS-B disorganized Schizotypy had its strongest association with disorganized schizotypal traits. The Schizotypy dimensions were characterized by hypothesized patterns of distinct associations with the Five-Factor Model. The present findings are consistent with results from the full-scale MSS.
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Development and psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale: A new measure for assessing positive, negative, and disorganized Schizotypy
Schizophrenia research, 2017Co-Authors: Thomas R. Kwapil, Georgina M. Gross, Paul J Silvia, Michael L. Raulin, Neus Barrantes-vidalAbstract:This article reports on the development of a new self-report questionnaire measure of Schizotypy – the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale (MSS). Schizotypy offers a useful and unifying construct for understanding schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology. Questionnaire measures have been widely used to assess Schizotypy and have greatly informed our understanding of the construct. However, available measures suffer from a number of limitations, including lack of a clear conceptual framework, outdated wording, unclear factor structure, and psychometric shortcomings. The MSS is based on current conceptual models and taps positive, negative, and disorganized dimensions of Schizotypy. The derivation sample included 6265 participants sampled from four universities and Amazon Mechanical Turk. A separate sample of 1000 participants from these sources was used to examine the psychometric properties of the final subscales. Scale development employed classical test theory, item response theory, and differential item function methods. The positive Schizotypy and negative Schizotypy subscales contain 26 items each, and the disorganized Schizotypy subscale contains 25 items. The psychometric properties were almost identical in the derivation and validation samples. All three subscales demonstrated good to excellent reliability, high item-scale correlations, and good item and test curve characteristics. The MSS appears to provide a promising measure for assessing Schizotypy.
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worries about being judged versus being harmed disentangling the association of social anxiety and paranoia with Schizotypy
PLOS ONE, 2014Co-Authors: Neus Barrantesvidal, Paul J Silvia, Leslie E Horton, Thomas R. KwapilAbstract:Paranoia is a dimension of clinical and subclinical experiences in which others are believed to have harmful intentions. Mild paranoid concerns are relatively common in the general population, and more clinically severe paranoia shares features with social anxiety and is a key characteristic of Schizotypy. Given that subclinical manifestations of Schizotypy and paranoia may predict the occurrence of more severe symptoms, disentangling the associations of these related constructs may advance our understanding of their etiology; however no known studies to date have comprehensively evaluated how paranoia relates to social anxiety and Schizotypy. The current research sought to examine the association of paranoia, assessed across a broad continuum of severity, with 1) the positive and negative Schizotypy dimensions and 2) social anxiety. Specifically, the study tested a series of six competing, a priori models using confirmatory factor analysis in a sample of 862 young adults. As hypothesized, the data supported a four-factor model including positive Schizotypy, negative Schizotypy, social anxiety, and paranoia factors, suggesting that these are distinct constructs with differing patterns of interrelationships. Paranoia had a strong association with positive Schizotypy, a moderate association with social anxiety, and a minimal association with negative Schizotypy. The results are consistent with paranoia being part of a multidimensional model of Schizotypy and schizophrenia. Prior studies treating Schizotypy and schizophrenia as homogenous constructs often produce equivocal or non-replicable results because these dimensions are associated with distinct etiologies, presentations, and treatment responses; thus, the present conceptualization of paranoia within a multidimensional Schizotypy framework should advance our understanding of these constructs.
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comparing the factor structure of the wisconsin Schizotypy scales and the schizotypal personality questionnaire
Personality Disorders: Theory Research and Treatment, 2014Co-Authors: Georgina M. Gross, Paul J Silvia, Neus Barrantesvidal, Juliann M Mellin, Thomas R. KwapilAbstract:Schizotypy is a multidimensional construct that captures the expression of schizophrenic symptoms and impairment from subclinical levels to full-blown psychosis. The present study examined the comparability of the factor structure of 2 leading psychometric measures of Schizotypy: the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales (WSS) and the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). Both the SPQ and WSS purportedly capture the multidimensional structure of Schizotypy; however, whether they are measuring comparable factors has not been empirically demonstrated. This study provided support for a 2-factor model with positive and negative factors underlying the WSS; however, contrary to previous findings, the best fit for the SPQ was for a 4-factor model using confirmatory factor analysis, and a 2-factor model using exploratory factor analysis. The WSS factors were relatively distinct, whereas those underlying the SPQ showed high overlap. The WSS positive and SPQ cognitive-perceptual factors appeared to tap comparable constructs. However, the WSS negative and SPQ interpersonal factors appeared to tap somewhat different constructs based on their correlation and their patterns of associations with other Schizotypy dimensions and the Five-Factor Model—suggesting that the SPQ interpersonal factor may not adequately tap negative or deficit Schizotypy. Although the SPQ offers the advantage over the WSS of having a disorganization factor, it is not clear that this SPQ factor is actually distinct from positive Schizotypy. Existing measures should be used with caution and new measures based on a priori theories are necessary to further understand the factor structure of Schizotypy.
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prediction of psychopathology and functional impairment by positive and negative Schizotypy in the chapmans ten year longitudinal study
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 2013Co-Authors: Thomas R. Kwapil, Georgina M. Gross, Paul J Silvia, Neus BarrantesvidalAbstract:The present study examined the predictive validity of psychometrically assessed positive and negative Schizotypy in the Chapmans’ 10-year longitudinal data set. Schizotypy provides a useful construct for understanding the etiology and development of schizophrenia and related disorders. Schizotypy and schizophrenia share a common multidimensional structure that includes positive and negative symptom dimensions. Recent cross-sectional studies have supported the validity of psychometric positive and negative Schizotypy; however, the present study is the first to examine the predictive validity of these dimensions. The Chapmans’ longitudinal data provided an ideal opportunity because of the large sample size, high reassessment rate, and extended interval between assessments. A total of 534 psychometric high-risk and control participants were initially assessed, and 95% of this sample was reinterviewed 10 years later. As hypothesized, positive and negative Schizotypy uniquely predicted the development of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. At the reassessment, both positive and negative Schizotypy predicted psychotic-like, schizotypal, and paranoid symptoms, as well as poorer adjustment. The positive dimension was associated with mood and substance use disorders and mental health treatment. Negative Schizotypy was associated with schizoid symptoms and social impairment at the follow-up. The results extend the growing validity findings for psychometrically assessed positive and negative Schizotypy by demonstrating that they are associated with the development of differential patterns of symptoms and impairment.
Georgina M. Gross - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Association of multidimensional Schizotypy with psychotic-like experiences, affect, and social functioning in daily life: Comparable findings across samples and Schizotypy measures
Journal of abnormal psychology, 2020Co-Authors: Thomas R. Kwapil, Kathryn C. Kemp, Alyssa Mielock, Sarah H. Sperry, Charlotte A. Chun, Georgina M. Gross, Neus Barrantes-vidalAbstract:The present study examined the associations of positive, negative, and disorganized Schizotypy with psychotic-like experiences, affect, and social functioning in daily life using experience sampling methodology (ESM) in 2 samples (ns = 165 and 203) that employed different measures of Schizotypy. Schizotypy is a useful framework for understanding schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology, and ESM offers a powerful approach for assessing Schizotypy in real-world settings. Participants were signaled 8 times daily for 7 days to complete ESM questionnaires. As hypothesized, positive Schizotypy was robustly associated with psychotic-like experiences in daily life, whereas negative Schizotypy was associated with negative experiences, diminished positive affect, and social disinterest in both samples. As expected, disorganized Schizotypy was associated with disorganization in daily life. Furthermore, it was associated with increased negative affect and diminished positive affect. Thus, positive, negative, and disorganized Schizotypy were associated with unique, hypothesized patterns of experiences in daily life, and the findings across the two samples and two Schizotypy measures were strikingly consistent. Note that when disorganized Schizotypy was not entered as a predictor in the 2 samples, disorganized experiences and negative affect in daily life were associated with positive Schizotypy. However, when disorganized Schizotypy was included as a predictor, these daily life experiences were associated with disorganized, not positive, Schizotypy. This is similar to findings from interview and questionnaire studies that have simultaneously assessed positive, negative, and disorganized Schizotypy. The findings support the construct validity of the multidimensional model of Schizotypy and the importance of including disorganization in the conceptualization and assessment of Schizotypy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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association of positive negative and disorganized Schizotypy dimensions with affective symptoms and experiences
Psychiatry Research-neuroimaging, 2018Co-Authors: Kathryn C. Kemp, Thomas R. Kwapil, Georgina M. Gross, Neus BarrantesvidalAbstract:Abstract Schizotypy offers a useful construct for investigating the etiology, development, and expression of schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology, as well as the comorbid expression of mood and anxiety disorders across the schizophrenia spectrum. The present study examined the associations of positive, negative, and disorganized Schizotypy with affective symptoms and experiences in a sample of MTurk workers and college students (n = 575). Participants completed the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale (MSS) and measures of depression, anxiety, social phobia, hypomanic traits, and state affect. As expected, positive Schizotypy was significantly associated with hypomanic traits, whereas negative Schizotypy was associated with reduced positive affect and reduced hypomanic traits. Although prior research has emphasized the association of positive Schizotypy with depression and anxiety, the current results demonstrate that disorganized Schizotypy is more strongly associated with elevated negative affect (over-and-above positive Schizotypy). As such, these findings highlight the importance of examining disorganization of affect, in addition to the cognitive-behavioral deficits traditionally associated with disorganized Schizotypy. Finally, the MSS and MSS-Brief demonstrated closely comparable findings. The present results provide further support for the construct validity of the MSS and the three-factor model of Schizotypy.
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Validation of the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale-Brief in Two Large Samples
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 2018Co-Authors: Georgina M. Gross, Thomas R. Kwapil, Kathryn C. Kemp, Paul J Silvia, Michael L. Raulin, Chris J. Burgin, Neus Barrantes-vidalAbstract:This study reports on an initial examination of the construct validity of the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale-Brief (MSS-B) and the first investigation of its psychometric properties outside of its derivation samples. The MSS-B contains 38 items that assess positive, negative, and disorganized Schizotypy and has comparable content coverage and psychometric properties as the original 77-item Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale. Two large samples ( n = 1430 and 1289) completed the MSS-B, as well as measures of schizotypal personality traits and the Five-Factor Model of Personality. MSS-B scores were computed from the full-length scale in sample 1, whereas participants in sample 2 were administered the MSS-B. The psychometric properties and intercorrelations of the MSS-B subscales were consistent with findings from the original derivation samples, with no shrinkage in reliability. In terms of relations with schizotypal traits, the MSS-B positive Schizotypy dimension had its strongest association with cognitive-perceptual schizotypal traits, MSS-B negative Schizotypy had its strongest association with interpersonal schizotypal traits, and MSS-B disorganized Schizotypy had its strongest association with disorganized schizotypal traits. The Schizotypy dimensions were characterized by hypothesized patterns of distinct associations with the Five-Factor Model. The present findings are consistent with results from the full-scale MSS.
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prediction of prodromal symptoms and schizophrenia spectrum personality disorder traits by positive and negative Schizotypy a 3 year prospective study
PLOS ONE, 2018Co-Authors: Anna Racioppi, Thomas R. Kwapil, Georgina M. Gross, Neus Barrantesvidal, Tamara Sheinbaum, Sergi BallespiAbstract:The present study extends previous cross-sectional findings by examining the predictive validity of positive and negative Schizotypy in a young adult sample at a three-year follow-up. Schizotypy and schizophrenia share a comparable multidimensional structure with positive and negative dimensions being the most strongly supported factors. Previous cross-sectional and longitudinal studies employing the psychometric high-risk strategy indicated that Schizotypy is a useful method for identifying risk and resilience factors for the development of schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology. In the present study, 103 participants (77% of 134 candidate participants) were reassessed at a three-year follow-up. As hypothesized, positive Schizotypy predicted psychotic-like symptoms, depression, low self-esteem, and general psychopathology. Negative Schizotypy predicted emotional disturbances, schizoid personality traits, and mental health treatment during the past year. As expected, both Schizotypy dimensions predicted schizotypal, paranoid, and avoidant personality traits, and impaired functioning. These longitudinal findings provide additional evidence supporting the multidimensional model of Schizotypy as a valid framework for studying etiological mechanisms and trajectories of psychosis.
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Development and psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale: A new measure for assessing positive, negative, and disorganized Schizotypy
Schizophrenia research, 2017Co-Authors: Thomas R. Kwapil, Georgina M. Gross, Paul J Silvia, Michael L. Raulin, Neus Barrantes-vidalAbstract:This article reports on the development of a new self-report questionnaire measure of Schizotypy – the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale (MSS). Schizotypy offers a useful and unifying construct for understanding schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology. Questionnaire measures have been widely used to assess Schizotypy and have greatly informed our understanding of the construct. However, available measures suffer from a number of limitations, including lack of a clear conceptual framework, outdated wording, unclear factor structure, and psychometric shortcomings. The MSS is based on current conceptual models and taps positive, negative, and disorganized dimensions of Schizotypy. The derivation sample included 6265 participants sampled from four universities and Amazon Mechanical Turk. A separate sample of 1000 participants from these sources was used to examine the psychometric properties of the final subscales. Scale development employed classical test theory, item response theory, and differential item function methods. The positive Schizotypy and negative Schizotypy subscales contain 26 items each, and the disorganized Schizotypy subscale contains 25 items. The psychometric properties were almost identical in the derivation and validation samples. All three subscales demonstrated good to excellent reliability, high item-scale correlations, and good item and test curve characteristics. The MSS appears to provide a promising measure for assessing Schizotypy.
