The Experts below are selected from a list of 264 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Carlo Vandecasteele - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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nox reduction in waste Incinerators by selective catalytic reduction scr instead of selective non catalytic reduction sncr compared from a life cycle perspective a case study
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016Co-Authors: Jo Van Caneghem, Chantal Block, Johan De Greef, Carlo VandecasteeleAbstract:Abstract In most modern waste Incinerators selective non catalytic reduction (SNCR) is applied to remove NO x from the combustion gas to reach the European emission limit value (ELV) of 200 mg/Nm 3 . If however the NO x -ELV for waste Incinerators would be lowered to e.g. 100 mg/Nm 3 , SNCR, with a typical NO x removal efficiency of around 50%, would not suffice to reach the new ELV. In that case, selective catalytic reduction (SCR), with a NO x removal efficiency of up to 90% in tail-end configuration could be an interesting alternative. However, from a life cycle perspective, the production, construction and operation of SCR equipment including the catalyst, also involve indirect (i.e. not from the process itself but related to other parts of the life-cycle) pollutant emissions and resource consumption with resulting environmental impacts. By means of a case study of a typical hazardous waste incinerator it is illustrated that replacing SNCR by tail-end SCR reduces the direct environmental impact of the incinerator (i.e. environmental impact of the NO x emitted at the stack) in the impact categories acidification, eutrophication and photo-oxidant formation, as expected from the lower NO x emissions in case of SCR. However, mainly due to the need to reheat the combustion gas, SCR has higher indirect impacts than SNCR, most notably in the impact category global warming. Because of these indirect impacts, the mentioned direct environmental impact reductions of SCR in the impact categories acidification, eutrophication and photo-oxidant formation are no net environmental benefits; when e.g. fuel oil is used as an energy source to reheat the flue gas, the indirect impact in the impact categories acidification and photo-oxidant formation is higher than the direct impact reduction related to the lower NOx concentration in the flue gas emitted at the stack of the installation. In this case, there is only a net environmental benefit in the impact category eutrophication. Overall it can be concluded that in the hazardous waste incinerator under study, which is representative in its field, replacing SNCR by SCR to reach a new, lower ELV, increases the net overall environmental impact of the incinerator, particularly in the impact category global warming. From an environmental point of view optimizing SNCR should be preferred over installing tail-end SCR in existing installations such as the considered hazardous waste incinerator.
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Indication of PCDD/F formation through precursor condensation in a full-scale hazardous waste incinerator
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 2014Co-Authors: Isabel Vermeulen, Jo Van Caneghem, Carlo VandecasteeleAbstract:This paper gives the PCDD/F fingerprint of boiler and fly ash of a full scale hazardous waste incinerator and demonstrates that, when the waste to be incinerated contains high concentrations of PCBs and chlorinated pesticides, heterogeneous precursor condensation is the dominant PCDD/F formation mechanism rather than de novo synthesis. This is in contrast to full-scale municipal solid waste Incinerators, where de novo synthesis has been shown to be the dominant PCDD/F formation mechanism. This paper agrees with earlier predictions based on numerous lab scale experiments.
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destruction and formation of dioxin like pcbs in dedicated full scale waste Incinerators
Chemosphere, 2014Co-Authors: Jo Van Caneghem, Chantal Block, Carlo VandecasteeleAbstract:Destruction and formation of dioxin-like PCBs in full scale waste Incinerators is studied by analysing input waste streams and boiler and fly ash of a grate furnace incinerator (GFI) incinerating MSW, of a Fluidised Bed Combustor (FBC) incinerating a mix of 50% sludge, 25% refuse derived fuel (RDF) and 25% automotive shredder residue (ASR) and of a rotary kiln incinerator (RKI) incinerating hazardous waste. The dioxin-like PCB fingerprints of the waste inputs show that PCB oils Aroclor 1242 and Aroclor 1254 late are the major dioxin-like PCB contamination source of sludge, RDF and ASR. The dioxin-like PCB fingerprints of the waste inputs are clearly different from the fingerprints of the outputs, i.e. boiler and fly ash, indicating that in full scale waste Incinerators dioxin-like PCBs in the input waste are destroyed and other dioxin-like PCBs are newly formed in the post combustion zone. The dioxin-like PCB fingerprint of boiler and fly ash of all three Incinerators corresponds well to the fly ash fingerprint obtained in lab scale de novo synthesis experiments, indicating that dioxin-like PCBs are mainly formed through this mechanism. The high PCB concentration in the input waste mix of the RKI does not promote the formation of dioxin-like PCBs through precursor condensation.
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fluidized bed waste Incinerators design operational and environmental issues
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2012Co-Authors: J Van Caneghem, Chantal Block, Anke Brems, Patrick Lievens, Pieter Billen, I Vermeulen, Raf Dewil, Jan Baeyens, Carlo VandecasteeleAbstract:Abstract The paper starts by reviewing the increasing production of waste and the growing importance of its thermal treatment, which aims at volume reduction of the waste, at the destruction, capture, and concentration of hazardous substances, and at the recovery of energy (WtE). Incineration is a generally applied thermal treatment technique, whereas pyrolysis and gasification are still under development. Within the incineration techniques, bubbling, rotating and circulating fluidized beds have found specific and growing applications. As technical information on fluidized bed waste Incinerators is spread throughout literature, the present review paper collates the relevant literature and critically examines the parameters that govern the design and operation of these Incinerators. Secondly, the design strategy of a fluidised bed incinerator is outlined, which involves considerations of hydrodynamic (velocities, mixing), thermal (heat balances) and kinetic (reaction rate and burnout) nature. Application of the design equations and recommendations will facilitate the sizing of an appropriate fluidized bed incinerator. Since during waste incineration pollutants are formed, the origin and fate of the pollutants and their abatement are reviewed. Finally, special attention is given to the specific de-fluidization problems often encountered during fluidized bed combustor operation, mainly because of agglomeration and sintering. The mechanisms of agglomeration and sintering are discussed, and possible remedies are given. Additionally, important issues of equipment erosion and uniform feeding of the waste into the fluidized bed reactor are considered.
Chantal Block - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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nox reduction in waste Incinerators by selective catalytic reduction scr instead of selective non catalytic reduction sncr compared from a life cycle perspective a case study
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016Co-Authors: Jo Van Caneghem, Chantal Block, Johan De Greef, Carlo VandecasteeleAbstract:Abstract In most modern waste Incinerators selective non catalytic reduction (SNCR) is applied to remove NO x from the combustion gas to reach the European emission limit value (ELV) of 200 mg/Nm 3 . If however the NO x -ELV for waste Incinerators would be lowered to e.g. 100 mg/Nm 3 , SNCR, with a typical NO x removal efficiency of around 50%, would not suffice to reach the new ELV. In that case, selective catalytic reduction (SCR), with a NO x removal efficiency of up to 90% in tail-end configuration could be an interesting alternative. However, from a life cycle perspective, the production, construction and operation of SCR equipment including the catalyst, also involve indirect (i.e. not from the process itself but related to other parts of the life-cycle) pollutant emissions and resource consumption with resulting environmental impacts. By means of a case study of a typical hazardous waste incinerator it is illustrated that replacing SNCR by tail-end SCR reduces the direct environmental impact of the incinerator (i.e. environmental impact of the NO x emitted at the stack) in the impact categories acidification, eutrophication and photo-oxidant formation, as expected from the lower NO x emissions in case of SCR. However, mainly due to the need to reheat the combustion gas, SCR has higher indirect impacts than SNCR, most notably in the impact category global warming. Because of these indirect impacts, the mentioned direct environmental impact reductions of SCR in the impact categories acidification, eutrophication and photo-oxidant formation are no net environmental benefits; when e.g. fuel oil is used as an energy source to reheat the flue gas, the indirect impact in the impact categories acidification and photo-oxidant formation is higher than the direct impact reduction related to the lower NOx concentration in the flue gas emitted at the stack of the installation. In this case, there is only a net environmental benefit in the impact category eutrophication. Overall it can be concluded that in the hazardous waste incinerator under study, which is representative in its field, replacing SNCR by SCR to reach a new, lower ELV, increases the net overall environmental impact of the incinerator, particularly in the impact category global warming. From an environmental point of view optimizing SNCR should be preferred over installing tail-end SCR in existing installations such as the considered hazardous waste incinerator.
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destruction and formation of dioxin like pcbs in dedicated full scale waste Incinerators
Chemosphere, 2014Co-Authors: Jo Van Caneghem, Chantal Block, Carlo VandecasteeleAbstract:Destruction and formation of dioxin-like PCBs in full scale waste Incinerators is studied by analysing input waste streams and boiler and fly ash of a grate furnace incinerator (GFI) incinerating MSW, of a Fluidised Bed Combustor (FBC) incinerating a mix of 50% sludge, 25% refuse derived fuel (RDF) and 25% automotive shredder residue (ASR) and of a rotary kiln incinerator (RKI) incinerating hazardous waste. The dioxin-like PCB fingerprints of the waste inputs show that PCB oils Aroclor 1242 and Aroclor 1254 late are the major dioxin-like PCB contamination source of sludge, RDF and ASR. The dioxin-like PCB fingerprints of the waste inputs are clearly different from the fingerprints of the outputs, i.e. boiler and fly ash, indicating that in full scale waste Incinerators dioxin-like PCBs in the input waste are destroyed and other dioxin-like PCBs are newly formed in the post combustion zone. The dioxin-like PCB fingerprint of boiler and fly ash of all three Incinerators corresponds well to the fly ash fingerprint obtained in lab scale de novo synthesis experiments, indicating that dioxin-like PCBs are mainly formed through this mechanism. The high PCB concentration in the input waste mix of the RKI does not promote the formation of dioxin-like PCBs through precursor condensation.
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fluidized bed waste Incinerators design operational and environmental issues
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2012Co-Authors: J Van Caneghem, Chantal Block, Anke Brems, Patrick Lievens, Pieter Billen, I Vermeulen, Raf Dewil, Jan Baeyens, Carlo VandecasteeleAbstract:Abstract The paper starts by reviewing the increasing production of waste and the growing importance of its thermal treatment, which aims at volume reduction of the waste, at the destruction, capture, and concentration of hazardous substances, and at the recovery of energy (WtE). Incineration is a generally applied thermal treatment technique, whereas pyrolysis and gasification are still under development. Within the incineration techniques, bubbling, rotating and circulating fluidized beds have found specific and growing applications. As technical information on fluidized bed waste Incinerators is spread throughout literature, the present review paper collates the relevant literature and critically examines the parameters that govern the design and operation of these Incinerators. Secondly, the design strategy of a fluidised bed incinerator is outlined, which involves considerations of hydrodynamic (velocities, mixing), thermal (heat balances) and kinetic (reaction rate and burnout) nature. Application of the design equations and recommendations will facilitate the sizing of an appropriate fluidized bed incinerator. Since during waste incineration pollutants are formed, the origin and fate of the pollutants and their abatement are reviewed. Finally, special attention is given to the specific de-fluidization problems often encountered during fluidized bed combustor operation, mainly because of agglomeration and sintering. The mechanisms of agglomeration and sintering are discussed, and possible remedies are given. Additionally, important issues of equipment erosion and uniform feeding of the waste into the fluidized bed reactor are considered.
Jo Van Caneghem - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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nox reduction in waste Incinerators by selective catalytic reduction scr instead of selective non catalytic reduction sncr compared from a life cycle perspective a case study
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016Co-Authors: Jo Van Caneghem, Chantal Block, Johan De Greef, Carlo VandecasteeleAbstract:Abstract In most modern waste Incinerators selective non catalytic reduction (SNCR) is applied to remove NO x from the combustion gas to reach the European emission limit value (ELV) of 200 mg/Nm 3 . If however the NO x -ELV for waste Incinerators would be lowered to e.g. 100 mg/Nm 3 , SNCR, with a typical NO x removal efficiency of around 50%, would not suffice to reach the new ELV. In that case, selective catalytic reduction (SCR), with a NO x removal efficiency of up to 90% in tail-end configuration could be an interesting alternative. However, from a life cycle perspective, the production, construction and operation of SCR equipment including the catalyst, also involve indirect (i.e. not from the process itself but related to other parts of the life-cycle) pollutant emissions and resource consumption with resulting environmental impacts. By means of a case study of a typical hazardous waste incinerator it is illustrated that replacing SNCR by tail-end SCR reduces the direct environmental impact of the incinerator (i.e. environmental impact of the NO x emitted at the stack) in the impact categories acidification, eutrophication and photo-oxidant formation, as expected from the lower NO x emissions in case of SCR. However, mainly due to the need to reheat the combustion gas, SCR has higher indirect impacts than SNCR, most notably in the impact category global warming. Because of these indirect impacts, the mentioned direct environmental impact reductions of SCR in the impact categories acidification, eutrophication and photo-oxidant formation are no net environmental benefits; when e.g. fuel oil is used as an energy source to reheat the flue gas, the indirect impact in the impact categories acidification and photo-oxidant formation is higher than the direct impact reduction related to the lower NOx concentration in the flue gas emitted at the stack of the installation. In this case, there is only a net environmental benefit in the impact category eutrophication. Overall it can be concluded that in the hazardous waste incinerator under study, which is representative in its field, replacing SNCR by SCR to reach a new, lower ELV, increases the net overall environmental impact of the incinerator, particularly in the impact category global warming. From an environmental point of view optimizing SNCR should be preferred over installing tail-end SCR in existing installations such as the considered hazardous waste incinerator.
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Indication of PCDD/F formation through precursor condensation in a full-scale hazardous waste incinerator
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 2014Co-Authors: Isabel Vermeulen, Jo Van Caneghem, Carlo VandecasteeleAbstract:This paper gives the PCDD/F fingerprint of boiler and fly ash of a full scale hazardous waste incinerator and demonstrates that, when the waste to be incinerated contains high concentrations of PCBs and chlorinated pesticides, heterogeneous precursor condensation is the dominant PCDD/F formation mechanism rather than de novo synthesis. This is in contrast to full-scale municipal solid waste Incinerators, where de novo synthesis has been shown to be the dominant PCDD/F formation mechanism. This paper agrees with earlier predictions based on numerous lab scale experiments.
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destruction and formation of dioxin like pcbs in dedicated full scale waste Incinerators
Chemosphere, 2014Co-Authors: Jo Van Caneghem, Chantal Block, Carlo VandecasteeleAbstract:Destruction and formation of dioxin-like PCBs in full scale waste Incinerators is studied by analysing input waste streams and boiler and fly ash of a grate furnace incinerator (GFI) incinerating MSW, of a Fluidised Bed Combustor (FBC) incinerating a mix of 50% sludge, 25% refuse derived fuel (RDF) and 25% automotive shredder residue (ASR) and of a rotary kiln incinerator (RKI) incinerating hazardous waste. The dioxin-like PCB fingerprints of the waste inputs show that PCB oils Aroclor 1242 and Aroclor 1254 late are the major dioxin-like PCB contamination source of sludge, RDF and ASR. The dioxin-like PCB fingerprints of the waste inputs are clearly different from the fingerprints of the outputs, i.e. boiler and fly ash, indicating that in full scale waste Incinerators dioxin-like PCBs in the input waste are destroyed and other dioxin-like PCBs are newly formed in the post combustion zone. The dioxin-like PCB fingerprint of boiler and fly ash of all three Incinerators corresponds well to the fly ash fingerprint obtained in lab scale de novo synthesis experiments, indicating that dioxin-like PCBs are mainly formed through this mechanism. The high PCB concentration in the input waste mix of the RKI does not promote the formation of dioxin-like PCBs through precursor condensation.
K F Cen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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characteristic of polychlorinated dibenzo p dioxins and dibenzofurans in fly ash from Incinerators in china
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2008Co-Authors: Tao Chen, Jianhua Yan, Huifen Dai, K F CenAbstract:Fly ash from municipal solid waste (MSW), medical waste (MW) and electrical power plant (EPP) Incinerators were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). The study showed that the PCDD/F levels in fly ash were EPP
Yoon-seok Chang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The evaluation of PCDD/Fs from various Korean Incinerators
Chemosphere, 1999Co-Authors: Kyung Tae Lee, Jae-whan Lee, Yoon-seok ChangAbstract:Abstract The stack gas samples from municipal solid waste Incinerators (MSWIs), small size Incinerators (SIs), a hospital waste incinerator (HWI) and an industrial waste incinerator (IWI) were collected and analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). The PCDD/Fs emission of MSWIs exhibited a large variation (0.07∼36.5 ng I-TEQ/Nm3) and the emission of IWI was the least of all Incinerators. The emission factor of small size Incinerators was the largest. The PCDD/Fs homologue patterns were similar and the fraction of PCDFs was higher than that of PCDDs. This study shows that PCDD/Fs emission is related to the age of Incinerators, CO, and flue gas dust. However, no correlation is observed between PCDD/Fs emission and O2, HCl, and waste composition. It is estimated that approximately 1970 g of ΣPCDD/Fs (41.2 g I-TEQ) are annually released from MSWIs and small size Incinerators. Also, 6.6 g of ΣPCDD/Fs (0.1 g I-TEQ) from burning non-chlorinated waste oil and organic solvent are emitted. The PCDD/Fs emission of the small size Incinerators is considered as the major point source of PCDD/Fs emission in Korea.
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the evaluation of pcdd fs from various korean Incinerators
Chemosphere, 1999Co-Authors: Kyung Tae Lee, Jae-whan Lee, Yoon-seok ChangAbstract:Abstract The stack gas samples from municipal solid waste Incinerators (MSWIs), small size Incinerators (SIs), a hospital waste incinerator (HWI) and an industrial waste incinerator (IWI) were collected and analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). The PCDD/Fs emission of MSWIs exhibited a large variation (0.07∼36.5 ng I-TEQ/Nm3) and the emission of IWI was the least of all Incinerators. The emission factor of small size Incinerators was the largest. The PCDD/Fs homologue patterns were similar and the fraction of PCDFs was higher than that of PCDDs. This study shows that PCDD/Fs emission is related to the age of Incinerators, CO, and flue gas dust. However, no correlation is observed between PCDD/Fs emission and O2, HCl, and waste composition. It is estimated that approximately 1970 g of ΣPCDD/Fs (41.2 g I-TEQ) are annually released from MSWIs and small size Incinerators. Also, 6.6 g of ΣPCDD/Fs (0.1 g I-TEQ) from burning non-chlorinated waste oil and organic solvent are emitted. The PCDD/Fs emission of the small size Incinerators is considered as the major point source of PCDD/Fs emission in Korea.
