The Experts below are selected from a list of 285 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Shigeki Mayama - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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navicula nielsfogedii j c taylor cocquyt sp nov a new diatom bacillariophyta from tropical and sub tropical africa
Fottea, 2016Co-Authors: Jonathan C Taylor, Christine Cocquyt, Shigeki MayamaAbstract:In this paper we describe Navicula nielsfogedii sp. nov., a commonly occurring diatom through central and southern Africa and distributed from the sub-tropical zones of South Africa to tropical central Africa. We have examined the material of the most closely related species described from Africa, Navicula feuerbornii f. africana Foged and suggest that this species may be conspecific with Navicula heimansioides Lange-Bertalot and to have no link to the taxon N. feuerbornii Hustedt sensu Simonsen. With reference to Navicula feuerbornii f. africana we also discuss the changes over time in diatom species concepts, what we have dubbed 'species concept drift', and the consequences this holds for accurately identifying diatom taxa. As the newly described species is widely distributed and common in some samples from tropical and subtropical Africa we conclude that it may be a useful additional Indicator Organism for water quality monitoring in the region.
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Navicula nielsfogedii J.C. Taylor & Cocquyt sp. nov., a new diatom (Bacillariophyta) from tropical and sub-tropical Africa
Fottea, 2016Co-Authors: Jonathan C Taylor, Christine Cocquyt, Shigeki MayamaAbstract:In this paper we describe Navicula nielsfogedii sp. nov., a commonly occurring diatom through central and southern Africa and distributed from the sub-tropical zones of South Africa to tropical central Africa. We have examined the material of the most closely related species described from Africa, Navicula feuerbornii f. africana Foged and suggest that this species may be conspecific with Navicula heimansioides Lange-Bertalot and to have no link to the taxon N. feuerbornii Hustedt sensu Simonsen. With reference to Navicula feuerbornii f. africana we also discuss the changes over time in diatom species concepts, what we have dubbed 'species concept drift', and the consequences this holds for accurately identifying diatom taxa. As the newly described species is widely distributed and common in some samples from tropical and subtropical Africa we conclude that it may be a useful additional Indicator Organism for water quality monitoring in the region.
David Kay - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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faecal Indicator Organism inputs to watercourses from streamside pastures grazed by cattle before and after implementation of streambank fencing
Water Research, 2018Co-Authors: David Kay, J. Crowther, Carl Michael Stapleton, Mark D. WyerAbstract:Abstract Faecal Indicator Organisms (FIOs) are major pollutants in many catchments world-wide, with streamside pastures on livestock farms being potentially significant sources. Hitherto, few empirical studies have quantified FIO fluxes from such areas or investigated streambank fencing (SBF) and other possible mitigation measures. The aim of this two-phase (before/after intervention) study of the effectiveness of SBF was to generate an empirical evidence-base to enable regulatory authorities to make better-informed decisions concerning the implementation of this measure. It was undertaken during the summer bathing season along a 271 m stream reach in the River Tamar catchment, SW England. The study included: cattle distribution surveys; monitoring of changes in E. coli (EC) and intestinal enterococci (IE) concentrations and fluxes down the reach and of concentrations in ditch flow and surface runoff; phage tracer studies of surface runoff from pasture land; and experimental streambed trampling to investigate streambed FIO sources. The results show that cattle spend a disproportionately large amount of time in the watercourse/riparian zone along unfenced streams; identify direct defecation to the stream by wading livestock and the release/mobilisation of FIOs from cowpats by surface runoff from the adjacent pastures at times of high flow as key transmission routes; and demonstrate that FIOs become incorporated within streambed sediments, from which they may subsequently be released by trampling. Partial exclusion of cattle through SBF with a drinking bay greatly reduces the time cattle spend in streams. Total exclusion SBF, with provision of an alternative drinking supply, considerably reduces FIO load inputs to the stream reach, e.g. at times of high flow, which are critical in terms of pollutant fluxes to coastal waters, the mean EC and IE input loads to the reach fell by 0.842 and 2.206 log10, respectively.
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Generic modelling of faecal Indicator Organism concentrations in the UK
Water, 2011Co-Authors: J. Crowther, David Kay, Carl Michael Stapleton, Danyel Hampson, Ian J. Bateman, Paulette Posen, Mark D. WyerAbstract:To meet European Water Framework Directive requirements, data are needed on faecal Indicator Organism (FIO) concentrations in rivers to enable the more heavily polluted to be targeted for remedial action. Due to the paucity of FIO data for the UK, especially under high-flow hydrograph event conditions, there is an urgent need by the policy community for generic models that can accurately predict FIO concentrations, thus informing integrated catchment management programmes. This paper reports the development of regression models to predict base- and high-flow faecal coliform (FC) and enterococci (EN) concentrations for 153 monitoring points across 14 UK catchments, using land cover, population (human and livestock density) and other variables that may affect FIO source strength, transport and die-off. Statistically significant models were developed for both FC and EN, with greater explained variance achieved in the high-flow models. Both land cover and, in particular, population variables are significant predictors of FIO concentrations, with r2 maxima for EN of 0.571 and 0.624, respectively. It is argued that the resulting models can be applied, with confidence, to other UK catchments, both to predict FIO concentrations in unmonitored watercourses and evaluate the likely impact of different land use/stocking level and human population change scenarios.
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quantitative catchment profiling to apportion faecal Indicator Organism budgets for the ribble system the uk s sentinel drainage basin for water framework directive research
Journal of Environmental Management, 2008Co-Authors: Carl Michael Stapleton, David Kay, J. Crowther, Mark D. Wyer, Carol Francis, Adrian Mcdonald, John Watkins, Jon Greaves, A Wither, N HumphreyAbstract:Under the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) 20/60/EC and the US Federal Water Pollution Control Act 2002 management of water quality within river drainage basins has shifted from traditional point-source control to a holistic approach whereby the overall contribution of point and diffuse sources of pollutants has to be considered. Consequently, there is a requirement to undertake source-apportionment studies of pollutant fluxes within catchments. The inclusion of the Bathing Water Directive (BWD), under the list of 'protected areas' in the WFD places a requirement to control sources of faecal Indicator Organisms within catchments in order to achieve the objectives of both the BWD (and its revision - 2006/7/EC) and the WFD. This study was therefore initiated to quantify catchment-derived fluxes of faecal Indicator compliance parameters originating from both point and diffuse sources. The Ribble drainage basin is the single UK sentinel WFD research catchment and discharges to the south of the Fylde coast, which includes a number of high profile, historically non-compliant, bathing waters. Faecal Indicator concentrations (faecal coliform concentrations are reported herein) were measured at 41 riverine locations, the 15 largest wastewater treatment works (WwTWs) and 15 combined sewer overflows (CSOs) across the Ribble basin over a 44-day period during the 2002 bathing season. The sampling programme included targeting rainfall-induced high flow events and sample results were categorised as either base flow or high flow. At the riverine sites, geometric mean faecal coliform concentrations showed statistically significant elevation at high flow compared to base flow. The resultant faecal coliform flux estimates revealed that over 90% of the total Organism load to the Ribble Estuary was discharged by sewage related sources during high flow events. These sewage sources were largely related to the urban areas to the south and east of the Ribble basin, with over half the load associated with the relatively small subcatchment of the River Douglas. The majority of this load was attributed to two WwTWs that discharge through a common outfall close to the tidal limit of this catchment. Budgets adjusted to accommodate the impact of proposed UV disinfection of these effluents showed that the load from these sources would be reduced significantly during base flow conditions. However, during high flow events loads would still remain high due to the operation of storm sewage overflows from stormwater retention tanks. The study identified untreated storm sewage spills from urban infrastructure and WwTW stormwater retention tanks as the dominant component of the high flow flux of faecal Indicators to receiving waters of the Fylde coast and the associated bathing waters.
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faecal Indicator Organism concentrations and catchment export coefficients in the uk
Water Research, 2008Co-Authors: David Kay, Carl Michael Stapleton, Mark D. Wyer, Lorna Fewtrell, Carol Francis, J Crowther, M Bradford, S G Anthony, A C Edwards, M HopkinsAbstract:Sponsorship: Research Councils (EPSRC Grant Reference M99774); European Union (Interreg IIa, IIIa and IIIb Programmes); Environment Agency for England and Wales; Scottish Environment Protection Agency; Scottish Government, United Kingdom Water Industry Research and individual water companies, including West of Scotland Water (now Scottish Water), Anglian Water, United Utilities, Welsh Water Dŵr Cymru and Yorkshire Water
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Faecal Indicator Organism concentrations in sewage and treated effluents
Water Research, 2007Co-Authors: David Kay, J. Crowther, Carl Michael Stapleton, Mark D. Wyer, Lorna Fewtrell, Anthony C. Edwards, Carol Francis, Adrian Mcdonald, John Watkins, J. WilkinsonAbstract:Kay, D., Stapleton, C. M., Crowther, J., Wyer, M. D., Fewtrell, L., Edwards, A., McDonald, A. T., Watkins, J., Francis, F., Wilkinson, J. (2008). Faecal Indicator Organism concentrations in sewage and treated effluents. Water Research, 42(1-2), 442-454.
Mark D. Wyer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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faecal Indicator Organism inputs to watercourses from streamside pastures grazed by cattle before and after implementation of streambank fencing
Water Research, 2018Co-Authors: David Kay, J. Crowther, Carl Michael Stapleton, Mark D. WyerAbstract:Abstract Faecal Indicator Organisms (FIOs) are major pollutants in many catchments world-wide, with streamside pastures on livestock farms being potentially significant sources. Hitherto, few empirical studies have quantified FIO fluxes from such areas or investigated streambank fencing (SBF) and other possible mitigation measures. The aim of this two-phase (before/after intervention) study of the effectiveness of SBF was to generate an empirical evidence-base to enable regulatory authorities to make better-informed decisions concerning the implementation of this measure. It was undertaken during the summer bathing season along a 271 m stream reach in the River Tamar catchment, SW England. The study included: cattle distribution surveys; monitoring of changes in E. coli (EC) and intestinal enterococci (IE) concentrations and fluxes down the reach and of concentrations in ditch flow and surface runoff; phage tracer studies of surface runoff from pasture land; and experimental streambed trampling to investigate streambed FIO sources. The results show that cattle spend a disproportionately large amount of time in the watercourse/riparian zone along unfenced streams; identify direct defecation to the stream by wading livestock and the release/mobilisation of FIOs from cowpats by surface runoff from the adjacent pastures at times of high flow as key transmission routes; and demonstrate that FIOs become incorporated within streambed sediments, from which they may subsequently be released by trampling. Partial exclusion of cattle through SBF with a drinking bay greatly reduces the time cattle spend in streams. Total exclusion SBF, with provision of an alternative drinking supply, considerably reduces FIO load inputs to the stream reach, e.g. at times of high flow, which are critical in terms of pollutant fluxes to coastal waters, the mean EC and IE input loads to the reach fell by 0.842 and 2.206 log10, respectively.
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Generic modelling of faecal Indicator Organism concentrations in the UK
Water, 2011Co-Authors: J. Crowther, David Kay, Carl Michael Stapleton, Danyel Hampson, Ian J. Bateman, Paulette Posen, Mark D. WyerAbstract:To meet European Water Framework Directive requirements, data are needed on faecal Indicator Organism (FIO) concentrations in rivers to enable the more heavily polluted to be targeted for remedial action. Due to the paucity of FIO data for the UK, especially under high-flow hydrograph event conditions, there is an urgent need by the policy community for generic models that can accurately predict FIO concentrations, thus informing integrated catchment management programmes. This paper reports the development of regression models to predict base- and high-flow faecal coliform (FC) and enterococci (EN) concentrations for 153 monitoring points across 14 UK catchments, using land cover, population (human and livestock density) and other variables that may affect FIO source strength, transport and die-off. Statistically significant models were developed for both FC and EN, with greater explained variance achieved in the high-flow models. Both land cover and, in particular, population variables are significant predictors of FIO concentrations, with r2 maxima for EN of 0.571 and 0.624, respectively. It is argued that the resulting models can be applied, with confidence, to other UK catchments, both to predict FIO concentrations in unmonitored watercourses and evaluate the likely impact of different land use/stocking level and human population change scenarios.
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quantitative catchment profiling to apportion faecal Indicator Organism budgets for the ribble system the uk s sentinel drainage basin for water framework directive research
Journal of Environmental Management, 2008Co-Authors: Carl Michael Stapleton, David Kay, J. Crowther, Mark D. Wyer, Carol Francis, Adrian Mcdonald, John Watkins, Jon Greaves, A Wither, N HumphreyAbstract:Under the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) 20/60/EC and the US Federal Water Pollution Control Act 2002 management of water quality within river drainage basins has shifted from traditional point-source control to a holistic approach whereby the overall contribution of point and diffuse sources of pollutants has to be considered. Consequently, there is a requirement to undertake source-apportionment studies of pollutant fluxes within catchments. The inclusion of the Bathing Water Directive (BWD), under the list of 'protected areas' in the WFD places a requirement to control sources of faecal Indicator Organisms within catchments in order to achieve the objectives of both the BWD (and its revision - 2006/7/EC) and the WFD. This study was therefore initiated to quantify catchment-derived fluxes of faecal Indicator compliance parameters originating from both point and diffuse sources. The Ribble drainage basin is the single UK sentinel WFD research catchment and discharges to the south of the Fylde coast, which includes a number of high profile, historically non-compliant, bathing waters. Faecal Indicator concentrations (faecal coliform concentrations are reported herein) were measured at 41 riverine locations, the 15 largest wastewater treatment works (WwTWs) and 15 combined sewer overflows (CSOs) across the Ribble basin over a 44-day period during the 2002 bathing season. The sampling programme included targeting rainfall-induced high flow events and sample results were categorised as either base flow or high flow. At the riverine sites, geometric mean faecal coliform concentrations showed statistically significant elevation at high flow compared to base flow. The resultant faecal coliform flux estimates revealed that over 90% of the total Organism load to the Ribble Estuary was discharged by sewage related sources during high flow events. These sewage sources were largely related to the urban areas to the south and east of the Ribble basin, with over half the load associated with the relatively small subcatchment of the River Douglas. The majority of this load was attributed to two WwTWs that discharge through a common outfall close to the tidal limit of this catchment. Budgets adjusted to accommodate the impact of proposed UV disinfection of these effluents showed that the load from these sources would be reduced significantly during base flow conditions. However, during high flow events loads would still remain high due to the operation of storm sewage overflows from stormwater retention tanks. The study identified untreated storm sewage spills from urban infrastructure and WwTW stormwater retention tanks as the dominant component of the high flow flux of faecal Indicators to receiving waters of the Fylde coast and the associated bathing waters.
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faecal Indicator Organism concentrations and catchment export coefficients in the uk
Water Research, 2008Co-Authors: David Kay, Carl Michael Stapleton, Mark D. Wyer, Lorna Fewtrell, Carol Francis, J Crowther, M Bradford, S G Anthony, A C Edwards, M HopkinsAbstract:Sponsorship: Research Councils (EPSRC Grant Reference M99774); European Union (Interreg IIa, IIIa and IIIb Programmes); Environment Agency for England and Wales; Scottish Environment Protection Agency; Scottish Government, United Kingdom Water Industry Research and individual water companies, including West of Scotland Water (now Scottish Water), Anglian Water, United Utilities, Welsh Water Dŵr Cymru and Yorkshire Water
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Faecal Indicator Organism concentrations in sewage and treated effluents
Water Research, 2007Co-Authors: David Kay, J. Crowther, Carl Michael Stapleton, Mark D. Wyer, Lorna Fewtrell, Anthony C. Edwards, Carol Francis, Adrian Mcdonald, John Watkins, J. WilkinsonAbstract:Kay, D., Stapleton, C. M., Crowther, J., Wyer, M. D., Fewtrell, L., Edwards, A., McDonald, A. T., Watkins, J., Francis, F., Wilkinson, J. (2008). Faecal Indicator Organism concentrations in sewage and treated effluents. Water Research, 42(1-2), 442-454.
Jonathan C Taylor - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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navicula nielsfogedii j c taylor cocquyt sp nov a new diatom bacillariophyta from tropical and sub tropical africa
Fottea, 2016Co-Authors: Jonathan C Taylor, Christine Cocquyt, Shigeki MayamaAbstract:In this paper we describe Navicula nielsfogedii sp. nov., a commonly occurring diatom through central and southern Africa and distributed from the sub-tropical zones of South Africa to tropical central Africa. We have examined the material of the most closely related species described from Africa, Navicula feuerbornii f. africana Foged and suggest that this species may be conspecific with Navicula heimansioides Lange-Bertalot and to have no link to the taxon N. feuerbornii Hustedt sensu Simonsen. With reference to Navicula feuerbornii f. africana we also discuss the changes over time in diatom species concepts, what we have dubbed 'species concept drift', and the consequences this holds for accurately identifying diatom taxa. As the newly described species is widely distributed and common in some samples from tropical and subtropical Africa we conclude that it may be a useful additional Indicator Organism for water quality monitoring in the region.
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Navicula nielsfogedii J.C. Taylor & Cocquyt sp. nov., a new diatom (Bacillariophyta) from tropical and sub-tropical Africa
Fottea, 2016Co-Authors: Jonathan C Taylor, Christine Cocquyt, Shigeki MayamaAbstract:In this paper we describe Navicula nielsfogedii sp. nov., a commonly occurring diatom through central and southern Africa and distributed from the sub-tropical zones of South Africa to tropical central Africa. We have examined the material of the most closely related species described from Africa, Navicula feuerbornii f. africana Foged and suggest that this species may be conspecific with Navicula heimansioides Lange-Bertalot and to have no link to the taxon N. feuerbornii Hustedt sensu Simonsen. With reference to Navicula feuerbornii f. africana we also discuss the changes over time in diatom species concepts, what we have dubbed 'species concept drift', and the consequences this holds for accurately identifying diatom taxa. As the newly described species is widely distributed and common in some samples from tropical and subtropical Africa we conclude that it may be a useful additional Indicator Organism for water quality monitoring in the region.
Carl Michael Stapleton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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faecal Indicator Organism inputs to watercourses from streamside pastures grazed by cattle before and after implementation of streambank fencing
Water Research, 2018Co-Authors: David Kay, J. Crowther, Carl Michael Stapleton, Mark D. WyerAbstract:Abstract Faecal Indicator Organisms (FIOs) are major pollutants in many catchments world-wide, with streamside pastures on livestock farms being potentially significant sources. Hitherto, few empirical studies have quantified FIO fluxes from such areas or investigated streambank fencing (SBF) and other possible mitigation measures. The aim of this two-phase (before/after intervention) study of the effectiveness of SBF was to generate an empirical evidence-base to enable regulatory authorities to make better-informed decisions concerning the implementation of this measure. It was undertaken during the summer bathing season along a 271 m stream reach in the River Tamar catchment, SW England. The study included: cattle distribution surveys; monitoring of changes in E. coli (EC) and intestinal enterococci (IE) concentrations and fluxes down the reach and of concentrations in ditch flow and surface runoff; phage tracer studies of surface runoff from pasture land; and experimental streambed trampling to investigate streambed FIO sources. The results show that cattle spend a disproportionately large amount of time in the watercourse/riparian zone along unfenced streams; identify direct defecation to the stream by wading livestock and the release/mobilisation of FIOs from cowpats by surface runoff from the adjacent pastures at times of high flow as key transmission routes; and demonstrate that FIOs become incorporated within streambed sediments, from which they may subsequently be released by trampling. Partial exclusion of cattle through SBF with a drinking bay greatly reduces the time cattle spend in streams. Total exclusion SBF, with provision of an alternative drinking supply, considerably reduces FIO load inputs to the stream reach, e.g. at times of high flow, which are critical in terms of pollutant fluxes to coastal waters, the mean EC and IE input loads to the reach fell by 0.842 and 2.206 log10, respectively.
-
Generic modelling of faecal Indicator Organism concentrations in the UK
Water, 2011Co-Authors: J. Crowther, David Kay, Carl Michael Stapleton, Danyel Hampson, Ian J. Bateman, Paulette Posen, Mark D. WyerAbstract:To meet European Water Framework Directive requirements, data are needed on faecal Indicator Organism (FIO) concentrations in rivers to enable the more heavily polluted to be targeted for remedial action. Due to the paucity of FIO data for the UK, especially under high-flow hydrograph event conditions, there is an urgent need by the policy community for generic models that can accurately predict FIO concentrations, thus informing integrated catchment management programmes. This paper reports the development of regression models to predict base- and high-flow faecal coliform (FC) and enterococci (EN) concentrations for 153 monitoring points across 14 UK catchments, using land cover, population (human and livestock density) and other variables that may affect FIO source strength, transport and die-off. Statistically significant models were developed for both FC and EN, with greater explained variance achieved in the high-flow models. Both land cover and, in particular, population variables are significant predictors of FIO concentrations, with r2 maxima for EN of 0.571 and 0.624, respectively. It is argued that the resulting models can be applied, with confidence, to other UK catchments, both to predict FIO concentrations in unmonitored watercourses and evaluate the likely impact of different land use/stocking level and human population change scenarios.
-
quantitative catchment profiling to apportion faecal Indicator Organism budgets for the ribble system the uk s sentinel drainage basin for water framework directive research
Journal of Environmental Management, 2008Co-Authors: Carl Michael Stapleton, David Kay, J. Crowther, Mark D. Wyer, Carol Francis, Adrian Mcdonald, John Watkins, Jon Greaves, A Wither, N HumphreyAbstract:Under the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) 20/60/EC and the US Federal Water Pollution Control Act 2002 management of water quality within river drainage basins has shifted from traditional point-source control to a holistic approach whereby the overall contribution of point and diffuse sources of pollutants has to be considered. Consequently, there is a requirement to undertake source-apportionment studies of pollutant fluxes within catchments. The inclusion of the Bathing Water Directive (BWD), under the list of 'protected areas' in the WFD places a requirement to control sources of faecal Indicator Organisms within catchments in order to achieve the objectives of both the BWD (and its revision - 2006/7/EC) and the WFD. This study was therefore initiated to quantify catchment-derived fluxes of faecal Indicator compliance parameters originating from both point and diffuse sources. The Ribble drainage basin is the single UK sentinel WFD research catchment and discharges to the south of the Fylde coast, which includes a number of high profile, historically non-compliant, bathing waters. Faecal Indicator concentrations (faecal coliform concentrations are reported herein) were measured at 41 riverine locations, the 15 largest wastewater treatment works (WwTWs) and 15 combined sewer overflows (CSOs) across the Ribble basin over a 44-day period during the 2002 bathing season. The sampling programme included targeting rainfall-induced high flow events and sample results were categorised as either base flow or high flow. At the riverine sites, geometric mean faecal coliform concentrations showed statistically significant elevation at high flow compared to base flow. The resultant faecal coliform flux estimates revealed that over 90% of the total Organism load to the Ribble Estuary was discharged by sewage related sources during high flow events. These sewage sources were largely related to the urban areas to the south and east of the Ribble basin, with over half the load associated with the relatively small subcatchment of the River Douglas. The majority of this load was attributed to two WwTWs that discharge through a common outfall close to the tidal limit of this catchment. Budgets adjusted to accommodate the impact of proposed UV disinfection of these effluents showed that the load from these sources would be reduced significantly during base flow conditions. However, during high flow events loads would still remain high due to the operation of storm sewage overflows from stormwater retention tanks. The study identified untreated storm sewage spills from urban infrastructure and WwTW stormwater retention tanks as the dominant component of the high flow flux of faecal Indicators to receiving waters of the Fylde coast and the associated bathing waters.
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faecal Indicator Organism concentrations and catchment export coefficients in the uk
Water Research, 2008Co-Authors: David Kay, Carl Michael Stapleton, Mark D. Wyer, Lorna Fewtrell, Carol Francis, J Crowther, M Bradford, S G Anthony, A C Edwards, M HopkinsAbstract:Sponsorship: Research Councils (EPSRC Grant Reference M99774); European Union (Interreg IIa, IIIa and IIIb Programmes); Environment Agency for England and Wales; Scottish Environment Protection Agency; Scottish Government, United Kingdom Water Industry Research and individual water companies, including West of Scotland Water (now Scottish Water), Anglian Water, United Utilities, Welsh Water Dŵr Cymru and Yorkshire Water
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Faecal Indicator Organism concentrations in sewage and treated effluents
Water Research, 2007Co-Authors: David Kay, J. Crowther, Carl Michael Stapleton, Mark D. Wyer, Lorna Fewtrell, Anthony C. Edwards, Carol Francis, Adrian Mcdonald, John Watkins, J. WilkinsonAbstract:Kay, D., Stapleton, C. M., Crowther, J., Wyer, M. D., Fewtrell, L., Edwards, A., McDonald, A. T., Watkins, J., Francis, F., Wilkinson, J. (2008). Faecal Indicator Organism concentrations in sewage and treated effluents. Water Research, 42(1-2), 442-454.