The Experts below are selected from a list of 6144 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Rasmus H. Wandall - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Actuarial risk assessment. The loss of recognition of the Individual Offender
Law Probability and Risk, 2007Co-Authors: Rasmus H. WandallAbstract:The paper is about the design of sentencing decision-making. It contrasts the actuarial risk assessment instrument (ARAI) in the Commonwealth of Virginia to the statutory and judicial guidance in Denmark. Both are used as frameworks to identify and classify Offenders eligible for diversion to alternative sanctions to imprisonment. By contrasting the sentencing frameworks, the paper articulates and defends the view that actuarial risk assessment as introduced in Virginia challenges a fundamental quality of modern penal justice of recognizing the moral personality of Individuals subjected to criminal sentencing. The paper also shows that sentencing judges in Virginia, despite the unambiguously aggregate language of the ARAI, are provided some space to construct sentencing as a more concrete and Individualized analysis, relying on the discretionary character of the instrument. Yet, from this discretionary construction flows not only that sentencers are released from the formal legal structures but also that sentencing judges are subjected to the enforcement mechanisms of the Virginia Criminal Sentencing Commission, outside the scope of judicial review.
Brian D. Johnson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
THE MULTILEVEL CONTEXT OF CRIMINAL SENTENCING: INTEGRATING JUDGE- AND COUNTY-LEVEL INFLUENCES *
Criminology, 2006Co-Authors: Brian D. JohnsonAbstract:This study extends recent inquiries of contextual effects in sentencing by jointly examining the influence of judge and courtroom social contexts. It combines two recent years of Individual sentencing data from the Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing (PCS) with data on judicial background characteristics and county court social contexts. Three-level hierarchical models are estimated to investigate the influence of judge and county contexts on Individual variations in sentencing. Results indicate that nontrivial sentencing variations are associated with both Individual judge characteristics and county court contexts. Judicial background factors also condition the influence of Individual Offender characteristics in important ways. These and other findings are discussed in relation to contemporary theoretical perspectives on courtroom decision making that highlight the importance of both judge and court contexts in sentencing. The study concludes with suggestions for future research on contextual disparities in criminal sentencing.
Robert Hutchison - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Co-Offender Ties and the Criminal Career The Relationship between Co-Offender Group Structure and the Individual Offender
Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 2015Co-Authors: Brendan Lantz, Robert HutchisonAbstract:Objectives:This study aims to assess three related aspects of co-offending networks: (1) the characteristics of co-offending groups and the duration of group offending careers, (2) the impact of membership in co-offending groups on total offending and the length of Individual offending careers, and (3) the impact of Offender arrest (or changes in co-offending group structure) on the offending patterns of connected co-Offenders.Methods:Data on sentenced burglary Offenders (N = 270) in one county in Pennsylvania from 2001 to 2010 are used to examine the impact of co-offending group membership, as well as the relationship between the changing network structure and the offending patterns of connected co-Offenders, within a two-level modeling framework.Results:Larger groups with more dispersed offending structures offend over the longest span. Additionally, membership in co-offending groups is associated with more total offending and a longer Individual offending career. Finally, the arrest of structurally imp...
Brendan Lantz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Not all arrests reduce crime: how Offender networks impactoffending rates and arrest efforts
2015Co-Authors: Brendan LantzAbstract:Many crimes are committed by more than one Offender, meaning that viewing an Individual Offender as a unit of analysis to understand crime does not tell the whole story. In new research, Brendan Lantz uses ten years of burglary offending data to examine how Offender ties impact Individual behavior. He finds that co-Offender groups vary in their connectedness, that these connections significantly impact the likelihood of offending, and the impact of an arrest on offending depends on whether or not it is the instigator of a crime being arrested.
-
Co-Offender Ties and the Criminal Career The Relationship between Co-Offender Group Structure and the Individual Offender
Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 2015Co-Authors: Brendan Lantz, Robert HutchisonAbstract:Objectives:This study aims to assess three related aspects of co-offending networks: (1) the characteristics of co-offending groups and the duration of group offending careers, (2) the impact of membership in co-offending groups on total offending and the length of Individual offending careers, and (3) the impact of Offender arrest (or changes in co-offending group structure) on the offending patterns of connected co-Offenders.Methods:Data on sentenced burglary Offenders (N = 270) in one county in Pennsylvania from 2001 to 2010 are used to examine the impact of co-offending group membership, as well as the relationship between the changing network structure and the offending patterns of connected co-Offenders, within a two-level modeling framework.Results:Larger groups with more dispersed offending structures offend over the longest span. Additionally, membership in co-offending groups is associated with more total offending and a longer Individual offending career. Finally, the arrest of structurally imp...
Julianne Conry - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
the challenge of fetal alcohol syndrome in the criminal legal system
Addiction Biology, 2004Co-Authors: Diane K Fast, Julianne ConryAbstract:People with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) present challenges to those who work in the criminal legal system. Prenatal exposure to alcohol can cause physical, neurological, and psychological impairments. It is vital to understand the Individual Offender in order to address the underlying reasons for criminal behavior. Individuals with FASD often come from dysfunctional backgrounds, and may have mental illnesses and substance use disorders. A comprehensive medical-legal report, prepared by a professional experienced with FASD, can help judges and lawyers understand how complex the interactions are among brain damage, genetics, and the environment. The person with FASD can be misunderstood in court, victimized in jails, and mismanaged in the transition back to the community, unless those working with the Individual are aware of FASD and its implications.