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Andreas Bayer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

I A Dmitriev - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

R. Karban - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the ecology and evolution of Induced Resistance against herbivores
    Functional Ecology, 2011
    Co-Authors: R. Karban
    Abstract:

    Summary 1. Induced Resistance is now widely accepted as a potent and widespread ecological force although several pieces of the story remain very poorly known. Theory predicts that Induced defences should be favoured in variable environments especially when plants can use cues to reliably predict future conditions; however, this idea has not been seriously evaluated for plants. 2. Theory also predicts that plastic, Induced defences should be favoured over permanent, constitutive defences if defences are costly and not always needed. This hypothesis has received considerable attention and limited support; resource allocation costs have been difficult to detect although ecological costs of defence may be more common. Recently, priming has emerged as a mechanism that may further reduce costs. Primed plants do not immediately produce the gene products associated with Induced Resistance but later respond more rapidly and strongly to severe or repeated attacks. It remains to be determined how common priming is. 3. Much of what we know about Induced Resistance is from the herbivore’s point of view. Induced Resistance will be beneficial from the plant’s point of view if herbivores avoid Induced plants, but the behavioural responses of herbivores to Induced plant variation are still poorly studied. 4. Recent progress in understanding the detailed spatial and temporal extent of Induced Resistance has improved our appreciation of the phenomenon. Although some Induced responses are systemic throughout entire plant individuals, many others have been found to be localized to damaged tissues. Plant vascular architecture and transpiration rates greatly constrain the distribution of vascular cues. Some plants rely on volatile cues that are active over relatively short distances and may be subject to eavesdropping by other plants, herbivores, and carnivores. Similarly, the temporal duration of Induced responses may have important consequences on effectiveness although limited information is available concerning lag times before induction and relaxation times following induction. 5. Limited spatial and temporal scales of Induced responses make plants more variable from the herbivore’s point of view. Recent work suggests that plant heterogeneity may be difficult for herbivores to cope with although this hypothesis awaits further empirical testing.

  • Induced Resistance in rice against insects.
    Bulletin of Entomological Research, 2007
    Co-Authors: R. Karban, Yolanda H. Chen
    Abstract:

    Vaccinations are the mainstay of western preventive medicine, and they have been used to protect some crops against disease and insect pests. We consider rice as a model for protection using Induced Resistance since it is one of the most important staple crops and there have been significant new developments in: cross-Resistance among rice insects, chemical pathways involved in Induced Resistance, sequencing the rice genome and expression of genes conferring Resistance against rice insect pests. Insect attack has been found to cause lesions that kill planthopper eggs and early stages of gall midges. Damaged plants released volatiles that made them less likely to be chosen by planthoppers and more attractive to parasitoids. Chemical elicitors have been developed for dicotyledonous plants and these can induce Resistance in rice, although rice does not fit models developed to explain signalling in dicots. For example, salicylic acid did not increase in rice after infection by pathogens and did not appear to be the mobile signal for Induced Resistance against pathogens although it was involved in Induced responses to phloem-feeding insects. Jasmonic acid acted as a signal in some Induced responses to pathogens as well as chewing insects. Many of the genes associated with Induced Resistance in rice have recently been mapped, and techniques are being developed to incorporate them into the genome of cultivated varieties. Attempts to control insect pests of rice will affect interactions with pathogens, predators and parasites, and other organisms in this agroecosystem.

  • Damage-Induced Resistance in sagebrush: volatiles are key to intra- and interplant communication.
    Ecology, 2006
    Co-Authors: R. Karban, Kaori Shiojiri, Mikaela Huntzinger, Andrew C. Mccall
    Abstract:

    Airborne communication between individuals, called ''eavesdropping'' in this paper, can cause plants to become more resistant to herbivores when a neighbor has been experimentally clipped. The ecological relevance of this result has been in question, since individuals may be too far apart for this interaction to affect many plants in natural populations. We investigated Induced Resistance to herbivory in sagebrush, Artemisia tridentata, caused by experimental clipping of the focal plant and its neighbors. We found no evidence for systemic Induced Resistance when one branch was clipped and another branch on the same plant was assayed for naturally occurring damage. In this experiment, air contact and plant age were not controlled. Previous work indicated that sagebrush received less damage when a neighboring upwind plant within 15 cm had been experimentally clipped. Here we found that pairs of sagebrush plants that were up to 60 cm apart were influenced by experimental clipping of a neighbor. Furthermore, we observed that most individuals had conspecific neighbors that were much closer than 60 cm. Air contact was essential for communication; treatments that reduced airflow between neighboring individuals, either because of wind direction or bagging, prevented Induced Resistance. Airflow was also necessary for systemic Induced Resistance among branches within an individual. Reports from the literature indicated that sagebrush is highly sectorial, as are many desert shrubs. Branches within a sagebrush plant do not freely exchange material via vascular connections and apparently cannot rely on an internal signaling pathway for coordinating induction of Resistance to herbivores. Instead, they may use external, volatile cues. This hypothesis provides a proximal explanation for why sagebrush does not demonstrate systemic Induced Resistance without directed airflow, and why airborne communication between branches induces Resistance.

  • Induced Resistance and Susceptibility to Herbivory: Plant Memory and Altered Plant Development
    Ecology, 1995
    Co-Authors: R. Karban, Chikako Niiho
    Abstract:

    Systems of Induced Resistance for both vertebrates and invertebrates possess a memory; individuals that are attacked by a particular pathogen are able to respond more quickly and more effectively the second time they encounter that pathogen. Many plants have been found to be more Induced by repeated herbivory than by a single bout of herbivory. In these experiments the frequency and magnitude of damage were confounded so that it was not clear if memory was involved or if more overall damage amplified the Induced response. We conducted an experiment to test the memory of Induced Resistance in cotton to repeated attacks by spider mites. We held the overall amount of damage (herbivore-days) constant but varied the number of times that plants were exposed to damage. We did not find that plants damaged a second time responded more effectively than those damaged only once. Power analysis indicated that a large effect of memory was unlikely to have been overlooked in these experiments if it existed. Following observations that different types of damage caused different responses in mountain birch (Haukioja et al. 1990), we damaged either cotyledonary leaves or apical buds of young cotton plants and challenged them with spider mites. We found that damage to cotyledons Induced Resistance but damage to apical buds Induced susceptibility. Damage to cotyledons accelerated the rate of abscission of cotyledons, a favored tissue for spider mites; damage to buds delayed abscission of cotyledons. Cotyledon abscission was sufficient to induce Resistance but was not a necessary condition since Induced Resistance has been observed when cotyledon abscission was not found. Our results were consistent with the hypothesis that damage to these two tissues differentially affected hormonal regulation as well as the alternative hypothesis that these forms of damage had opposite effects on plant ontogeny.

Toru Matsumoto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Improvement of sensitivity of ultrasonic beam Induced Resistance change (SOBIRCH) method with ultrasound resonance in mold resin
    2019 IEEE 26th International Symposium on Physical and Failure Analysis of Integrated Circuits (IPFA), 2019
    Co-Authors: Takuto Matsui, Shigeru Eura, Naohiro Hozumi, Kosuke Tatsumi, Tomohiro Kawashima, Yoshinobu Murakami, Toru Matsumoto
    Abstract:

    In some cases of failure analysis of semiconductor devices, package state analysis without mold decapsulation is required. The ultrasonic beam Induced Resistance change (SOBIRCH) method has been proposed to carry out the analysis without decapsulation. In the previous research, it was suggested by numerical simulation that ultrasonic resonance in mold resin improves the sensitivity of the SOBIRCH. In this report, the sensitivity improvement with ultrasound resonance was verified experimentally.

  • application to a failure analysis of ultrasonic beam Induced Resistance change sobirch
    International Symposium on the Physical and Failure Analysis of Integrated Circuits, 2018
    Co-Authors: Toru Matsumoto, Shigeru Eura, Naohiro Hozumi
    Abstract:

    Failure analysis of the semiconductor device has the demand that the inspection should be performed without mold decapsulation. Conventional PEM(Photo Emission Microscope) and IR-OBIRCH(InfraRed Optical Beam Induced Resistance CHange) cannot analyze in package state because the emission light and stimulation light for IR-OBIRCH cannot be transmitted through package mold. We developed new technique for package failure analysis based on ultrasonic stimulation. We named this technique as SOBIRCH(ultraSOnic Beam Induced Resistance Change). In this report, we describe the detection example of actual package IC and multilayer chip.

T Herrmann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.