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Elie Cohen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Failure of French Industrial Policy
Journal of Industry Competition and Trade, 2020Co-Authors: Pierre-andré Buigues, Elie CohenAbstract:France, for a century, thought of herself as a great Industrial Nation. This country not only saw a source of prosperity and quality jobs for its citizens but also always considered technological autonomy and Industrial power as an attribute of sovereignty. For the classical economist, deIndustrialization is a fact of development: the more economies grow and become more sophisticated, the more they produce and consume services, and the more Industrial activities migrate to emerging countries. However, in France, the attachment to industry and to an active Industrial policy remained strong even as the country gradually embarked on European construction and had to respond to globalization and new technological waves. France has long successfully pursued an Industrial policy of major projects. European integration, the ever closer union, the development of regulatory authorities for competition, and state aids led France to dismantle its public intervention apparatus. The introduction of the euro further deprived France of its devaluation power to correct relative competitiveness losses. Thus, France is a pure case of a voluntarist country subjected to the test of globalization intermediated by the European Union whose long-term effects on deIndustrialization can be judged.
Chikanda Abel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Economic Growth of Japan with Special Reference to Industrial Development
Geographical Association of Zimbabwe (GAZ) (University of Zimbabwe) (UZ), 1999Co-Authors: Chikanda AbelAbstract:A GEM article on the economic growth and Industrial development of Japan.Japan’s economic success has been a characteristic of the second half of the twentieth century. Its Industrial revolution took 120 years whereas Britain took nearly twice that period to become a major Industrial Nation. Industrialisation proceeded fairly rapidly because Japan built on Western innovation, while at the same time striving to eliminate the mistakes of the Western countries. What makes the growth of the economy more remarkable is a background of extreme resource scarcity. Japan is poorly endowed with most resources. That the Japanese were able to assemble many raw materials from every comer of the world makes their achievement spectacular. This paper examines the growth of the Japanese economy. Special reference is paid to Industrial growth and the changing character of industries in response to changing demand. Initially an outline of Japan’s physical environment is presented to show the limited resources available for Industrialisation, as well as the perils posed by Japan’s physical environment. The section that follows presents a survey of the growth of Japan’s economy from pre-Meiji times (before 1868) to the 1990s. In this, Japan’s economic growth is assessed in terms of Rostow’s model of economic development. The paper concludes with a description of some of the problems currently facing the Japanese economy
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Economic Growth of Japan with Special Reference to Industrial Development
1999Co-Authors: Chikanda AbelAbstract:Japan’s economic success has been a characteristic of the second half of the twentieth century. Its Industrial revolution took 120 years whereas Britain took nearly twice that period to become a major Industrial Nation. Industrialisation proceeded fairly rapidly because Japan built on Western innovation, while at the same time striving to eliminate the mistakes of the Western countries. What makes the growth of the economy more remarkable is a background of extreme resource scarcity. Japan is poorly endowed with most resources. That the Japanese were able to assemble many raw materials from every comer of the world makes their achievement spectacular. This paper examines the growth of the Japanese economy. Special reference is paid to Industrial growth and the changing character of industries in response to changing demand. Initially an outline of Japan’s physical environment is presented to show the limited resources available for Industrialisation, as well as the perils posed by Japan’s physical environment. The section that follows presents a survey of the growth of Japan’s economy from pre-Meiji times (before 1868) to the 1990s. In this, Japan’s economic growth is assessed in terms of Rostow’s model of economic development. The paper concludes with a description of some of the problems currently facing the Japanese economy
Brion Charles - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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La province à l’épreuve du monde moderne démocratique : la France dans Histoire contemporaine d’Anatole France et la Prusse dans Le Stechlin de Theodor Fontane
Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2018Co-Authors: Brion CharlesAbstract:Ce texte confronte des deux côtés du Rhin deux œuvres parfaitement contemporaines : Der Stechlin de Theodor Fontane publié en 1899 et Histoire contemporaine d’Anatole France publié entre 1897 et 1901, portant au même moment un regard historique sur la mutation de la société à la fin du XIXe siècle. Toutes deux situées en province, ces deux œuvres se ressemblent formellement : l’intrigue est mince, la part de fiction minime, la grande Histoire prédomine à travers un long récit riche à la fois de nombreuses références à l’actualité et d’avis multiples, en polyphonie, sur ces événements historiques ; la composition fragmentaire, où la réflexion l’emporte sur l’action, livre un riche tableau psychosocial de l’époque, alors que l’Allemagne devient une Nation industrielle de stature mondiale et que la France cherche son identité démocratique à travers l’affaire Dreyfus. L’affrontement commun entre tradition et modernité y présente cependant trois différences majeures. D’abord, l’enracinement géographique et patrimonial est quasiment nul chez France, dont la province est fictive et abstraite (un lieu pouvant incarner l’ensemble de la République française), alors que Fontane enracine tout son roman dans le terroir brandebourgeois en insistant sur le poids de la tradition prussienne au moment de son crépuscule. Deuxième divergence, la crise politique due à l’entrée dans la modernité frappe deux pays dont le stade de libéralisation n’est pas également avancé : en Allemagne, si la nécessité d’un parlementarisme réel se fait sentir après Bismarck, le régime reste dépourvu de toute tradition démocratique ; en France au contraire, la République française est déjà la troisième et elle a célébré le centenaire de la Révolution française, mais la démocratie parlementaire est en crise. Le préfet Worms-Clavelin incarne chez France un virage pragmatique vil du régime recherchant autant l’ordre que le progrès pour surmonter les périls de l’anarchisme comme du monarchisme. La même synthèse décevante mais nécessaire passe chez Fontane par la figure désabusée du vieux Dubslav von Stechlin, traditionaliste se convertissant avec répulsion au credo du progrès démocratique, et dépassé dans cette conversion par son fils incarnant la nouvelle Allemagne. Enfin, le traitement de la religion est divergent, car, si France entend montrer l’attitude fondamentalement antidémocratique de l’ensemble du clergé catholique, Fontane, plus nuancé, montre les personnages les plus pieux comme les plus hostiles au progrès démocratique, à l’exception notable du pasteur Lorenzen, qui s’avère au final, en refusant conjointement le conservatisme de la Junkertum et l’athéisme social-démocrate, la véritable figure de la synthèse et de la continuité dans le roman. L’ambivalence foncière de ces deux œuvres est précisément la traduction du mouvement mâtiné de tradition et de démocratie qui emporte alors l’Europe, trop lentement selon France, trop brutalement selon Fontane.This text does compare on the two sides of the Rhine two works perfectly contemporary: The Stechlin by Theodor Fontane published in 1899 and Histoire contemporaine by Anatole France published between 1897 and 1901, carrying at the same time a historic glance on the change of the society at the end of the XIXth century. Both located in province, these two works resemble each other formally: the intrigue is mean, the part of fiction small, great History prevails through a long narrative rich both of numerous references to actuality and multiple opinions on the historic events; the fragmentary composition, where thought gets the better on action, delivers a rich psycho-social table of the epoch, while Germany becomes an Industrial Nation of world stature and France seeks its democratic identity through the Affaire Dreyfus. The common confrontation between tradition and modernity presents nevertheless three major differences. At first, the geographical and patrimonial rooting is almost non-existent at France, whom province is fictive and abstract (a place that can incarnate the whole French Republic), whereas Fontane roots all its novel in the brandenburger soil while insisting on the weight of the prussian tradition at the time of its twilight. Second difference, the political crisis owing to the entry into modernity strikes two countries whose stage of liberalization is not also advanced: in Germany, if the need for a real parliamentarism is felt after Bismarck, the political system remains deprived of any democratic tradition; in France on the contrary, the French Republic is still the third and it celebrated the centenary of the French Revolution, but the parliamentary democracy is in crisis. The Worms-Clavelin prefect incarnates at France a shabby pragmatic turn of the political system searching the order as much that the progress to overcome the dangers of anarchism like monarchism. The same disappointing but necessary synthesis is at Fontane the disillusioned figure of the old man Dubslav von Stechlin, traditionalist converting with repulsion with the creed of the democratic progress, and exceeded in this conversion by his son incarnating the new Germany. Lastly, the treatment of the religion is divergent, because, if France intends to show the basically antidemocratic attitude of the whole of the catholic clergy, Fontane, more moderate, shows the most pious characters like most hostile with democratic progress, except notable for the Pasteur Lorenzen, who proves with the final, by jointly refusing the conservatism of the Junkertum and the social democrat atheism, the true figure of the synthesis and continuity in the novel. The land ambivalence of these two works is precisely the translation of the crossbred movement of tradition and democracy which carries Europe then, too slowly according to France, too brutally according to Fontane
Jill Quadagno - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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one Nation uninsured why the u s has no National health insurance
2005Co-Authors: Jill QuadagnoAbstract:Every Industrial Nation in the world guarantees their citizens access to essential health care services--every country, that is, except the United States. Indeed, one in eight Americans--a shocking 43 million people--a majority of them in working families, do not have any health care insurance. One Nation, Uninsured offers a vividly written, path-breaking history of America's failed efforts to address the health care needs of its citizens. Ranging across the 20th century, Jill Quadagno shows how each attempt to enact National health insurance was met with fierce attacks by powerful stakeholders, who mobilized their considerable resources to keep the financing of health care out of the government's hands. Quadagno describes how in the first half of the twentieth century physicians led the anti-reform coalition, fearful that government entry would mean government control of the lucrative private health care market. Doctors lobbied legislators, influenced elections by giving large campaign contributions to sympathetic candidates, and organized "grassroots" protests, conspiring with other like-minded groups to defeat reform efforts. Only with Medicare and Medicaid, coverage for the very poor and the old--two groups that private insurers don't want to cover--have we seen any success with government insured health care. Yet even as Medicare succeeded at mid-century and physicians and the AMA receded from the battle's front lines, the insurance industry assumed a leading role against reform. Extending from the Progressive Era to the Clinton years, One Nation, Uninsured offers a sweeping history of the battles over health care. It is an invaluable read for anyone who wonders why our incredibly wealthy country is the only Industrial Nation that cannot ensure health care for all its citizens.
Pierre-andré Buigues - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Failure of French Industrial Policy
Journal of Industry Competition and Trade, 2020Co-Authors: Pierre-andré Buigues, Elie CohenAbstract:France, for a century, thought of herself as a great Industrial Nation. This country not only saw a source of prosperity and quality jobs for its citizens but also always considered technological autonomy and Industrial power as an attribute of sovereignty. For the classical economist, deIndustrialization is a fact of development: the more economies grow and become more sophisticated, the more they produce and consume services, and the more Industrial activities migrate to emerging countries. However, in France, the attachment to industry and to an active Industrial policy remained strong even as the country gradually embarked on European construction and had to respond to globalization and new technological waves. France has long successfully pursued an Industrial policy of major projects. European integration, the ever closer union, the development of regulatory authorities for competition, and state aids led France to dismantle its public intervention apparatus. The introduction of the euro further deprived France of its devaluation power to correct relative competitiveness losses. Thus, France is a pure case of a voluntarist country subjected to the test of globalization intermediated by the European Union whose long-term effects on deIndustrialization can be judged.