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Richard E. Zigmond - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Galanin induced in sympathetic neurons after axotomy is anterogradely transported toward regenerating nerve endings
Neuropeptides, 1998Co-Authors: A. M. Shadiack, Richard E. ZigmondAbstract:Peripheral neurons begin to express galanin after axotomy. When neurons in the superior Cervical Ganglion were axotomized near (about 2 mm) from the Ganglion, galanin-like immunoreactivity (IR) was maximal within 72 h. Axotomy of neurons in the middle and Inferior Cervical Ganglion complex (MICG), which could be performed 2 cm from the ganglia, led to an additional galanin increase 7 and 14 days later. This second increase was not accompanied by changes in galanin mRNA or the number of galanin-immunostained neurons. Galanin-IR was detectable in a postGanglionic trunk of the MICG 2 days after axotomy. At this time, immunoreactive fibers were only seen near the lesion site, while later they were found throughout the trunk. The data suggest that galanin is actively transported toward the site of nerve crush/transection and that the second increase in galanin-IR found in the MICG may be due to a saturation of the axonal transport system.
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Galanin expression in sympathetic ganglia after partial axotomy is highly localized to those neurons that are axotomized.
Neuroscience, 1995Co-Authors: A. M. Shadiack, Stacey A. Vaccariello, Richard E. ZigmondAbstract:Abstract The neuropeptide phenotype of adult sympathetic neurons changes dramatically after postGanglionic nerve transection. Studies, thus far, have been done on the superior Cervical Ganglion; however, one limitation of this preparation is that it is necessary to transect the postGanglionic axons quite close to the Ganglion. In the present study, we examined the effects of axonal damage on galanin-like immunoreactivity in the middle and Inferior Cervical Ganglion complex. With these ganglia, it is possible to transect postGanglionic axons at a considerable distance from their cell bodies and, therefore, to examine the extent to which local tissue damage, rather than specific axonal transection, is required for these changes in neuropeptide phenotype to occur. The anatomy of this system also allowed us to determine the extent to which the changes in galanin expression are restricted to those neurons that have been axotomized. The axons of a small population of the neurons in the middle and Inferior Cervical ganglia complex project into the Cervical sympathetic trunk. Within two days after this trunk was transected, there was an increase in the level of galanin-like immunoreactivity in the complex and in the number of immunostained principal neurons. These neurons were concentrated primarily in the most rostral part of the complex. An increase in galanin-like immunoreactivity also occurred in response to the systemic administration of the sympathetic neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine. In that case, many more neurons were affected than after transection of the Cervical sympathetic trunk, and the neurons were distributed evenly throughout the Ganglion complex. After the Cervical sympathetic trunk was cut, the cell bodies of the axotomized neurons were identified by retrograde labeling from the point of transection with Fast Blue. The vast majority (86%) of neurons that exhibited galanin-like immunoreactivity were labeled with Fast Blue, indicating that the changes in peptide expression occur primarily, and perhaps exclusively, in axotomized neurons. Forty-two per cent of the Fast Blue-labeled neurons exhibited galanin-like immunoreactivity, suggesting that sympathetic neurons within a Ganglion do not behave as a homogenous population in response to axotomy. The results also indicate that tissue damage in the vicinity of a Ganglion is not a necessary triggering stimulus for this change in neuropeptide phenotype. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that a specific lesion, namely axonal transection, either produces a stimulatory factor or removes an inhibitory factor that regulates the expression of galanin.
A. M. Shadiack - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Galanin induced in sympathetic neurons after axotomy is anterogradely transported toward regenerating nerve endings
Neuropeptides, 1998Co-Authors: A. M. Shadiack, Richard E. ZigmondAbstract:Peripheral neurons begin to express galanin after axotomy. When neurons in the superior Cervical Ganglion were axotomized near (about 2 mm) from the Ganglion, galanin-like immunoreactivity (IR) was maximal within 72 h. Axotomy of neurons in the middle and Inferior Cervical Ganglion complex (MICG), which could be performed 2 cm from the ganglia, led to an additional galanin increase 7 and 14 days later. This second increase was not accompanied by changes in galanin mRNA or the number of galanin-immunostained neurons. Galanin-IR was detectable in a postGanglionic trunk of the MICG 2 days after axotomy. At this time, immunoreactive fibers were only seen near the lesion site, while later they were found throughout the trunk. The data suggest that galanin is actively transported toward the site of nerve crush/transection and that the second increase in galanin-IR found in the MICG may be due to a saturation of the axonal transport system.
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Galanin expression in sympathetic ganglia after partial axotomy is highly localized to those neurons that are axotomized.
Neuroscience, 1995Co-Authors: A. M. Shadiack, Stacey A. Vaccariello, Richard E. ZigmondAbstract:Abstract The neuropeptide phenotype of adult sympathetic neurons changes dramatically after postGanglionic nerve transection. Studies, thus far, have been done on the superior Cervical Ganglion; however, one limitation of this preparation is that it is necessary to transect the postGanglionic axons quite close to the Ganglion. In the present study, we examined the effects of axonal damage on galanin-like immunoreactivity in the middle and Inferior Cervical Ganglion complex. With these ganglia, it is possible to transect postGanglionic axons at a considerable distance from their cell bodies and, therefore, to examine the extent to which local tissue damage, rather than specific axonal transection, is required for these changes in neuropeptide phenotype to occur. The anatomy of this system also allowed us to determine the extent to which the changes in galanin expression are restricted to those neurons that have been axotomized. The axons of a small population of the neurons in the middle and Inferior Cervical ganglia complex project into the Cervical sympathetic trunk. Within two days after this trunk was transected, there was an increase in the level of galanin-like immunoreactivity in the complex and in the number of immunostained principal neurons. These neurons were concentrated primarily in the most rostral part of the complex. An increase in galanin-like immunoreactivity also occurred in response to the systemic administration of the sympathetic neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine. In that case, many more neurons were affected than after transection of the Cervical sympathetic trunk, and the neurons were distributed evenly throughout the Ganglion complex. After the Cervical sympathetic trunk was cut, the cell bodies of the axotomized neurons were identified by retrograde labeling from the point of transection with Fast Blue. The vast majority (86%) of neurons that exhibited galanin-like immunoreactivity were labeled with Fast Blue, indicating that the changes in peptide expression occur primarily, and perhaps exclusively, in axotomized neurons. Forty-two per cent of the Fast Blue-labeled neurons exhibited galanin-like immunoreactivity, suggesting that sympathetic neurons within a Ganglion do not behave as a homogenous population in response to axotomy. The results also indicate that tissue damage in the vicinity of a Ganglion is not a necessary triggering stimulus for this change in neuropeptide phenotype. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that a specific lesion, namely axonal transection, either produces a stimulatory factor or removes an inhibitory factor that regulates the expression of galanin.
Ks Satyapal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cervico-Thoracic Ganglion: Its Clinical Implications
'Wiley', 2006Co-Authors: Pather, Nalini Medical Sciences, Faculty Of Medicine Unsw, Partab P, Singh B, Ks SatyapalAbstract:Lesions of the cervicothoracic Ganglion (CTG) result in interruption of sympathetic fibersto the head, neck, upper limb, and thoracic viscera. The accurate understanding of theanatomy of the CTG is relevant to sympathectomy procedures that may be prescribed incases where conventional intervention has failed. This study documents the incidence anddistribution of the CTG to avoid potential complications such as Horner’s syndrome andcardiac arrhythmias. This study utilized 48 cadavers, in which a total of 89 sympatheticchains were dissected. The Inferior Cervical Ganglion (ICG) and the first thoracic Ganglionwas fused in 75 cases (84.3%) to form the CTG. It was present bilaterally in 48 of thesespecimens (65.3%). Three different shapes of CTG were differentiated, viz. spindle, dumbbell,and an inverted ‘‘L’’ shape. The dumbbell and inverted ‘‘L’’ shapes demonstrated adefinite ‘‘waist’’ (i.e., a macroscopically visible union of the ICG and T1 components ofthe CTG). Rami from the CTG was distributed to the brachial plexus, the subclavian andvertebral arteries, the brachiocephalic trunk, and the cardiac plexus. This study demonstratesa high incidence of a double cardiac sympathetic nerve arising from CTG. It istherefore imperative that in the technique of sympathectomy, for intractable anginal pain, thesurgeon excises both these rami but does not destroy the Ganglion itself. The ever-improvingtechnology in endoscopic surgery has made investigations into the nuances of the anatomy ofthe sympathetic chain essential. Clin. Anat. 19:323–326, 2006
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Cervico-thoracic Ganglion: Its clinical implications
Clinical anatomy (New York N.Y.), 2006Co-Authors: Nalini Pather, P. Partab, Bhugwan Singh, Ks SatyapalAbstract:Lesions of the cervicothoracic Ganglion (CTG) result in interruption of sympathetic fibers to the head, neck, upper limb, and thoracic viscera. The accurate understanding of the anatomy of the CTG is relevant to sympathectomy procedures that may be prescribed in cases where conventional intervention has failed. This study documents the incidence and distribution of the CTG to avoid potential complications such as Horner's syndrome and cardiac arrhythmias. This study utilized 48 cadavers, in which a total of 89 sympathetic chains were dissected. The Inferior Cervical Ganglion (ICG) and the first thoracic Ganglion was fused in 75 cases (84.3%) to form the CTG. It was present bilaterally in 48 of these specimens (65.3%). Three different shapes of CTG were differentiated, viz. spindle, dumbbell, and an inverted “L” shape. The dumbbell and inverted “L” shapes demonstrated a definite “waist” (i.e., a macroscopically visible union of the ICG and T1 components of the CTG). Rami from the CTG was distributed to the brachial plexus, the subclavian and vertebral arteries, the brachiocephalic trunk, and the cardiac plexus. This study demonstrates a high incidence of a double cardiac sympathetic nerve arising from CTG. It is therefore imperative that in the technique of sympathectomy, for intractable anginal pain, the surgeon excises both these rami but does not destroy the Ganglion itself. The ever-improving technology in endoscopic surgery has made investigations into the nuances of the anatomy of the sympathetic chain essential. Clin. Anat. 19:323–326, 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Anatomical basis for a successful upper limb sympathectomy in the thoracoscopic era.
Clinical anatomy (New York N.Y.), 2004Co-Authors: L. Ramsaroop, Bhugwan Singh, P. Partab, J. Moodley, Ks SatyapalAbstract:In this clinico-anatomical study, factors potentially responsible for unsuccessful upper limb sympathectomy (ULS) by the thoracoscopic route were evaluated. This study comprised two subsets: 1) in the clinical subset, 25 patients (n = 50 sides) underwent bilateral second thoracic Ganglionectomy for palmar hyperhidrosis, and factors predisposing to unsuccessful ULS were identified; and 2) in the anatomical subset, the neural connections of the first and second intercostal spaces were bilaterally dissected in 22 adult cadavers (22 right, 21 left; n = 43 sides). Alternate neural pathways (ANP) were noted in 9 of 50 sides in the 25 clinical cases (18%). In three asthenic patients (5 sides), fascia overlying the longus colli muscle mimicked the sympathetic chain. The right superior intercostal vein (SIV) was located anterior to the second thoracic Ganglion in 6 of 50 sides (12%) and predisposed to troublesome bleeding in 2 of 50 cases; the SIV was posterior to the Ganglion in 19 of 50 sides (38%), posing no technical problem. On the left, the SIV was noted outside the field of dissection in all but one case. A successful outcome to sympathectomy was noted in all 25 patients. A spectrum of sympathetic contributions to the first thoracic ventral ramus for the first intercostal space was noted in 37 of 43 anatomical cases (86%). These were categorized according to the arrangements of the intrathoracic ramus between the second intercostal nerve and the first thoracic ventral ramus. The cervicothoracic Ganglion (37/43 cases; 86%) and an independent Inferior Cervical Ganglion (6/43 cases; 14%) were always located above the second rib. The second thoracic Ganglion was consistently located in the second intercostal space. This study demonstrates that ANPs have little clinical significance when a second thoracic Ganglionectomy is undertaken. Technical failures may be avoided if the surgeon is mindful of anatomical variations at surgery. Clin. Anat. 17:294–299, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nilesh Patel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ultrasound guided stellate Ganglion block successfully prevented esophageal puncture
Pain Physician, 2007Co-Authors: Samer Narouze, Amaresh Vydyanathan, Nilesh PatelAbstract:Stellate Ganglion block is utilized in the diagnosis and management of various vascular disorders and sympathetically mediated pain in the upper extremity, head and neck. The Cervical sympathetic chain is composed of superior, middle, intermediate, and Inferior Cervical ganglia. However, in approximately 80% of the population, the Inferior Cervical Ganglion is fused with the first thoracic Ganglion, forming the stellate Ganglion also known as cervicothoracic Ganglion. The stellate Ganglion lies medial to the scalene muscles, lateral to the longus coli muscle, esophagus and trachea along with the recurrent laryngeal nerve, anterior to the transverse processes and prevertebral fascia, superior to the subclavian artery and the posterior aspect of the plura, and posterior to the vertebral vessels at C7 level. Consequently, inadvertent placement of the needle into the vertebral artery, thyroid, neural tissues, or esophagus can occur with the fluoroscopic or blind approach. While fluoroscopy is a reliable method for identifying boney structures, ultrasound may identify the vertebral vessels, thyroid gland and vessels, longus coli muscles, nerve roots and the esophagus. Thus, ultrasound may prevent inadvertent placement of the needle into these structures as might happen with either the blind technique or fluoroscopic technique. A patient with complex regional pain syndrome type I of the left upper extremity was scheduled for left stellate Ganglion block with the anterior paratracheal approach under fluoroscopy. Real-time ultrasound imaging prevented inadvertent injury to the esophagus as well as the thyroid gland and vessels.
Sun Shuchun - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Influence of stimulating Cervical sympathetic nerve on cardiac function in rabbits
China Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 2003Co-Authors: Sun ShuchunAbstract:Objective To study effects of stimulating Cervical sympathetic nerve on cardiac function so as to explore mechanism of Cervical coronary heart diseases Methods In 30 rabbits,bilateral superior Cervical Ganglion(SCG),Inferior Cervical Ganglion(ICG)and Inferior Cervical cardiac nerve(ICCN)were exposed and stimulated separately by electricity.Changes of index of cardiac function,such as Left ventricle pressure(LVP),developed pressure/developed time max (Dp/Dt max)and ECG ST were recorded with physiologic instrument before and after stimulation.Results Stimulating SCG did not change LVP,Dp/Dt max and ECG ST( P 0 05).After stimulating ICG and ICCN,LVP and Dp/Dt max were descended obviously( P 0 01),besides ST segment and T wave depressed in ECG.With time,LVP,Dp/Dt max and ECG ST could ameliorate gradually.Conclusion Lesion occurred at Inferior Cervical vertebra was easy to stimulate sympathetic nerve,which could induce myocardial ischemia or abnormal cardiac contractility.