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Georgios Giannopoulos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • analysing critical Infrastructure Failure with a resilience inoperability input output model
    Economic Systems Research, 2014
    Co-Authors: Olaf Jonkeren, Georgios Giannopoulos
    Abstract:

    Over the past few years much effort has been made in modelling economic losses resulting from critical Infrastructure Failure. It has appeared that including resilience measures in the modelling approach, which may mute the losses considerably, is a challenging task. At the same time it is necessary because it prevents the modeller from generating overestimates. This study presents two directions to improve the modelling of (economic) resilience for which the state-of-the art with respect to dynamic inoperability input–output modelling is taken as a starting point. Firstly, the new model allows for a different recovery path than the traditionally assumed ‘concave up decreasing curve’ describes for a disrupted Infrastructure or economic sector in the aftermath of a disaster. In this paper, we explain how the recovery path may depend on the type of disaster. Secondly, the model refines the aspect of ‘inventory’ as a resilience measure. Inventory is interpreted in a broad sense here: it can be any resilience...

  • ANALYSING CRITICAL Infrastructure Failure WITH A RESILIENCE INOPERABILITY INPUT–OUTPUT MODEL
    Economic Systems Research, 2014
    Co-Authors: Olaf Jonkeren, Georgios Giannopoulos
    Abstract:

    Over the past few years much effort has been made in modelling economic losses resulting from critical Infrastructure Failure. It has appeared that including resilience measures in the modelling approach, which may mute the losses considerably, is a challenging task. At the same time it is necessary because it prevents the modeller from generating overestimates. This study presents two directions to improve the modelling of (economic) resilience for which the state-of-the art with respect to dynamic inoperability input–output modelling is taken as a starting point. Firstly, the new model allows for a different recovery path than the traditionally assumed ‘concave up decreasing curve’ describes for a disrupted Infrastructure or economic sector in the aftermath of a disaster. In this paper, we explain how the recovery path may depend on the type of disaster. Secondly, the model refines the aspect of ‘inventory’ as a resilience measure. Inventory is interpreted in a broad sense here: it can be any resilience...

Olaf Jonkeren - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • analysing critical Infrastructure Failure with a resilience inoperability input output model
    Economic Systems Research, 2014
    Co-Authors: Olaf Jonkeren, Georgios Giannopoulos
    Abstract:

    Over the past few years much effort has been made in modelling economic losses resulting from critical Infrastructure Failure. It has appeared that including resilience measures in the modelling approach, which may mute the losses considerably, is a challenging task. At the same time it is necessary because it prevents the modeller from generating overestimates. This study presents two directions to improve the modelling of (economic) resilience for which the state-of-the art with respect to dynamic inoperability input–output modelling is taken as a starting point. Firstly, the new model allows for a different recovery path than the traditionally assumed ‘concave up decreasing curve’ describes for a disrupted Infrastructure or economic sector in the aftermath of a disaster. In this paper, we explain how the recovery path may depend on the type of disaster. Secondly, the model refines the aspect of ‘inventory’ as a resilience measure. Inventory is interpreted in a broad sense here: it can be any resilience...

  • ANALYSING CRITICAL Infrastructure Failure WITH A RESILIENCE INOPERABILITY INPUT–OUTPUT MODEL
    Economic Systems Research, 2014
    Co-Authors: Olaf Jonkeren, Georgios Giannopoulos
    Abstract:

    Over the past few years much effort has been made in modelling economic losses resulting from critical Infrastructure Failure. It has appeared that including resilience measures in the modelling approach, which may mute the losses considerably, is a challenging task. At the same time it is necessary because it prevents the modeller from generating overestimates. This study presents two directions to improve the modelling of (economic) resilience for which the state-of-the art with respect to dynamic inoperability input–output modelling is taken as a starting point. Firstly, the new model allows for a different recovery path than the traditionally assumed ‘concave up decreasing curve’ describes for a disrupted Infrastructure or economic sector in the aftermath of a disaster. In this paper, we explain how the recovery path may depend on the type of disaster. Secondly, the model refines the aspect of ‘inventory’ as a resilience measure. Inventory is interpreted in a broad sense here: it can be any resilience...

  • Modelling Economic Consequences of ICT Infrastructure Failure in Support of Critical Infrastructure Protection Policies
    Critical Information Infrastructure Protection and Resilience in the ICT Sector, 2013
    Co-Authors: Olaf Jonkeren, David Ward
    Abstract:

    There is a large body of work and effort been made in the modelling of critical Infrastructures (CI’s) by academia, enterprises, stakeholders, operators, etc.; however, their endeavours have received mixed success so far. This can be traced back to several difficult and historical hurdles in CI modeling such as the chronic unavailability of reliable and recognised data, the specificity of the resulting model, and therefore, its application, the underlying mathematics, narrow-mindedness and lack of awareness of the consequences of Infrastructure Failure, the recognition and dissemination of the modelling methodology-knowledge, etc. Consequently, bridging theory and application and providing tools for analysing CI’s is key to ensuring that such modelling delivers the benefits voiced and satisfies the needs raised. This chapter sets out to tackle several of these issues.

Yifan Yang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Shenghua Zhou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Stephanie E Chang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Infrastructure Resilience to Disasters
    2014
    Co-Authors: Stephanie E Chang
    Abstract:

    Urban societies depend heavily on the proper functioning of Infrastructure systems such as electric power, potable water, and transportation networks. Normally invisible, this reliance becomes painfully evident when Infrastructure systems fail during disasters. Moreover, because of the network properties of Infrastructure, damage in one location can disrupt service in an extensive geographic area. The societal disruption caused by Infrastructure Failures is therefore disproportionately high in relation to actual physical damage. Engineers have long tried to design Infrastructure to withstand extreme forces, but recently they have begun to address the need for urban Infrastructure systems that are resilient to disasters (e.g., National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 2008). Conceptually, resilience entails three interrelated dimensions: lower probabilities of Failure; less-severe negative consequences when Failures do occur; and faster recovery from Failures (Bruneau et al., 2003). The emphasis on consequences and recovery suggests that improving the resilience of Infrastructure systems is not only a technical problem, but it also has societal dimensions. The consequences of recent disasters have demonstrated that urban Infrastructure systems in the United States and other developed countries (not to mention in developing regions of the world) remain highly vulnerable. Moreover, Infrastructure Failure is often a primary cause of economic and human losses in disasters. Consider, for example, the consequences of Infrastructure Failures caused by wind, storm surges, and levee Failures in New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina.

  • Societal Impacts of Infrastructure Failure Interdependencies: Building an Empirical Knowledge Base
    TCLEE 2009, 2009
    Co-Authors: Stephanie E Chang, Timothy L Mcdaniels, C. Beaubien
    Abstract:

    This paper discusses recent efforts to gather and synthesize empirical data on the societal impacts of Infrastructure Failure interdependencies (IFIs). A systematic database has been developed on IFIs and their social, economic, health, safety, and environmental consequences. Data pertain to several events, including the August 14, 2003 blackout (affecting the northeastern U.S. and eastern Canada), the 1998 Quebec ice storm, and three 2004 Florida hurricanes. The database emphasizes IFIs deriving from electric power disruptions. Data are drawn primarily from print/text media reports. Verification exercises are conducted against various other primary and secondary information sources. The database is used to comparatively assess patterns in the severity of societal consequences from IFIs, including characterizing hazard, Infrastructure sectors, and impact types according to their intensive or extensive nature. Hurricanes and ice storms are found to be more similar to each other than to blackouts. Infrastructure sectors of greatest concern include transportation and utilities. Specific IFIs are identified that frequently occur and cause significant societal impacts. These results provide a basis for considering priorities for risk mitigation.

  • characterizing Infrastructure Failure interdependencies to inform systemic risk
    Wiley Handbook of Science and Technology for Homeland Security, 2008
    Co-Authors: Timothy L Mcdaniels, Stephanie E Chang, Dorothy Reed
    Abstract:

    This article develops a conceptual and analytical framework with empirical applications to characterize Infrastructure Failure interdependencies (IFIs). It uses major electrical power outages as the context for understanding how extreme events (within or external to the power system) lead to Failures of other Infrastructure systems, given a major electrical power outage. The article takes an empirical approach by examining the patterns of IFIs that occurred in two events: the August 2003 northeastern North American blackout and the 1998 Quebec ice storm. Section 2 discusses concepts for characterizing IFIs conditional on an extreme event and draws parallels to other models. Then the categories of the framework to characterize IFIs and their consequences are discussed. Section 3 documents and compares the IFIs from the two major outages. Section 4 provides discussion and conclusions regarding future extensions of this work and its applications. Keywords: risk management; Infrastructure; lifeline systems; disasters; electric power supply; systems management

  • Wiley Handbook of Science and Technology for Homeland Security - Characterizing Infrastructure Failure Interdependencies to Inform Systemic Risk
    Wiley Handbook of Science and Technology for Homeland Security, 2008
    Co-Authors: Timothy L Mcdaniels, Stephanie E Chang, Dorothy A. Reed
    Abstract:

    This article develops a conceptual and analytical framework with empirical applications to characterize Infrastructure Failure interdependencies (IFIs). It uses major electrical power outages as the context for understanding how extreme events (within or external to the power system) lead to Failures of other Infrastructure systems, given a major electrical power outage. The article takes an empirical approach by examining the patterns of IFIs that occurred in two events: the August 2003 northeastern North American blackout and the 1998 Quebec ice storm. Section 2 discusses concepts for characterizing IFIs conditional on an extreme event and draws parallels to other models. Then the categories of the framework to characterize IFIs and their consequences are discussed. Section 3 documents and compares the IFIs from the two major outages. Section 4 provides discussion and conclusions regarding future extensions of this work and its applications. Keywords: risk management; Infrastructure; lifeline systems; disasters; electric power supply; systems management

  • Empirical Framework for Characterizing Infrastructure Failure Interdependencies
    Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 2007
    Co-Authors: Timothy L Mcdaniels, Stephanie E Chang, Krista Peterson, Joey Mikawoz, Dorothy A. Reed
    Abstract:

    This paper develops an analytical framework with empirical applications to characterize Infrastructure Failure interdependencies (IFIs). It uses major electrical power outages as the context for understanding how extreme events (within or external to the power system) lead to Failures of other Infrastructure systems, given a major electrical power outage. The paper takes an empirical approach by examining the patterns of IFIs that occurred in three kinds of events: the August 2003 northeastern North American blackout, the 1998 Quebec ice storm, and a set of three 2004 Florida hurricanes. Data sources include media reports and official ex post assessments of the events. The results characterize IFIs in terms of the sectors affected, and the consequences for society. We developed scales to characterize the consequences of IFIs in terms of impact and extent indices. A comparison is provided of IFIs arising in all five events discussed in the paper, as a basis for considering priorities for risk mitigation. The most significant IFIs in all five events included effects on HVAC in buildings; effects on water systems; effects on health systems, including hospitals and public health efforts, and effects on road transportation systems.