The Experts below are selected from a list of 79386 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
David M. Underhill - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Peptidoglycan recognition by the Innate Immune System
Nature Reviews Immunology, 2018Co-Authors: Andrea J. Wolf, David M. UnderhillAbstract:Peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls is sensed by multiple pattern-recognition receptors, including nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1), NOD2, NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) and peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 (PGLYRP1), that trigger inflammatory responses in Immune and nonImmune cells throughout the body. As an important structural component of bacterial cell walls, the sensitivity to degradation of peptidoglycan plays a vital role in determining the overall inflammatory response during infection. Peptidoglycan degradation is regulated by bacterial cell wall modifications that vary substantially among bacterial species and can be altered by exposure to antibiotics. Peptidoglycan fragments are detected throughout the body in the absence of obvious infection. Some circulating peptidoglycan fragments can be traced to the gut microbiota. These circulating peptidoglycan fragments are necessary for proper Immune cell development and homeostasis. For example, circulating peptidoglycan fragments induce NOD1 signalling in phagocytes, altering their maturation and antimicrobial function. Circulating peptidoglycan fragments have been shown to affect neuronal cell development in the brain and in the developing fetus. Peptidoglycan is an important structural component of bacterial cell walls, and mammalian cells express a number of distinct pattern-recognition receptors that detect peptidoglycan fragments. Here, the authors discuss new insights into the role of peptidoglycan recognition in inflammation, metabolism and disease. The Innate Immune System recognizes microbial products using germline-encoded receptors that initiate inflammatory responses to infection. The bacterial cell wall component peptidoglycan is a prime example of a conserved pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) for which the Innate Immune System has evolved sensing mechanisms. Peptidoglycan is a direct target for Innate Immune receptors and also regulates the accessibility of other PAMPs to additional Innate Immune receptors. Subtle structural modifications to peptidoglycan can influence the ability of the Innate Immune System to detect bacteria and can allow bacteria to evade or alter host defences. This Review focuses on the mechanisms of peptidoglycan recognition that are used by mammalian cells and discusses new insights into the role of peptidoglycan recognition in inflammation, metabolism, Immune homeostasis and disease.
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Peptidoglycan recognition by the Innate Immune System
Nature Reviews Immunology, 2018Co-Authors: Andrea J. Wolf, David M. UnderhillAbstract:The Innate Immune System recognizes microbial products using germline-encoded receptors that initiate inflammatory responses to infection. The bacterial cell wall component peptidoglycan is a prime example of a conserved pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) for which the Innate Immune System has evolved sensing mechanisms. Peptidoglycan is a direct target for Innate Immune receptors and also regulates the accessibility of other PAMPs to additional Innate Immune receptors. Subtle structural modifications to peptidoglycan can influence the ability of the Innate Immune System to detect bacteria and can allow bacteria to evade or alter host defences. This Review focuses on the mechanisms of peptidoglycan recognition that are used by mammalian cells and discusses new insights into the role of peptidoglycan recognition in inflammation, metabolism, Immune homeostasis and disease.
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β glucan recognition by the Innate Immune System
Immunological Reviews, 2009Co-Authors: Helen S Goodridge, Andrea J. Wolf, David M. UnderhillAbstract:Beta-glucans are recognized by the Innate Immune System. This recognition plays important roles in host defense and presents specific opportunities for clinical modulation of the host Immune response. Neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells among others express several receptors capable of recognizing beta-glucan in its various forms. This review explores what is currently known about beta-glucan recognition and how this recognition stimulates Immune responses. Special emphasis is placed on Dectin-1, as we know the most about how this key beta-glucan receptor translates recognition into intracellular signaling, stimulates cellular responses, and participates in orchestrating the adaptive Immune response.
Andrea J. Wolf - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Peptidoglycan recognition by the Innate Immune System
Nature Reviews Immunology, 2018Co-Authors: Andrea J. Wolf, David M. UnderhillAbstract:Peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls is sensed by multiple pattern-recognition receptors, including nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1), NOD2, NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) and peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 (PGLYRP1), that trigger inflammatory responses in Immune and nonImmune cells throughout the body. As an important structural component of bacterial cell walls, the sensitivity to degradation of peptidoglycan plays a vital role in determining the overall inflammatory response during infection. Peptidoglycan degradation is regulated by bacterial cell wall modifications that vary substantially among bacterial species and can be altered by exposure to antibiotics. Peptidoglycan fragments are detected throughout the body in the absence of obvious infection. Some circulating peptidoglycan fragments can be traced to the gut microbiota. These circulating peptidoglycan fragments are necessary for proper Immune cell development and homeostasis. For example, circulating peptidoglycan fragments induce NOD1 signalling in phagocytes, altering their maturation and antimicrobial function. Circulating peptidoglycan fragments have been shown to affect neuronal cell development in the brain and in the developing fetus. Peptidoglycan is an important structural component of bacterial cell walls, and mammalian cells express a number of distinct pattern-recognition receptors that detect peptidoglycan fragments. Here, the authors discuss new insights into the role of peptidoglycan recognition in inflammation, metabolism and disease. The Innate Immune System recognizes microbial products using germline-encoded receptors that initiate inflammatory responses to infection. The bacterial cell wall component peptidoglycan is a prime example of a conserved pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) for which the Innate Immune System has evolved sensing mechanisms. Peptidoglycan is a direct target for Innate Immune receptors and also regulates the accessibility of other PAMPs to additional Innate Immune receptors. Subtle structural modifications to peptidoglycan can influence the ability of the Innate Immune System to detect bacteria and can allow bacteria to evade or alter host defences. This Review focuses on the mechanisms of peptidoglycan recognition that are used by mammalian cells and discusses new insights into the role of peptidoglycan recognition in inflammation, metabolism, Immune homeostasis and disease.
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Peptidoglycan recognition by the Innate Immune System
Nature Reviews Immunology, 2018Co-Authors: Andrea J. Wolf, David M. UnderhillAbstract:The Innate Immune System recognizes microbial products using germline-encoded receptors that initiate inflammatory responses to infection. The bacterial cell wall component peptidoglycan is a prime example of a conserved pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) for which the Innate Immune System has evolved sensing mechanisms. Peptidoglycan is a direct target for Innate Immune receptors and also regulates the accessibility of other PAMPs to additional Innate Immune receptors. Subtle structural modifications to peptidoglycan can influence the ability of the Innate Immune System to detect bacteria and can allow bacteria to evade or alter host defences. This Review focuses on the mechanisms of peptidoglycan recognition that are used by mammalian cells and discusses new insights into the role of peptidoglycan recognition in inflammation, metabolism, Immune homeostasis and disease.
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β glucan recognition by the Innate Immune System
Immunological Reviews, 2009Co-Authors: Helen S Goodridge, Andrea J. Wolf, David M. UnderhillAbstract:Beta-glucans are recognized by the Innate Immune System. This recognition plays important roles in host defense and presents specific opportunities for clinical modulation of the host Immune response. Neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells among others express several receptors capable of recognizing beta-glucan in its various forms. This review explores what is currently known about beta-glucan recognition and how this recognition stimulates Immune responses. Special emphasis is placed on Dectin-1, as we know the most about how this key beta-glucan receptor translates recognition into intracellular signaling, stimulates cellular responses, and participates in orchestrating the adaptive Immune response.
Bart Jan Kullberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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an integrated model of the recognition of candida albicans by the Innate Immune System
Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2008Co-Authors: Mihai G Netea, Gordon D Brown, Bart Jan KullbergAbstract:Recognition of fungi by the Innate Immune System depends on 'tasting' several pathogen-associated molecular patterns in the fungal cell wall. In this Review, the authors pull together the available in vitro and in vivo data to propose an integrated model for Candida albicans recognition by the Innate Immune System.
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an integrated model of the recognition of candida albicans by the Innate Immune System
Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2008Co-Authors: Mihai G Netea, Gordon D Brown, Bart Jan KullbergAbstract:Recognition of fungi by the Innate Immune System depends on 'tasting' several pathogen-associated molecular patterns in the fungal cell wall. In this Review, the authors pull together the availablein vitro and in vivo data to propose an integrated model for Candida albicansrecognition by the Innate Immune System. The Innate Immune response was once considered to be a limited set of responses that aimed to contain an infection by primitive 'ingest and kill' mechanisms, giving the host time to mount a specific humoral and cellular Immune response. In the mid-1990s, however, the discovery of Toll-like receptors heralded a revolution in our understanding of how microorganisms are recognized by the Innate Immune System, and how this System is activated. Several major classes of pathogen-recognition receptors have now been described, each with specific abilities to recognize conserved bacterial structures. The challenge ahead is to understand the level of complexity that underlies the response that is triggered by pathogen recognition. In this Review, we use the fungal pathogen Candida albicans as a model for the complex interaction that exists between the host pattern-recognition Systems and invading microbial pathogens.
Mary K Crow - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Innate Immune System activation in osteoarthritis is osteoarthritis a chronic wound
Current Opinion in Rheumatology, 2008Co-Authors: Carla R Scanzello, Anna Plaas, Mary K CrowAbstract:Purpose of reviewSynovial inflammation is increasingly recognized as an important pathophysiologic process in osteoarthritis, but the stimuli and downstream pathways activated are not well defined. Innate Immune System activation, best documented in responses to pathogens, likely plays a role in ind
Mark J. Soloski - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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dietary factors alter hepatic Innate Immune System in mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Hepatology, 2005Co-Authors: Mark J. Soloski, Anna Mae DiehlAbstract:Dietary factors promote obesity and obesity-related disorders, such as fatty liver disease. Natural killer T (NKT) cells are components of the Innate Immune System that regulate proinflammatory (Th-1) and anti-inflammatory (Th-2) Immune responses. Previously, we noted that NKT cells are selectively reduced in the fatty livers of obese, leptin-deficient ob/ob mice and demonstrated that this promotes proinflammatory polarization of hepatic cytokine production, exacerbating lipopolysaccharide (LPS) liver injury in these animals. In the current study, we show that hepatic NKT cells are also depleted by diets that induce obesity and fatty livers in wild-type mice, promoting Th-1 polarization of hepatic cytokine production and sensitization to LPS liver injury despite persistent leptin. Adult male C57BL6 mice fed diets containing high amounts of either fat or sucrose, or combined high-fat, high-sucrose, develop increased hepatic NKT cell apoptosis and reduced liver NKT cells. The hepatic lymphocytes are more Th-1 polarized with increased intracellular interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Mice fed high-fat diets also exhibit more liver injury, reflected by 2-fold greater serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) than control animals after receiving LPS. In conclusion, when otherwise normal mice are fed with high-fat or sucrose diet, they become obese, develop fatty livers, and acquire hepatic Innate Immune System abnormalities, including increased NKT cell apoptosis. The latter reduces liver NKT cell populations and promotes excessive hepatic production of Th-1 cytokines that promote hepatic inflammation. These diet-induced alterations in the hepatic Innate Immune System may contribute to obesity-related liver disease.
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Recognition of tumor cells by the Innate Immune System.
Current Opinion in Immunology, 2001Co-Authors: Mark J. SoloskiAbstract:There has been a rapid increase in our understanding of the cellular components of the Innate Immune System, the receptors used to distinguish changes in homeostasis, and how these components integrate into an anti-tumor effector response. Recently, significant progress has been made in the identification of ligands for receptors that activate NK cells, and the results have implications for the recognition of tumor cells.