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Paul H Hunt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The human rights responsibility of International Assistance and cooperation in health
2011Co-Authors: J. B. De Mesquita, Paul H Hunt, Rajat KhoslaAbstract:Copyright © 2010 University of Pennsylvania Press. As a result of globalization, the actors and processes affecting the right of everyone to enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physi-cal and mental health (the "right to the highest attainable standard of health" or "right to health") are increasingly Internationalized. This is particularly the case in low-income countries, where the right to health is influenced, positively and negatively, by International debt relief efforts, trade agreements, humanitarian and development Assistance, and the national health policies of, and pharmaceutical research and develop-ment carried out in, high-income countries. During the twentieth century, the health of people across most parts of the world steadily improved. However, progress has significantly slowed in recent years, particularly in low-income countries, where there is still an extremely high burden of preventable conditions (Commission on Macroeconomics and Health 2001, 40). A significant reason for this is the lack of resources of those living in poverty, and their governments, to ensure access to health-related services. In recent decades, high-income countries have expressed increasing commitment to improving health in low-income countries, both as a goal in its own right and as an integral element of development and poverty-reduction initiatives (Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency 2002, 7; U.K. Department for International Development 2007c, 3). This is reflected in the Millennium Declaration, which was adopted in 2000 by the largest gathering of heads of state and government in history, and which gave rise to a set of development objectives, now com-monly known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Health is a prominent theme among the eight goals, which also include a commit-ment to a global partnership for development (goal 8). The MDGs and various other International political commitments in-clude agreements by states to increase funds for development, including health, in low-income countries, and create a supportive International pol-icy environment with this objective in mind. However, these good inten-tions have not-on the whole-been followed by the required injection of funds.1 Furthermore, particular policies of some high-income states, including certain trade policies, create a difficult environment for the im-provement of health in some low-income countries (Oxfam 2006). Under several International human rights treaties, including the UN International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (1966), states have a human rights responsibility of International Assistance and cooperation in health. This means that states have a legal responsibility to ensure that their laws, policies, and activities support, and do not ob-struct, the enjoyment of the right to health in other countries. Given the impact of high-income states on the right to health in low-income states, this responsibility has particular relevance in the context of the relation-ship between these countries. The human rights responsibility of International Assistance and coop-eration in health has only recently attracted significant attention from International human rights mechanisms, civil society, and states. This chapter focuses on the contribution of Paul Hunt, the first UN special rapporteur on the right to the highest attainable standard of health,2 to elaborate the meaning and scope of this responsibility. The special rapporteur's analysis builds on the conceptual framework on economic, social, and cultural rights, including International Assistance and coop-eration, developed by the Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, and others. The special rapporteur has applied this analysis in the context of the right to the highest attainable standard of health, including particular right to health issues such as sexual and repro-ductive rights, mental health, access to medicines, and water and sanita-tion. He has also applied this analysis to specific interactions between high-and low-income states, including multilateral and bilateral trade agreements, development Assistance, and the activities of International organizations.
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International Assistance and cooperation in sexual and reproductive health: a human rights responsibility for donors.
2008Co-Authors: De Mesquita Jb, Paul H HuntAbstract:States obligations under some International treaties extend beyond their national borders to International Assistance and cooperation for human rights including the rights to sexual and reproductive health in other countries. This publication focuses on what is expected of donors in the context of this responsibility. It shows how many donors are taking important steps towards fulfilling this duty through measures they are taking to integrate the rights to sexual and reproductive health into their policies and programmes but also argues that many donors can also do more. The publication concludes with a set of recommendations addressed to donors and their developing country partner governments.
Richard Stren - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Urban Service Delivery in Africa and the Role of International Assistance
Development Policy Review, 2014Co-Authors: Richard StrenAbstract:type="main"> Sub-Saharan African cities have been growing at historically unprecedented rates. Since the early 1970s, they have received considerable International Assistance, involving a succession of major thematic objectives. The main agency involved in urban Assistance has been the World Bank. But as its goals have changed, it has been obliged to operate increasingly through a decentralised, more democratically structured local-government system. Overall, the success of this International-Assistance regime has been positive but modest, given the overwhelming needs of African cities. Still, African cities are increasingly finding solutions both co-operatively and on their own.
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Donor Assistance and Urban Service Delivery in Africa
2012Co-Authors: Richard StrenAbstract:Sub-Saharan African cities have been growing at historically unprecedented rates. Since the early 1970s, they have welcomed International Assistance involving a succession of major thematic objectives. The main agency involved in urban Assistance has been the World Bank. But as its goals have changed, it has been obliged to operate increasingly through a decentralized, more democratically structured local government system. Overall, the success of this International Assistance regime has been positive but modest, given the overwhelming needs of African cities. Still, African cities are increasingly finding solutions both co-operatively and on their own.
Will Bartlett - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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International Assistance, donor interests, and state capture in the Western Balkans
Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 2020Co-Authors: Will BartlettAbstract:Despite the enormous inflow of International Assistance to the Western Balkans over the last 25 years, the intended state-building efforts have only had partial success and great concerns have been...
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International Assistance Programmes and the Reform of Vocational Education in the Western Balkans: Sources of Policy Failure
Southeastern Europe, 2013Co-Authors: Will BartlettAbstract:Over the last twenty years, numerous International Assistance programmes have aimed to provide support for reconstruction and assist the policy reform process in the Western Balkans. In this context, concerns have arisen that poor government policies and inade quate donor coordination have reduced the effectiveness of such Assistance. The paper discusses the sources of policy success and policy failure of such International Assistance programmes within a principal-agent framework that models the influence of misaligned objectives, differing incentive structures, asymmetric information and moral hazard facing the different actors in the institutional structure of Assistance programmes. In this political economy approach the varying influences on multiple principals and agents are key deter minants of the effectiveness of policy. The paper takes a sectoral view in examining assis tance programmes in the vocational education sector, where large donor effort has been applied in the Western Balkans over the last decade to modernise and reform the education system. The specific focus is on secondary vocational education in Serbia. The paper identi fies causes of policy failure in EU pre-accession Assistance in this key policy area.
Jeffrey T. Checkel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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International Assistance and Human Rights in Post-Soviet Ukraine
PonarsEuarasia - Policy Memos, 2012Co-Authors: Jeffrey T. CheckelAbstract:A decade into its independent, post-Soviet existence, words or phrases like laggard, diminished expectations or basket case typically capture the headline story about Ukraine. In the humanrights policy area, the country has gone from being one of the Western community’s star pupils to a problem child. What accounts for this disturbing progression, if, indeed, it is accurate? Where has International Assistance gone wrong (and right)? What policy lessons can be gleaned from the experience of seeking to create a rule-of-law polity in a transition state like Ukraine? To answer such questions, a baseline for comparison needs to be established as well as two key terms, International Assistance and human rights, defined. Such preliminaries are essential if we are to put Ukraine’s human-rights record in its proper context.
Johanne Sundby - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Norway at ICPD+10: International Assistance for reproductive health does not reflect domestic policies.
Reproductive Health Matters, 2005Co-Authors: Berit Austveg, Johanne SundbyAbstract:Norway has a long history of good reproductive health care, with some of the world's best reproductive health indicators. Early reduction of maternal mortality, good services for abortion, contraception and sexually transmitted diseases, a low rate of adolescent pregnancies and a low number people with HIV are examples, achieved through an integrated, publicly provided and funded health care package. Official Norwegian development Assistance started in 1952. Emphasis on family planning Assistance dates back to 1966, making Norway one of the most consistent donors to family planning and reproductive health programmes. Norway also had a high profile at the International Conference on Population and Development and strongly supported the Programme of Action. Since then, while multilateral support in these areas has stayed high, bilateral support has been downscaled. Overall, International Assistance does not reflect the domestic approach to reproductive health services. Norway has given little development support to improvement of maternity services, avoided the issues of abortion and post-coital contraception, and passed up opportunities to support adolescent services. Prevention and treatment of infertility has hardly been an issue. Revitalisation of the reproductive rights discourse in Norway could provide a basis for the protection of reproductive health care domestically, and for policy discussions and decisions in relation to Norway's development Assistance.
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norway at icpd 10 International Assistance for reproductive health does not reflect domestic policies
Reproductive Health Matters, 2005Co-Authors: Berit Austveg, Johanne SundbyAbstract:Norway has a long history of good reproductive health care, with some of the world's best reproductive health indicators. Early reduction of maternal mortality, good services for abortion, contraception and sexually transmitted diseases, a low rate of adolescent pregnancies and a low number people with HIV are examples, achieved through an integrated, publicly provided and funded health care package. Official Norwegian development Assistance started in 1952. Emphasis on family planning Assistance dates back to 1966, making Norway one of the most consistent donors to family planning and reproductive health programmes. Norway also had a high profile at the International Conference on Population and Development and strongly supported the Programme of Action. Since then, while multilateral support in these areas has stayed high, bilateral support has been downscaled. Overall, International Assistance does not reflect the domestic approach to reproductive health services. Norway has given little development support to improvement of maternity services, avoided the issues of abortion and post-coital contraception, and passed up opportunities to support adolescent services. Prevention and treatment of infertility has hardly been an issue. Revitalisation of the reproductive rights discourse in Norway could provide a basis for the protection of reproductive health care domestically, and for policy discussions and decisions in relation to Norway's development Assistance.