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Jacquelyn C. Campbell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Intimate Partner Violence against women in slums in India.
The Indian journal of medical research, 2015Co-Authors: Bushra Sabri, Jacquelyn C. CampbellAbstract:The study by Begum and colleagues1 in this issue is of public health significance because it contributes to the body of evidence on socio-demographic factors related to Intimate Partner Violence among women from urban slums in India. Such knowledge is needed for developing prevention and intervention strategies for abused women in slum settings. Further, it focuses on women in the reproductive age group, which is a high risk age group for Intimate Partner Violence2 and related reproductive health concerns such as unintended pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy complications3. Intimate Partner Violence and related fear limits women's ability to negotiate safe sex behaviours (e.g. condom use) and places them at risk for poor reproductive outcomes. Violence against women is a significant public health problem in India with prevalence estimates ranging from 6 per cent in one State (i.e. Himachal Pradesh) to 59 per cent in another (i.e. Bihar)4,5. Prevalence rates of Intimate Partner Violence are approximately the same or lower/higher in slums areas than in the non-slum areas. In the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), the prevalence of Violence against married women in various slum areas in India was reported to be between 23 and 62 per cent6. In the study by Begum et al1, nearly a quarter of the women in the slums reported experiencing Violence by an Intimate Partner. The factors associated with Intimate Partner Violence were early marriage, husband's alcohol use, women's employment, and justification of wife beating1. Indian women are exposed to Intimate Partner Violence due to factors operating at multiple contextual levels in their lives. For instance, in India, factors such as cultural practice of dowry7, growing up witnessing Violence8, presence of multiple children in the family9, forced sex10, Partners’ threats of harm, jealousy and controlling behaviours11,12, and residence in areas with high murder rates13 have been found to be positively associated with Intimate Partner Violence. Most of the risk factors for Intimate Partner Violence identified in slums appear to be similar to those identified in non-slum settings in India. For example, women's employment has been found to be a risk factor for Intimate Partner Violence in both slums and non-slum settings in India10,14,15,16,17. In Indian families with patriarchal norms, women with higher income or status relative to their Partners are more likely to be seen as gender deviant and to face Violence. Despite haing resources superior or sometimes equal to their abusive Partners, women are unable to use those resources to reduce Intimate Partner Violence17. Many risk factors for Intimate Partner Violence are driven by patriarchal socio-cultural norms. Norms related to gender roles, community attitudes and the broader social context, including the media, play a significant role in the acceptance and promotion of Intimate Partner Violence18,19. Women are lauded for silently suffering Intimate Partner Violence but still staying home and not desisting from their expected roles as wives, mothers or daughters20. Although Intimate Partner Violence occurs in all settings, abused women from the slums face distinct barriers in obtaining support and services, and, therefore, are especially at risk for poor health outcomes of Intimate Partner Violence. Slum environment is characterized by low socio-economic status, unhealthy living conditions, and lack of basic services. These aspects play a role in women's vulnerability to abuse and their inability to break free from abusive relationships. Factors that enhance the stress level of families have been shown to increase the probability of Intimate Partner Violence9. Research in the US suggests that features of the environment (e.g. poor housing) create situations of distress, dissatisfaction, stress and rage, which increase the likelihood of Intimate Partner Violence21. Socio-economically disadvantaged neighbourhoods are associated with limited social ties/social control and increased social isolation, which limits an abused woman's ability to call upon resources to address Intimate Partner Violence21. In a study of married men in India (N=4520), residence in areas characterized by high violent crime rates was found to be significantly associated with perpetration of both physical and sexual Intimate Partner Violence against women13. Co-residence with in-laws who support/incite Intimate Partner Violence is another factor related to Violence against women22. Thus, environmental level factors need consideration in understanding Intimate Partner Violence among women in slums. Slums, in the Indian census, have been defined as residential areas which are unfit for human habitation by reasons of dilapidation, overcrowding, lack of ventilation, electricity or sanitation facilities23. The neighbourhoods are so densely populated that Intimate Partner Violence, though deemed a “private” matter, is often witnessed by neighbours and passers-by. However, because of community, family, and individual acceptance of Intimate Partner Violence, women in the slums are often rendered more vulnerable and stigmatized for leaving abusive relationships24. Women may not disclose abuse due to fear of retribution by family and community members. A large scale study, based on socio-contextual framework, is needed to investigate (i) multiple factors in the slum environment that place women at risk for Intimate Partner Violence, and (ii) how these factors differ from non-slum environments in India. A socio-contextual framework can provide a more comprehensive examination and understanding of slum women's exposure to Intimate Partner Violence and areas of prevention and intervention for health care practitioners and policymakers. Health care providers are the main institutional contact for women in abusive relationships25. Thus, health care settings (particularly reproductive care settings) should play a significant role in reaching out to slum women who are at risk of or affected by Intimate Partner Violence. Professionals providing services must be trained in screening for Intimate Partner Violence and providing appropriate referrals. Empowerment through educational and employment opportunities can help women break free from abusive relationships. However, empowerment needs to be tied with awareness/prevention education to address cultural values and norms that place women, who leave abusive situations, at risk for further Violence/marginalization by family and community.
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Current evidence on perinatal home visiting and Intimate Partner Violence.
Journal of obstetric gynecologic and neonatal nursing : JOGNN, 2008Co-Authors: Phyllis Sharps, Jacquelyn C. Campbell, Marguerite L. Baty, Keisha S. Walker, Megan H. Bair-merrittAbstract:ABSTRACT Objective To describe current evidence on home visiting interventions for pregnant or postpartum women with specific Intimate Partner Violence assessment and content. Data Sources Online bibliographic databases including PubMed, CINAHL Plus, and Web of Science and a hand search of bibliographies of relevant articles. Study Selection Original research and intervention studies were included that contained (a) a well-described prenatal and/or postpartum home visitation; (b) an assessment of perinatal Intimate Partner Violence; and (c) quantitative data describing health outcomes for the women and their infants. Data Extraction The search yielded 128 articles, and 8 relevant articles met all of the inclusion criteria. Nonresearch, nonintervention, and international articles were excluded. Data Synthesis No perinatal home visiting interventions were designed to address Intimate Partner Violence. Programs that screened for Intimate Partner Violence found high rates, and the presence of Intimate Partner Violence limited the ability of the intervention to improve maternal and child outcomes. Conclusions Perinatal home visitation programs likely improve pregnancy and infant outcomes. Home visiting interventions addressing Intimate Partner Violence in nonperinatal population groups have been effective in minimizing Intimate Partner Violence and improving outcomes. This suggests that perinatal home visiting programs adding specific Intimate Partner Violence interventions may reduce Intimate Partner Violence and improve maternal and infant health. Continued rigorous research is needed.
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Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence in China
American journal of public health, 2005Co-Authors: Fengchuan Zhu, Patricia O'campo, Michael Koenig, Victoria Mock, Jacquelyn C. CampbellAbstract:Objectives. We estimated the prevalence of and risk factors for Intimate Partner Violence in China.Methods. Our cross-sectional, comparative prevalence study used a face-to-face survey of randomly selected women attending an urban outpatient gynecological clinic at a major teaching hospital in Fuzhou, China. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess risk factors for Intimate Partner Violence.Results. Of the 600 women interviewed, the prevalence of lifetime Intimate Partner Violence and Violence taking place within the year before the interview was 43% and 26%, respectively. For lifetime Intimate Partner Violence, Partners who had extramarital affairs and who refused to give respondents money were the strongest independent predictors. For Intimate Partner Violence taking place within the year before the interview, frequent quarreling was the strongest predictor.Conclusions. Intimate Partner Violence is prevalent in China, with strong associations with male patriarchal values and conflict reso...
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health consequences of Intimate Partner Violence
The Lancet, 2002Co-Authors: Jacquelyn C. CampbellAbstract:Summary Intimate Partner Violence, which describes physical or sexual assault, or both, of a spouse or sexual Intimate, is a common health-care issue. In this article, I have reviewed research on the mental and physical health sequelae of such Violence. Increased health problems such as injury, chronic pain, gastrointestinal, and gynaecological signs including sexually-transmitted diseases, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder are well documented by controlled research in abused women in various settings. Intimate Partner Violence has been noted in 3–13% of pregnancles in many studies from around the world, and is associated with detrimental outcomes to mothers and infants. I recommend increased assessment and interventions for Intimate Partner Violence in health-care settings.
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Intimate Partner Violence against women.
Annual review of nursing research, 2001Co-Authors: Janice Humphreys, Barbara Parker, Jacquelyn C. CampbellAbstract:Intimate Partner Violence against women has received considerable attention from nurse-researchers over the past 10 years. Although the amount and sophistication of both quantitative and qualitative research have changed over time, nursing research on Intimate Partner Violence against women has not lost its perspective; nurse-researchers have continued to address women survivors' full range of human responses to Violence. Research into Violence during pregnancy and battered women's psychological responses to abuse have received considerable attention. Research into Violence during pregnancy and battered women's psychological responses to abuse have received considerable attention. Research into Violence during pregnancy accounts for fully 20% of all the reviewed nursing research. The largely qualitative research into women's psychological responses to Violence is particularly rich and remarkably similar across multiple studies. International studies on Intimate Partner Violence are beginning to appear in the literature and research that addresses the unique experience of ethnically diverse women is occurring with greater frequency. The purpose of this chapter is to review nursing research on Intimate Partner Violence against women in the past decade. Future directions for nursing research, practice, and education are included.
Kristian Heggenhougen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Intimate Partner Violence against women in eastern uganda implications for hiv prevention
BMC Public Health, 2006Co-Authors: Charles Karamagi, James K Tumwine, Thorkild Tylleskar, Kristian HeggenhougenAbstract:Background We were interested in finding out if the very low antenatal VCT acceptance rate reported in Mbale Hospital was linked to Intimate Partner Violence against women. We therefore set out to i) determine the prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence, ii) identify risk factors for Intimate Partner Violence and iii) look for association between Intimate Partner Violence and HIV prevention particularly in the context of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV programme (PMTCT).
James E. Ferguson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Intimate Partner Violence and pregnancy: screening and intervention.
American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2017Co-Authors: Christian A. Chisholm, Linda Bullock, James E. FergusonAbstract:In the first part of this review, we provided currently accepted definitions of categories and subcategories of Intimate Partner Violence and discussed the prevalence and health impacts of Intimate Partner Violence in nonpregnant and pregnant women. Herein we review current recommendations for Intimate Partner Violence screening and the evidence surrounding the effectiveness of Intimate Partner Violence interventions. Screening for Intimate Partner Violence may include exclusively identification of victims of Intimate Partner Violence or both the identification of and intervention for victims. Until recently, many professional organizations did not recommend universal screening for Intimate Partner Violence because of a lack of evidence of effectiveness of screening, lack of evidence demonstrating that screening is not harmful, and/or a lack of consensus regarding the most effective screening tool. The lack of evidence supporting an intervention posed an additional barrier to screening. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has been a staunch advocate for universal Intimate Partner Violence screening, even when other groups either did not endorse screening or recommended it only for high-risk women. Recent published data confirm that screening is more reliable than usual care in identifying victims of Intimate Partner Violence, both during pregnancy and in nonpregnant women. Likewise, recent published data show that there are no apparent harms of screening for Intimate Partner Violence and that the act of screening may have an empowering effect on women and improve their relationship with and trust in their health care providers. Despite these findings, the implementation rate of Intimate Partner Violence screening remains low. Most encouraging are the recent data showing that interventions performed after screening for Intimate Partner Violence are effective in reducing depression symptoms and episodes of Violence as well as improving some outcomes of pregnancy. Although there remains a lack of consensus regarding which screening tool may be the most effective, we exhort all obstetrician-gynecologists to screen all women for Intimate Partner Violence at regular intervals and to familiarize themselves with available community resources to assist those women who have been identified as experiencing Intimate Partner Violence through screening.
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Intimate Partner Violence and pregnancy: epidemiology and impact.
American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2017Co-Authors: Christian A. Chisholm, Linda Bullock, James E. FergusonAbstract:Intimate Partner Violence is a significant public health problem in our society, affecting women disproportionately. Intimate Partner Violence takes many forms, including physical Violence, sexual Violence, stalking, and psychological aggression. While the scope of Intimate Partner Violence is not fully documented, nearly 40% of women in the United States are victims of sexual Violence in their lifetimes and 20% are victims of physical Intimate Partner Violence. Other forms of Intimate Partner Violence are likely particularly underreported. Intimate Partner Violence has a substantial impact on a woman's physical and mental health. Physical disorders include the direct consequences of injuries sustained after physical Violence, such as fractures, lacerations and head trauma, sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancies as a consequence of sexual Violence, and various pain disorders. Mental health impacts include an increased risk of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, and suicide. These adverse health effects are amplified in pregnancy, with an increased risk of pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth, low birthweight, and small for gestational age. In many US localities, suicide and homicide are leading causes of pregnancy-associated mortality. We herein review the issues noted previously in greater depth and introduce the basic principles of Intimate Partner Violence prevention. We separately address current recommendations for Intimate Partner Violence screening and the evidence surrounding effectiveness of Intimate Partner Violence interventions.
Catherine L. Clark - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Rates of Intimate Partner Violence in the United States.
American journal of public health, 1998Co-Authors: John Schafer, Raul Caetano, Catherine L. ClarkAbstract:OBJECTIVES: Estimates of Intimate Partner Violence in the United States based on representative samples have relied on data from one person per household or limited numbers of indicators from both Partners. The purpose of this study was to estimate nationwide rates of Intimate Partner Violence with data from both couple members by using a standardized survey instrument, the Conflict Tactics Scale. METHODS: A multistage probability sampling design was used to conduct separate face-to-face interviews in respondents' homes with both members of 1635 representative couples living in the 48 contiguous states. RESULTS: Both Partners' reports were used to estimate the following lower- and upper-bound rates: 5.21% and 13.61% for male-to-female Partner Violence, 6.22% and 18.21% for female-to-male Partner Violence, and 7.84% to 21.48% for any Partner-to-Partner Violence. CONCLUSIONS: High rates of Intimate Partner Violence in the United States corroborate previous claims that the amount of Intimate Partner Violence...
Christian A. Chisholm - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Intimate Partner Violence and pregnancy: screening and intervention.
American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2017Co-Authors: Christian A. Chisholm, Linda Bullock, James E. FergusonAbstract:In the first part of this review, we provided currently accepted definitions of categories and subcategories of Intimate Partner Violence and discussed the prevalence and health impacts of Intimate Partner Violence in nonpregnant and pregnant women. Herein we review current recommendations for Intimate Partner Violence screening and the evidence surrounding the effectiveness of Intimate Partner Violence interventions. Screening for Intimate Partner Violence may include exclusively identification of victims of Intimate Partner Violence or both the identification of and intervention for victims. Until recently, many professional organizations did not recommend universal screening for Intimate Partner Violence because of a lack of evidence of effectiveness of screening, lack of evidence demonstrating that screening is not harmful, and/or a lack of consensus regarding the most effective screening tool. The lack of evidence supporting an intervention posed an additional barrier to screening. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has been a staunch advocate for universal Intimate Partner Violence screening, even when other groups either did not endorse screening or recommended it only for high-risk women. Recent published data confirm that screening is more reliable than usual care in identifying victims of Intimate Partner Violence, both during pregnancy and in nonpregnant women. Likewise, recent published data show that there are no apparent harms of screening for Intimate Partner Violence and that the act of screening may have an empowering effect on women and improve their relationship with and trust in their health care providers. Despite these findings, the implementation rate of Intimate Partner Violence screening remains low. Most encouraging are the recent data showing that interventions performed after screening for Intimate Partner Violence are effective in reducing depression symptoms and episodes of Violence as well as improving some outcomes of pregnancy. Although there remains a lack of consensus regarding which screening tool may be the most effective, we exhort all obstetrician-gynecologists to screen all women for Intimate Partner Violence at regular intervals and to familiarize themselves with available community resources to assist those women who have been identified as experiencing Intimate Partner Violence through screening.
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Intimate Partner Violence and pregnancy: epidemiology and impact.
American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2017Co-Authors: Christian A. Chisholm, Linda Bullock, James E. FergusonAbstract:Intimate Partner Violence is a significant public health problem in our society, affecting women disproportionately. Intimate Partner Violence takes many forms, including physical Violence, sexual Violence, stalking, and psychological aggression. While the scope of Intimate Partner Violence is not fully documented, nearly 40% of women in the United States are victims of sexual Violence in their lifetimes and 20% are victims of physical Intimate Partner Violence. Other forms of Intimate Partner Violence are likely particularly underreported. Intimate Partner Violence has a substantial impact on a woman's physical and mental health. Physical disorders include the direct consequences of injuries sustained after physical Violence, such as fractures, lacerations and head trauma, sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancies as a consequence of sexual Violence, and various pain disorders. Mental health impacts include an increased risk of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, and suicide. These adverse health effects are amplified in pregnancy, with an increased risk of pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth, low birthweight, and small for gestational age. In many US localities, suicide and homicide are leading causes of pregnancy-associated mortality. We herein review the issues noted previously in greater depth and introduce the basic principles of Intimate Partner Violence prevention. We separately address current recommendations for Intimate Partner Violence screening and the evidence surrounding effectiveness of Intimate Partner Violence interventions.
