The Experts below are selected from a list of 210 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Igor G Morgunov - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Synthesis citric and Isocitric Acids by Yarrowia lipolytica during yeasts growth on rapeseed oils
Microbiology, 2020Co-Authors: Svetlana V Kamzolova, T. V. Finogenova, O. A. Perevoznikova, L. N. Minachova, Igor G MorgunovAbstract:: The native strain Yarrowia lipolytica VKM Y-2373 grown in a complete medium exhibited the maximum lipase activity at the concentration of rapeseed oil of at least 5.0 g/l. In the course of yeast growth, no considerable changes were observed in the glycerol concentration, the proportions of the major free fatty Acids formed via oil hydrolysis, or the fatty Acid composition of oil. Under nitrogen limitation of cell growth, the accumulation of citric Acids reached 77.1 g/l with predominance of Isocitric Acid at pH 6.0, whereas at pH 4.5, almost equal amounts of citric and Isocitric Acids were produced. Cultivation of the mutant strain Y. lipolytica N 1 at pH 4.5 resulted in the predominant accumulation of citric Acid (66.6 g/l) with an insignificant amount of Isocitric Acid. In the period of intense Acid synthesis, high production of lipase was observed.
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microbiological production of Isocitric Acid from biodiesel waste and its effect on spatial memory
Microorganisms, 2020Co-Authors: Igor G Morgunov, Svetlana V Kamzolova, O V Karpukhina, S B Bokieva, Julia N Lunina, A N InozemtsevAbstract:Within this work, the microbial synthesis of (2R,3S)-Isocitric Acid (ICA), a metabolite of the nonconventional yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, from biodiesel waste, has been studied. The selected strain Y. lipolytica VKM Y-2373 synthesized ICA with citric Acid (CA) as a byproduct. This process can be regulated by changing cultivation conditions. The maximal production of ICA with the minimal formation of the byproduct was provided by the use of a concentration of (NH4)2SO4 (6 g/L); the addition of biodiesel waste to cultivation medium in 20–60 g/L portions; maintaining the pH of the cultivation medium at 6, and degree of aeration between 25% and 60% of saturation. Itaconic Acid at a concentration of 15 mM favorably influenced the production of ICA by the selected strain. The optimization of cultivation conditions allowed us to increase the concentration of ICA in the culture liquid from 58.32 to 90.2 g/L, the product yield (Y) by 40%, and the ICA/CA ratio from 1.1:1 to 3:1. Research on laboratory animals indicated that ICA counteracted the negative effect of ammonium molybdate (10−5 M) and lead diacetate (10−7 M) on the learning and spatial memory of rats, including those exposed to emotional stress.
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microbial production of 2 r 3 s Isocitric Acid state of the arts and prospects
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2019Co-Authors: Svetlana V Kamzolova, Igor G MorgunovAbstract:(2R,3S)-Isocitric Acid has long been used only as a specific biochemical reagent. However, there is ever increasing evidence that it can also be used as an original promising substance for prevention and treatment of some diseases. The review considers the results of longtime research in our laboratory and the data of other researchers related to microbial synthesis of (2R,3S)-Isocitric Acid, derivation and selection of active microbial producers, development of their cultivation conditions, as well as the results of study of the mechanism of Acid overproduction, and regulation of enzymes involed in this process. The efficient processes of (2R,3S)-Isocitric Acid production with the aid of natural, mutant, and recombinant strains of Yarrowia lipolytica and methods of product isolation and purification to pharmacopeial standarts are also reviewed.
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biosynthesis of Isocitric Acid in repeated batch culture and testing of its stress protective activity
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2019Co-Authors: Igor G Morgunov, Svetlana V Kamzolova, O V Karpukhina, S B Bokieva, A N InozemtsevAbstract:Biosynthesis of Ds(+)-threo-Isocitric Acid from ethanol in the Yarrowia lipolytica batch and repeated-batch cultures was studied. Repeated-batch cultivation was found to provide for a good biosynthetic efficiency of the producer for as long as 748 h, probably due to maintenance of high activities of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of Isocitric Acid. Under optimal repeated-batch cultivation conditions, the producer accumulated 109.6 g/L Ds(+)-threo-Isocitric Acid with a production rate of 1.346 g/L h. The monopotassium salt of Isocitric Acid isolated from the culture liquid and purified to 99.9% was found to remove neurointoxication, to restore memory, and to improve the learning of laboratory rats intoxicated with lead and molybdenum salts. Taking into account the fact that the neurotoxic effect of heavy metals is mainly determined by oxidative stress, the aforementioned favorable action of Isocitric Acid on the intoxicated rats can be explained by its antioxidant activity among other pharmacological effects.
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fermentation conditions and media optimization for Isocitric Acid production from ethanol by yarrowia lipolytica
BioMed Research International, 2018Co-Authors: Svetlana V Kamzolova, Ramil K Allayarov, Vladimir A Samoilenko, Julia N Lunina, Roman V Shamin, Nadezda N Stepanova, Grigorii I Morgunov, Igor G MorgunovAbstract:Isocitric Acid exists in the form of four stereoisomers, of which only the threo-Ds-form (ICA) is a natural active compound, an intermediate of Krebs cycle, and suitable for nutritional and pharmaceutical use. In this paper, we propose a method for ICA production from ethanol by yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. The effects of temperature, pH of the medium, and aeration on the growth of the producer Y. lipolytica VKM Y-2373 and synthesis of ICA were studied. An optimal fermentation regime, which ensures a good growth of the producer and directed synthesis of the target product, was determined. The producer is advised to carry out cultivation at 29°C and various pH of the medium and the oxygen concentration (pH 5 and pO2 20–25% (of saturation) during the growth period and pH 6 and pO2 50–55% (of saturation) during the Acid formation) on a nutrient medium containing an increased content of zinc (0.6 mg/L), iron (1.2 mg/L), and 30 mM itaconic Acid (inhibitor of isocitrate lyase—the key enzyme of ICA metabolism) should also be introduced into the nutrition medium. Such fermentation production mode provides 90.5 g/L ICA with process selectivity of 80%, mass yield ( ) of 0.77 g/g, and energy yield ( ) of 0.278 g/g.
Svetlana V Kamzolova - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Synthesis citric and Isocitric Acids by Yarrowia lipolytica during yeasts growth on rapeseed oils
Microbiology, 2020Co-Authors: Svetlana V Kamzolova, T. V. Finogenova, O. A. Perevoznikova, L. N. Minachova, Igor G MorgunovAbstract:: The native strain Yarrowia lipolytica VKM Y-2373 grown in a complete medium exhibited the maximum lipase activity at the concentration of rapeseed oil of at least 5.0 g/l. In the course of yeast growth, no considerable changes were observed in the glycerol concentration, the proportions of the major free fatty Acids formed via oil hydrolysis, or the fatty Acid composition of oil. Under nitrogen limitation of cell growth, the accumulation of citric Acids reached 77.1 g/l with predominance of Isocitric Acid at pH 6.0, whereas at pH 4.5, almost equal amounts of citric and Isocitric Acids were produced. Cultivation of the mutant strain Y. lipolytica N 1 at pH 4.5 resulted in the predominant accumulation of citric Acid (66.6 g/l) with an insignificant amount of Isocitric Acid. In the period of intense Acid synthesis, high production of lipase was observed.
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microbiological production of Isocitric Acid from biodiesel waste and its effect on spatial memory
Microorganisms, 2020Co-Authors: Igor G Morgunov, Svetlana V Kamzolova, O V Karpukhina, S B Bokieva, Julia N Lunina, A N InozemtsevAbstract:Within this work, the microbial synthesis of (2R,3S)-Isocitric Acid (ICA), a metabolite of the nonconventional yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, from biodiesel waste, has been studied. The selected strain Y. lipolytica VKM Y-2373 synthesized ICA with citric Acid (CA) as a byproduct. This process can be regulated by changing cultivation conditions. The maximal production of ICA with the minimal formation of the byproduct was provided by the use of a concentration of (NH4)2SO4 (6 g/L); the addition of biodiesel waste to cultivation medium in 20–60 g/L portions; maintaining the pH of the cultivation medium at 6, and degree of aeration between 25% and 60% of saturation. Itaconic Acid at a concentration of 15 mM favorably influenced the production of ICA by the selected strain. The optimization of cultivation conditions allowed us to increase the concentration of ICA in the culture liquid from 58.32 to 90.2 g/L, the product yield (Y) by 40%, and the ICA/CA ratio from 1.1:1 to 3:1. Research on laboratory animals indicated that ICA counteracted the negative effect of ammonium molybdate (10−5 M) and lead diacetate (10−7 M) on the learning and spatial memory of rats, including those exposed to emotional stress.
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microbial production of 2 r 3 s Isocitric Acid state of the arts and prospects
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2019Co-Authors: Svetlana V Kamzolova, Igor G MorgunovAbstract:(2R,3S)-Isocitric Acid has long been used only as a specific biochemical reagent. However, there is ever increasing evidence that it can also be used as an original promising substance for prevention and treatment of some diseases. The review considers the results of longtime research in our laboratory and the data of other researchers related to microbial synthesis of (2R,3S)-Isocitric Acid, derivation and selection of active microbial producers, development of their cultivation conditions, as well as the results of study of the mechanism of Acid overproduction, and regulation of enzymes involed in this process. The efficient processes of (2R,3S)-Isocitric Acid production with the aid of natural, mutant, and recombinant strains of Yarrowia lipolytica and methods of product isolation and purification to pharmacopeial standarts are also reviewed.
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biosynthesis of Isocitric Acid in repeated batch culture and testing of its stress protective activity
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2019Co-Authors: Igor G Morgunov, Svetlana V Kamzolova, O V Karpukhina, S B Bokieva, A N InozemtsevAbstract:Biosynthesis of Ds(+)-threo-Isocitric Acid from ethanol in the Yarrowia lipolytica batch and repeated-batch cultures was studied. Repeated-batch cultivation was found to provide for a good biosynthetic efficiency of the producer for as long as 748 h, probably due to maintenance of high activities of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of Isocitric Acid. Under optimal repeated-batch cultivation conditions, the producer accumulated 109.6 g/L Ds(+)-threo-Isocitric Acid with a production rate of 1.346 g/L h. The monopotassium salt of Isocitric Acid isolated from the culture liquid and purified to 99.9% was found to remove neurointoxication, to restore memory, and to improve the learning of laboratory rats intoxicated with lead and molybdenum salts. Taking into account the fact that the neurotoxic effect of heavy metals is mainly determined by oxidative stress, the aforementioned favorable action of Isocitric Acid on the intoxicated rats can be explained by its antioxidant activity among other pharmacological effects.
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fermentation conditions and media optimization for Isocitric Acid production from ethanol by yarrowia lipolytica
BioMed Research International, 2018Co-Authors: Svetlana V Kamzolova, Ramil K Allayarov, Vladimir A Samoilenko, Julia N Lunina, Roman V Shamin, Nadezda N Stepanova, Grigorii I Morgunov, Igor G MorgunovAbstract:Isocitric Acid exists in the form of four stereoisomers, of which only the threo-Ds-form (ICA) is a natural active compound, an intermediate of Krebs cycle, and suitable for nutritional and pharmaceutical use. In this paper, we propose a method for ICA production from ethanol by yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. The effects of temperature, pH of the medium, and aeration on the growth of the producer Y. lipolytica VKM Y-2373 and synthesis of ICA were studied. An optimal fermentation regime, which ensures a good growth of the producer and directed synthesis of the target product, was determined. The producer is advised to carry out cultivation at 29°C and various pH of the medium and the oxygen concentration (pH 5 and pO2 20–25% (of saturation) during the growth period and pH 6 and pO2 50–55% (of saturation) during the Acid formation) on a nutrient medium containing an increased content of zinc (0.6 mg/L), iron (1.2 mg/L), and 30 mM itaconic Acid (inhibitor of isocitrate lyase—the key enzyme of ICA metabolism) should also be introduced into the nutrition medium. Such fermentation production mode provides 90.5 g/L ICA with process selectivity of 80%, mass yield ( ) of 0.77 g/g, and energy yield ( ) of 0.278 g/g.
Ramil K Allayarov - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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fermentation conditions and media optimization for Isocitric Acid production from ethanol by yarrowia lipolytica
BioMed Research International, 2018Co-Authors: Svetlana V Kamzolova, Ramil K Allayarov, Vladimir A Samoilenko, Julia N Lunina, Roman V Shamin, Nadezda N Stepanova, Grigorii I Morgunov, Igor G MorgunovAbstract:Isocitric Acid exists in the form of four stereoisomers, of which only the threo-Ds-form (ICA) is a natural active compound, an intermediate of Krebs cycle, and suitable for nutritional and pharmaceutical use. In this paper, we propose a method for ICA production from ethanol by yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. The effects of temperature, pH of the medium, and aeration on the growth of the producer Y. lipolytica VKM Y-2373 and synthesis of ICA were studied. An optimal fermentation regime, which ensures a good growth of the producer and directed synthesis of the target product, was determined. The producer is advised to carry out cultivation at 29°C and various pH of the medium and the oxygen concentration (pH 5 and pO2 20–25% (of saturation) during the growth period and pH 6 and pO2 50–55% (of saturation) during the Acid formation) on a nutrient medium containing an increased content of zinc (0.6 mg/L), iron (1.2 mg/L), and 30 mM itaconic Acid (inhibitor of isocitrate lyase—the key enzyme of ICA metabolism) should also be introduced into the nutrition medium. Such fermentation production mode provides 90.5 g/L ICA with process selectivity of 80%, mass yield ( ) of 0.77 g/g, and energy yield ( ) of 0.278 g/g.
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the effect of oxalic and itaconic Acids on threo ds Isocitric Acid production from rapeseed oil by yarrowia lipolytica
Bioresource Technology, 2016Co-Authors: Svetlana V Kamzolova, Ramil K Allayarov, Julia N Lunina, Igor G MorgunovAbstract:The effect of oxalic and itaconic Acids, the inhibitors of the isocitrate lyase, on the production of Isocitric Acid by the wild strain Yarrowia lipolytica VKM Y-2373 grown in the medium containing rapeseed oil was studied. In the presence of oxalic and itaconic Acids, strain Y. lipolytica accumulated in the medium Isocitric Acid (70.0 and 82.7 g/L, respectively) and citric Acid (23.0 and 18.4 g/L, respectively). In control experiment, when the inhibitors were not added to the medium, the strain accumulated Isocitric and citric Acids at concentrations of 62.0 and 28.0 g/L, respectively. Thus, the use of the oxalic and itaconic Acids as additives to the medium is a simple and convenient method of Isocitric Acid production with a minimum content of citric Acid.
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biosynthesis of Isocitric Acid by the yeast yarrowia lipolytica and its regulation
Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, 2015Co-Authors: Svetlana V Kamzolova, Yu N Lunina, Ramil K Allayarov, I F Puntus, I A Laptev, Vladimir A Samoilenko, Igor G MorgunovAbstract:We studied the biosynthesis of Isocitric Acid from rapeseed (canola) oil by the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica and its regulation. We determined a fundamental possibility for directed biosynthesis of Isocitric Acid by Y. lipolytica yeast, with only minimal amounts of citric Acid byproduct, when grown on a medium containing canola oil. Wild type strains of Y. lipolytica were mutagenized by UV irradiation and treatment with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG). Subsequent selection on media with acetate and isocitrate resulted in isolation of a mutant Y. lipolytica UV/NG that synthesized isocitrate and citrate at a ratio of 2.7 : 1. In the parent strain, this ratio is 1 : 1. Inhibition of isocitrate lyase, a key enzyme in the metabolism of Isocitric Acid, by the addition of itaconic Acid resulted in increased synthesis of isocitrate, with a ratio of isocitrate to citrate reaching 6 : 1. The cultivation of the Y. lipolytica UV/NG mutant in a pilot industrial fermenter in the presence of itaconic Acid resulted in the production of 88.7 g/L of Isocitric Acid with a yield of 90%.
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Isocitric Acid production from rapeseed oil by yarrowia lipolytica yeast
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2013Co-Authors: Svetlana V Kamzolova, Ramil K Allayarov, I F Puntus, Vladimir A Samoilenko, Julia N Lunina, E G Dedyukhina, Maria N Chiglintseva, Alexey A Mironov, Igor G MorgunovAbstract:Production of d S-threo-Isocitric Acid (ICA) by yeast meets serious difficulties since it is accompanied by a simultaneous production of citric Acid (CA) in significant amounts that reduces the yield of desired product. In order to develop an effective process of ICA production, 60 yeast strains of different genera (Candida, Pichia, Saccharomyces, Torulopsis, and Yarrowia) were tested for their ability to produce ICA from rapeseed oil; as a result, wild-type strain Yarrowia lipolytica VKM Y-2373 and its mutant Y. lipolytica 704-UV4-A/NG50 were selected as promising ICA producers. The effects of temperature, pH, aeration, and concentrations of rapeseed oil, iron, and itaconic Acid on ICA production by selected strains were studied. Under optimal conditions (pH 6.0; aeration 50–55 %; rapeseed oil concentration of 20–60 gl−1, iron ion concentration of 1.2 mg l−1, and itaconic Acid amount of 30 mM), selected strains of Y. lipolytica produced predominantly ICA with a low amount of a by-product, CA.
Julia N Lunina - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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microbiological production of Isocitric Acid from biodiesel waste and its effect on spatial memory
Microorganisms, 2020Co-Authors: Igor G Morgunov, Svetlana V Kamzolova, O V Karpukhina, S B Bokieva, Julia N Lunina, A N InozemtsevAbstract:Within this work, the microbial synthesis of (2R,3S)-Isocitric Acid (ICA), a metabolite of the nonconventional yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, from biodiesel waste, has been studied. The selected strain Y. lipolytica VKM Y-2373 synthesized ICA with citric Acid (CA) as a byproduct. This process can be regulated by changing cultivation conditions. The maximal production of ICA with the minimal formation of the byproduct was provided by the use of a concentration of (NH4)2SO4 (6 g/L); the addition of biodiesel waste to cultivation medium in 20–60 g/L portions; maintaining the pH of the cultivation medium at 6, and degree of aeration between 25% and 60% of saturation. Itaconic Acid at a concentration of 15 mM favorably influenced the production of ICA by the selected strain. The optimization of cultivation conditions allowed us to increase the concentration of ICA in the culture liquid from 58.32 to 90.2 g/L, the product yield (Y) by 40%, and the ICA/CA ratio from 1.1:1 to 3:1. Research on laboratory animals indicated that ICA counteracted the negative effect of ammonium molybdate (10−5 M) and lead diacetate (10−7 M) on the learning and spatial memory of rats, including those exposed to emotional stress.
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fermentation conditions and media optimization for Isocitric Acid production from ethanol by yarrowia lipolytica
BioMed Research International, 2018Co-Authors: Svetlana V Kamzolova, Ramil K Allayarov, Vladimir A Samoilenko, Julia N Lunina, Roman V Shamin, Nadezda N Stepanova, Grigorii I Morgunov, Igor G MorgunovAbstract:Isocitric Acid exists in the form of four stereoisomers, of which only the threo-Ds-form (ICA) is a natural active compound, an intermediate of Krebs cycle, and suitable for nutritional and pharmaceutical use. In this paper, we propose a method for ICA production from ethanol by yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. The effects of temperature, pH of the medium, and aeration on the growth of the producer Y. lipolytica VKM Y-2373 and synthesis of ICA were studied. An optimal fermentation regime, which ensures a good growth of the producer and directed synthesis of the target product, was determined. The producer is advised to carry out cultivation at 29°C and various pH of the medium and the oxygen concentration (pH 5 and pO2 20–25% (of saturation) during the growth period and pH 6 and pO2 50–55% (of saturation) during the Acid formation) on a nutrient medium containing an increased content of zinc (0.6 mg/L), iron (1.2 mg/L), and 30 mM itaconic Acid (inhibitor of isocitrate lyase—the key enzyme of ICA metabolism) should also be introduced into the nutrition medium. Such fermentation production mode provides 90.5 g/L ICA with process selectivity of 80%, mass yield ( ) of 0.77 g/g, and energy yield ( ) of 0.278 g/g.
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the effect of oxalic and itaconic Acids on threo ds Isocitric Acid production from rapeseed oil by yarrowia lipolytica
Bioresource Technology, 2016Co-Authors: Svetlana V Kamzolova, Ramil K Allayarov, Julia N Lunina, Igor G MorgunovAbstract:The effect of oxalic and itaconic Acids, the inhibitors of the isocitrate lyase, on the production of Isocitric Acid by the wild strain Yarrowia lipolytica VKM Y-2373 grown in the medium containing rapeseed oil was studied. In the presence of oxalic and itaconic Acids, strain Y. lipolytica accumulated in the medium Isocitric Acid (70.0 and 82.7 g/L, respectively) and citric Acid (23.0 and 18.4 g/L, respectively). In control experiment, when the inhibitors were not added to the medium, the strain accumulated Isocitric and citric Acids at concentrations of 62.0 and 28.0 g/L, respectively. Thus, the use of the oxalic and itaconic Acids as additives to the medium is a simple and convenient method of Isocitric Acid production with a minimum content of citric Acid.
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Isocitric Acid production from rapeseed oil by yarrowia lipolytica yeast
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2013Co-Authors: Svetlana V Kamzolova, Ramil K Allayarov, I F Puntus, Vladimir A Samoilenko, Julia N Lunina, E G Dedyukhina, Maria N Chiglintseva, Alexey A Mironov, Igor G MorgunovAbstract:Production of d S-threo-Isocitric Acid (ICA) by yeast meets serious difficulties since it is accompanied by a simultaneous production of citric Acid (CA) in significant amounts that reduces the yield of desired product. In order to develop an effective process of ICA production, 60 yeast strains of different genera (Candida, Pichia, Saccharomyces, Torulopsis, and Yarrowia) were tested for their ability to produce ICA from rapeseed oil; as a result, wild-type strain Yarrowia lipolytica VKM Y-2373 and its mutant Y. lipolytica 704-UV4-A/NG50 were selected as promising ICA producers. The effects of temperature, pH, aeration, and concentrations of rapeseed oil, iron, and itaconic Acid on ICA production by selected strains were studied. Under optimal conditions (pH 6.0; aeration 50–55 %; rapeseed oil concentration of 20–60 gl−1, iron ion concentration of 1.2 mg l−1, and itaconic Acid amount of 30 mM), selected strains of Y. lipolytica produced predominantly ICA with a low amount of a by-product, CA.
Yoshinori Asakawa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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syntheses of Isocitric Acid derivatives and biological evaluation
Tetrahedron Letters, 2000Co-Authors: Motoo Tori, Yoko Sono, Yasuyo Nakashiba, Noriko Hamada, Masakazu Sono, Yoshinori Asakawa, Masami Suganuma, Sachiko Okabe, Hirota FujikiAbstract:Abstract Isocitric Acid methyl esters and their derivatives have been synthesized and their biological activities, superoxide release inhibition and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα)’s release inhibition, have been studied. Linoleic and linolenic Acid derivatives showed strong activity against TNFα’s release inhibition comparable to sarcophytol A and cryptoporic Acid E.
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Drimane-type sesquiterpenoids from Cryptoporus volvatus infected by Paecilomyces varioti
Phytochemistry, 1993Co-Authors: Hironobu Takahashi, Masao Toyota, Yoshinori AsakawaAbstract:Abstract Three simple drimane-type sesquiterpenoids and two drimane sesquiterpenic ethers of Isocitric Acid were isolated from Cryptoporus volvatus infected by the fungus Paecylomyces varioti . The ether bond of cryptoporic Acids obtained from fresh C. volvatus , were cleaved by P. varioti to give simple drimane sesquiterpenoids.
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cryptoporic Acids a g drimane type sesquiterpenoid ethers of Isocitric Acid from the fungus cryptoporus volvatus
Phytochemistry, 1992Co-Authors: Yoshinori Asakawa, Motoo Tori, Toshihiro Hashimoto, Yasuo Mizuno, Yoshimasa FukazawaAbstract:Abstract Seven novel bitter drimane-type sesquiterpenoids with an Isocitric Acid group named cryptoporic Acids (CA) A-G have been isolated from the fungus Cryptoporous volvatus and their absolute stereostructures established by a combination of chemical transformation, NMR spectral data and X-ray crystallographic analysis. Cryptoporic Acids strongly inhibited the release of superoxide anion radicals from guinea-pig peritoneal macrophage as well as rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocyte. CA-E showed anti-tumour promoting activity whilst CA-D slightly enhanced tumour promoting and protein kinase C activity. CAs also inhibited elongation of the second coleoptile and germination of rice in husk at 200 ppm.
