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Thomas Reilly - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Jet Lag: trends and coping strategies
Lancet (London England), 2007Co-Authors: Jim Waterhouse, Greg Atkinson, Thomas Reilly, Ben EdwardsAbstract:Summary The number of travellers undertaking long-distance flights has continued to increase. Such flights are associated with travel fatigue and Jet Lag, the symptoms of which are considered here, along with their similarities, differences, and causes. Difficulties with Jet Lag because of sleep loss and decreased performance are emphasised. Since Jet Lag is caused mainly by inappropriate timing of the body clock in the new time zone, the pertinent properties of the body clock are outlined, with a description of how the body clock can be adjusted. The methods, both pharmacological and behavioural, that have been used to alleviate the negative results of time-zone transitions, are reviewed. The results form the rationale for advice to travellers flying in different directions and crossing several time zones. Finally, there is an account of the main problems that remain unresolved.
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Jet Lag and air travel: implications for performance.
Clinics in sports medicine, 2005Co-Authors: Thomas Reilly, Jim Waterhouse, Ben EdwardsAbstract:This review focuses on travel stress in athletes. An outline of the circadian system is presented, followed by an explanation of how disturbances to its regulation are related to Jet Lag. There are consequences of Jet Lag that affect exercise performance and health. Measures to ameliorate adverse effects of Jet Lag include behavioral or pharmacologic strategies. Coaches and mentors and the athletes they support should be considered when preparing for long-haul flights across multiple meridians. Language: en
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Further assessments of the relationship between Jet Lag and some of its symptoms.
Chronobiology international, 2005Co-Authors: James Waterhouse, Benjamin Edwards, Alan M. Nevill, Josephine Finnegan, Paula Williams, Shaoyuan Kao, Thomas ReillyAbstract:The disruption of circadian rhythms following time-zone transitions gives rise to the syndrome of Jet Lag. The power of some of the symptoms of Jet Lag to predict the amount of Jet Lag measured at the same and at different times of the day has been investigated. Eleven healthy subjects were studied in an Isolation Unit for two days after a simulated flight from the UK to Beijing (8 time zones to the east). At six time-points (08:30, 11:00, 14:00, 17:00, 20:00, and 23:00 h), the subjects recorded their Jet Lag, and the differences from "normal" (that is, from days in which there is no Jet Lag) of alertness, hunger, indigestion, concentration, motivation, and irritability. They recorded at 08:30 h the type of food they had eaten since rising at 08:00h and, at the other times, the type of food eaten in the last three hours. Assessments were made by visual analogue scales or, in the case of type of food, by a nominal scale. Following the time-zone transition, the adjustment of meals appeared to be complete almost immediately. Jet Lag and its symptoms were present during both experimental days. Jet Lag tended to rise during the course of the daytime, accompanied by falls in alertness, motivation, and concentration. Correlation matrices between Jet Lag and each of the other variables were produced, using Lags between the variable (from up to 5 time-points before the assessment of Jet Lag to 5 time-points afterwards) and pooling the results from both days. These matrices indicated that significant correlations existed only between Jet Lag and alertness, concentration, and motivation, and then only when these other variables were assessed at the same time as Jet Lag or 1 or 2 time-points earlier. Jet Lag was then treated as the dependent variable and the symptoms as covariates in analysis of covariances (ANCOVAs), with the days treated as a random effect. This analysis enabled the significance of potential predictors of Jet Lag, together with their beta-coefficients (the relationship between a unit change of each significant predictor and the change in Jet Lag), to be calculated. Falls in alertness and motivation were significant predictors of increased Jet Lag, provided that they were measured at the same time, when they accounted for about 50% of the Jet Lag; when measured at other time-points, they did not act as significant predictors. It is concluded that the amount of Jet Lag varies during the course of the day and that it can be predicted from contemporaneous assessments of alertness and motivation-but not from assessments made at other times of the day, nor from other variables that are symptoms of Jet Lag, even though these other variables are significantly increased. In considering the results of this and our previous study, we reiterate the view that the exact meaning of "Jet Lag" is complex and that the particular combination of factors that contribute to it might vary with the time of day that the assessment is made. Inferences about any decrements due to time-zone transitions cannot be made reliably at times of the day that differ from the time when Jet Lag is assessed.
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The relationship between assessments of Jet Lag and some of its symptoms.
Chronobiology international, 2003Co-Authors: James Waterhouse, Benjamin Edwards, Alan M. Nevill, Richard Godfrey, Thomas ReillyAbstract:The power of the symptoms of Jet Lag in predicting the amount of Jet Lag measured at the same and different times of the day has been investigated. A total of 85 subjects was studied for 6 days after a flight from the UK to Australia (10 time zones to the east). At 08:00, 12:00, 16:00, 20:00, and 24:00h, the subjects recorded their Jet Lag and fatigue. At 08:00h, they also assessed their sleep. At 12:00 and 16:00h, they assessed their attitude to a meal, as well as their motivation, commitment, and irritability. On retiring, they recorded bowel activity. Assessments were by visual analog scales. Jet Lag was treated as the dependent variable and the symptoms as covariates in ANCOVAs. Fatigue was a powerful predictor of Jet Lag, provided it was measured at the same time, and some aspects of sleep predicted Jet Lag measured on retiring or rising. The other symptoms predicted Jet Lag less powerfully and/or at a wider range of times. It is concluded that, even though Jet Lag at any time of the day can be predi...
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Circadian rhythms, Jet Lag, and shift work, with particular reference to athletes
European Journal of Sport Science, 2002Co-Authors: James Waterhouse, Benjamin Edwards, Sandra Carvalho-bos, Paul Buckley, Thomas ReillyAbstract:Changes in individuals’ sleep-wake cycles lead to negative side effects. This review considers how side effects can be reduced, the recommendations being based largely on work performed at our institute. Subjects journeying to Aus-tralia had symptoms of Jet Lag that did not adjust synchronously, and the best predictors of Jet Lag were their travel arrangements. The value of melatonin in reducing Jet Lag was not confirmed but, in a laboratory-based study, evening administration of melatonin did not result in worse performance the next morn-ing. The effects of exercise upon the phase of the body clock were insubstantial. Gut temperature, unlike insulated axilla temperature, was an acceptable substi-tute for rectal temperature. Ascertaining by questionnaire why people ate or did not eat at a particular time indicated that night work exerted a considerable disruptive influence, one of the main factors being time pressure. Compared with day workers, night workers had less appetite, ate cold rather than hot mea...
Shinobu Yasuo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of chronic Jet Lag on the central and peripheral circadian clocks in cba n mice
Chronobiology International, 2014Co-Authors: Ayaka Iwamoto, Misato Kawai, Mitsuhiro Furuse, Shinobu YasuoAbstract:The disruption of the circadian clock by frequent shifts in the light-dark cycle, such as shift-work or frequent Jet Lag, increases the risk of many diseases, including cancer. Experimental disruption of the circadian clock also increases tumor development in mice, although most studies used the strains that are genetically impaired in melatonin synthesis and secretion. Here, we examined the effects of experimental chronic Jet Lag with 8 h advances of the light-dark cycle every 2 days for 10 days on the central and peripheral clocks of CBA/N mice, the strain with normal profiles of melatonin synthesis and secretion. Mice were exposed to constant darkness after the 10 days of chronic Jet Lag. In the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), chronic Jet Lag shifted the temporal expression of most clock genes examined without causing total disturbance of circadian oscillations. In the liver, the temporal patterns of Per1, Bmal1, and Dbp expression were phase-shifted, and Per2 expression was significantly upregulated by chronic Jet Lag. Further, the expression of cell cycle-related genes, c-Myc and p53 in the liver was significantly activated by the chronic Jet Lag schedule with a significant positive correlation between Per2 and p53 expression. We determined the plasma concentrations of melatonin and corticosterone as candidate hormonal messengers of chronic Jet Lag, but their overall levels were not affected by chronic Jet Lag. Moreover, the expression of the MT1 melatonin and glucocorticoid receptors in the liver was suppressed by chronic Jet Lag. These data suggest that in CBA/N mice, frequent advances of light-dark cycles modify the phases of central clock in the SCN and disturb the peripheral clock in the liver and apoptotic functions, which may be associated with the suppression of hormone receptors.
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Effects of chronic Jet Lag on the central and peripheral circadian clocks in CBA/N mice
Chronobiology international, 2013Co-Authors: Ayaka Iwamoto, Misato Kawai, Mitsuhiro Furuse, Shinobu YasuoAbstract:The disruption of the circadian clock by frequent shifts in the light-dark cycle, such as shift-work or frequent Jet Lag, increases the risk of many diseases, including cancer. Experimental disruption of the circadian clock also increases tumor development in mice, although most studies used the strains that are genetically impaired in melatonin synthesis and secretion. Here, we examined the effects of experimental chronic Jet Lag with 8 h advances of the light-dark cycle every 2 days for 10 days on the central and peripheral clocks of CBA/N mice, the strain with normal profiles of melatonin synthesis and secretion. Mice were exposed to constant darkness after the 10 days of chronic Jet Lag. In the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), chronic Jet Lag shifted the temporal expression of most clock genes examined without causing total disturbance of circadian oscillations. In the liver, the temporal patterns of Per1, Bmal1, and Dbp expression were phase-shifted, and Per2 expression was significantly upregulated by chronic Jet Lag. Further, the expression of cell cycle-related genes, c-Myc and p53 in the liver was significantly activated by the chronic Jet Lag schedule with a significant positive correlation between Per2 and p53 expression. We determined the plasma concentrations of melatonin and corticosterone as candidate hormonal messengers of chronic Jet Lag, but their overall levels were not affected by chronic Jet Lag. Moreover, the expression of the MT1 melatonin and glucocorticoid receptors in the liver was suppressed by chronic Jet Lag. These data suggest that in CBA/N mice, frequent advances of light-dark cycles modify the phases of central clock in the SCN and disturb the peripheral clock in the liver and apoptotic functions, which may be associated with the suppression of hormone receptors.
Josephine Arendt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Managing Jet Lag: Some of the problems and possible new solutions
Sleep medicine reviews, 2009Co-Authors: Josephine ArendtAbstract:Jet Lag is due to the misalignment of the internal circadian clock(s) with external time cues. For short stopovers (1-2 days) adapting the circadian system is not advised, and at present immediate circadian adaptation is virtually impossible. The use of short-term measures such as judicious naps, caffeine and short acting hypnotics to maintain alertness and sleep is preferred. For intermediate length stays (3-5 days) a phase position with the circadian nadir situated within the sleep period is desirable but difficult to achieve. For longer stays (more than 4-5 days) strategies to hasten adaptation include timed exposure to and avoidance of light. The use of artificial light enriched with short wavelengths may be beneficial. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommends the timed use of the chronobiotic melatonin to hasten adaptation. Large individual differences in rate and direction of adaptation make timing treatment according to individual circadian phase difficult. Individual differences in tolerance to the sleep deprivation of Jet Lag may relate to a length polymorphism in the human clock gene PER3. The maximum efficacy for Jet Lag avoidance is by pre-flight adaptation, however, this requires time and commitment.
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The prevention and treatment of Jet Lag
Sleep medicine reviews, 1999Co-Authors: Iris Haimov, Josephine ArendtAbstract:Travel across multiple time zones is a common feature of modern life. After transmeridian flights, the internal clocks are desynchronized from the external environment and it can take several days to readjust to the new external time cues. The time taken is related to the direction of the flight and to the number of time zones crossed as well as to individual variability. The result of this desynchronization between the human circadian system and the new environmental timing is described as "Jet Lag". Although the term "Jet Lag" refers to disturbances in a variety of symptoms, Jet-Lagged travellers mostly complain of loss of sleep and of its consequences (e.g., diurnal sleepiness, depressed mood, decreased efficiency, premature awakening, etc.). The direct reason for sleep disturbances after a multiple time-zone flight is that sleep is very sensitive to changes in its temporal setting. The present report reviews current data concerning the symptoms of Jet Lag, the approaches proposed for the alleviation of Jet Lag and the effectiveness of these strategies.
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Jet-Lag and shift work: (2). Therapeutic use of melatonin.
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1999Co-Authors: Josephine ArendtAbstract:The preceding article1 has laid the foundations for understanding the difficulties of Jet-Lag and shiftworker's malaise and for appreciating the various countermeasures other than chronobiotics (drugs that alter rhythms). Several approaches have met with some success. One of the major difficulties in this area is the uncontrollable nature of field studies on Jet-Lag and our inability to simulate timezone change in the laboratory in a way that takes account of all the factors that may arise in the field.
Maria Izquierdopulido - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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social Jet Lag associates negatively with the adherence to the mediterranean diet and body mass index among young adults
Nutrients, 2019Co-Authors: Maria Fernanda Zeronrugerio, Trinitat Cambras, Maria IzquierdopulidoAbstract:Obesity and unhealthy eating habits have been associated with irregular sleep–wake patterns during the week, also known as social Jet Lag. The Mediterranean diet is a healthy pattern related with a better health and sleep quality. However, potential associations with social Jet Lag remain unexplored. The aim of this study was to examine whether higher social Jet Lag is linked to lower adherence to the Mediterranean diet and whether it is associated with BMI (Body Mass Index). This cross-sectional study included 534 young adults (18–25 years). Anthropometric parameters, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, chronotype and social Jet Lag were studied. Our results revealed that individuals with greater social Jet Lag showed lower adherence to the Mediterranean diet and had a higher BMI. Among the habits that characterized the Mediterranean dietary pattern, we observed that higher social Jet Lag was significantly associated with a lower intake of fruits and vegetables, as well as skipping breakfast. Hence, the promotion of regular sleep habits together with healthy dietary patterns should be considered for obesity prevention, especially among young adults.
James Waterhouse - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Further assessments of the relationship between Jet Lag and some of its symptoms.
Chronobiology international, 2005Co-Authors: James Waterhouse, Benjamin Edwards, Alan M. Nevill, Josephine Finnegan, Paula Williams, Shaoyuan Kao, Thomas ReillyAbstract:The disruption of circadian rhythms following time-zone transitions gives rise to the syndrome of Jet Lag. The power of some of the symptoms of Jet Lag to predict the amount of Jet Lag measured at the same and at different times of the day has been investigated. Eleven healthy subjects were studied in an Isolation Unit for two days after a simulated flight from the UK to Beijing (8 time zones to the east). At six time-points (08:30, 11:00, 14:00, 17:00, 20:00, and 23:00 h), the subjects recorded their Jet Lag, and the differences from "normal" (that is, from days in which there is no Jet Lag) of alertness, hunger, indigestion, concentration, motivation, and irritability. They recorded at 08:30 h the type of food they had eaten since rising at 08:00h and, at the other times, the type of food eaten in the last three hours. Assessments were made by visual analogue scales or, in the case of type of food, by a nominal scale. Following the time-zone transition, the adjustment of meals appeared to be complete almost immediately. Jet Lag and its symptoms were present during both experimental days. Jet Lag tended to rise during the course of the daytime, accompanied by falls in alertness, motivation, and concentration. Correlation matrices between Jet Lag and each of the other variables were produced, using Lags between the variable (from up to 5 time-points before the assessment of Jet Lag to 5 time-points afterwards) and pooling the results from both days. These matrices indicated that significant correlations existed only between Jet Lag and alertness, concentration, and motivation, and then only when these other variables were assessed at the same time as Jet Lag or 1 or 2 time-points earlier. Jet Lag was then treated as the dependent variable and the symptoms as covariates in analysis of covariances (ANCOVAs), with the days treated as a random effect. This analysis enabled the significance of potential predictors of Jet Lag, together with their beta-coefficients (the relationship between a unit change of each significant predictor and the change in Jet Lag), to be calculated. Falls in alertness and motivation were significant predictors of increased Jet Lag, provided that they were measured at the same time, when they accounted for about 50% of the Jet Lag; when measured at other time-points, they did not act as significant predictors. It is concluded that the amount of Jet Lag varies during the course of the day and that it can be predicted from contemporaneous assessments of alertness and motivation-but not from assessments made at other times of the day, nor from other variables that are symptoms of Jet Lag, even though these other variables are significantly increased. In considering the results of this and our previous study, we reiterate the view that the exact meaning of "Jet Lag" is complex and that the particular combination of factors that contribute to it might vary with the time of day that the assessment is made. Inferences about any decrements due to time-zone transitions cannot be made reliably at times of the day that differ from the time when Jet Lag is assessed.
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The relationship between assessments of Jet Lag and some of its symptoms.
Chronobiology international, 2003Co-Authors: James Waterhouse, Benjamin Edwards, Alan M. Nevill, Richard Godfrey, Thomas ReillyAbstract:The power of the symptoms of Jet Lag in predicting the amount of Jet Lag measured at the same and different times of the day has been investigated. A total of 85 subjects was studied for 6 days after a flight from the UK to Australia (10 time zones to the east). At 08:00, 12:00, 16:00, 20:00, and 24:00h, the subjects recorded their Jet Lag and fatigue. At 08:00h, they also assessed their sleep. At 12:00 and 16:00h, they assessed their attitude to a meal, as well as their motivation, commitment, and irritability. On retiring, they recorded bowel activity. Assessments were by visual analog scales. Jet Lag was treated as the dependent variable and the symptoms as covariates in ANCOVAs. Fatigue was a powerful predictor of Jet Lag, provided it was measured at the same time, and some aspects of sleep predicted Jet Lag measured on retiring or rising. The other symptoms predicted Jet Lag less powerfully and/or at a wider range of times. It is concluded that, even though Jet Lag at any time of the day can be predi...
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Circadian rhythms, Jet Lag, and shift work, with particular reference to athletes
European Journal of Sport Science, 2002Co-Authors: James Waterhouse, Benjamin Edwards, Sandra Carvalho-bos, Paul Buckley, Thomas ReillyAbstract:Changes in individuals’ sleep-wake cycles lead to negative side effects. This review considers how side effects can be reduced, the recommendations being based largely on work performed at our institute. Subjects journeying to Aus-tralia had symptoms of Jet Lag that did not adjust synchronously, and the best predictors of Jet Lag were their travel arrangements. The value of melatonin in reducing Jet Lag was not confirmed but, in a laboratory-based study, evening administration of melatonin did not result in worse performance the next morn-ing. The effects of exercise upon the phase of the body clock were insubstantial. Gut temperature, unlike insulated axilla temperature, was an acceptable substi-tute for rectal temperature. Ascertaining by questionnaire why people ate or did not eat at a particular time indicated that night work exerted a considerable disruptive influence, one of the main factors being time pressure. Compared with day workers, night workers had less appetite, ate cold rather than hot mea...