The Experts below are selected from a list of 94119 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
David Phinnemore - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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europeanization conditionality and domestic change the twinning exercise and administrative reform in romania
Journal of Common Market Studies, 2004Co-Authors: Dimitris Papadimitriou, David PhinnemoreAbstract:A Key Requirement of the countries of central and eastern Europe (CEECs) that wish to join the EU is that they develop the administrative capacity to implement effectively the acquis communautaire. The ‘twinning’ programme is designed to assist in this process. Drawing on experiences in Romania, and linking these to debates on Europeanization, this article argues that the success of twinning to date is related to the design of the programme, institutional fluidity and politicization within central administration, the individual agency and the reform commitment of those hosting twinning projects.
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europeanization conditionality and domestic change the twinning exercise and administrative reform in romania
Journal of Common Market Studies, 2004Co-Authors: Dimitris Papadimitriou, David PhinnemoreAbstract:A Key Requirement of the countries of central and eastern Europe (CEECs) that wish to join the EU is that they develop the administrative capacity to implement effectively the acquis communautaire. The ‘twinning’ programme is designed to assist in this process. Drawing on experiences in Romania, and linking these to debates on Europeanization, this article argues that the success of twinning to date is related to the design of the programme, institutional fluidity and politicization within central administration, the individual agency and the reform commitment of those hosting twinning projects.
Dimitris Papadimitriou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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europeanization conditionality and domestic change the twinning exercise and administrative reform in romania
Journal of Common Market Studies, 2004Co-Authors: Dimitris Papadimitriou, David PhinnemoreAbstract:A Key Requirement of the countries of central and eastern Europe (CEECs) that wish to join the EU is that they develop the administrative capacity to implement effectively the acquis communautaire. The ‘twinning’ programme is designed to assist in this process. Drawing on experiences in Romania, and linking these to debates on Europeanization, this article argues that the success of twinning to date is related to the design of the programme, institutional fluidity and politicization within central administration, the individual agency and the reform commitment of those hosting twinning projects.
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europeanization conditionality and domestic change the twinning exercise and administrative reform in romania
Journal of Common Market Studies, 2004Co-Authors: Dimitris Papadimitriou, David PhinnemoreAbstract:A Key Requirement of the countries of central and eastern Europe (CEECs) that wish to join the EU is that they develop the administrative capacity to implement effectively the acquis communautaire. The ‘twinning’ programme is designed to assist in this process. Drawing on experiences in Romania, and linking these to debates on Europeanization, this article argues that the success of twinning to date is related to the design of the programme, institutional fluidity and politicization within central administration, the individual agency and the reform commitment of those hosting twinning projects.
Graham Le Gros - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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data_sheet_1_IL-4 Is a Key Requirement for IL-4- and IL-4/IL-13-Expressing CD4 Th2 Subsets in Lung and Skin.DOCX
2018Co-Authors: Melanie Sarah Prout, Ryan L. Kyle, Franca Ronchese, Graham Le GrosAbstract:Although IL-4 is long associated with CD4 Th2 immune responses, its role in Th2 subset development in non-lymphoid tissues is less clear. We sought to better define IL-4’s role in CD4 Th2 responses by using transgenic mice that express a dual IL-4 AmCyan/IL-13 DsRed (IL-4AC/IL-13DR) fluorescent reporter on an IL-4-sufficient or IL-4-deficient background. Using primary Th2 immune response models against house dust mite or Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) allergens, we examined the Requirement for IL-4 by each of the defined Th2 subsets in the antigen draining lymph node, skin, and lung tissues. In the lymph node, a CXCR5+PD-1+ T follicular helper (Tfh) and a CXCR5loPD-1lo Th2 subset could be detected that expressed only IL-4AC but no IL-13DR. The number of IL-4AC+ Tfh cells was not affected by IL-4 deficiency whereas the number of IL-4AC+ Th2 cells was significantly reduced. In the non-lymphoid dermal or lung tissues of allergen primed or Nb-infected mice, three strikingly distinct T cell subsets could be detected that were IL-4AC, or IL-4AC/IL-13DR, or IL-13DR CD4. The IL-4- and IL-4/IL-13-expressing subsets were significantly reduced in IL-4-deficient mice, while the numbers of IL-13-expressing CD4 T cells were not affected by IL-4 deficiency indicating that other factors can play a role in directing the development of this Th2 subtype. Taken together, these data indicate that the appearance of IL-4-expressing Tfh cells in the lymph node is not dependent on IL-4 while the appearance of IL-4-expressing Th2 subsets in the lymph node and IL-4, IL-4/IL-13-expressing Th2 subsets in skin and lung tissues of antigen primed mice is significantly IL-4 dependent.
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IL-4 Is a Key Requirement for IL-4- and IL-4/IL-13-Expressing CD4 Th2 Subsets in Lung and Skin
Frontiers Media S.A., 2018Co-Authors: Melanie Sarah Prout, Ryan L. Kyle, Franca Ronchese, Graham Le GrosAbstract:Although IL-4 is long associated with CD4 Th2 immune responses, its role in Th2 subset development in non-lymphoid tissues is less clear. We sought to better define IL-4’s role in CD4 Th2 responses by using transgenic mice that express a dual IL-4 AmCyan/IL-13 DsRed (IL-4AC/IL-13DR) fluorescent reporter on an IL-4-sufficient or IL-4-deficient background. Using primary Th2 immune response models against house dust mite or Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) allergens, we examined the Requirement for IL-4 by each of the defined Th2 subsets in the antigen draining lymph node, skin, and lung tissues. In the lymph node, a CXCR5+PD-1+ T follicular helper (Tfh) and a CXCR5loPD-1lo Th2 subset could be detected that expressed only IL-4AC but no IL-13DR. The number of IL-4AC+ Tfh cells was not affected by IL-4 deficiency whereas the number of IL-4AC+ Th2 cells was significantly reduced. In the non-lymphoid dermal or lung tissues of allergen primed or Nb-infected mice, three strikingly distinct T cell subsets could be detected that were IL-4AC, or IL-4AC/IL-13DR, or IL-13DR CD4. The IL-4- and IL-4/IL-13-expressing subsets were significantly reduced in IL-4-deficient mice, while the numbers of IL-13-expressing CD4 T cells were not affected by IL-4 deficiency indicating that other factors can play a role in directing the development of this Th2 subtype. Taken together, these data indicate that the appearance of IL-4-expressing Tfh cells in the lymph node is not dependent on IL-4 while the appearance of IL-4-expressing Th2 subsets in the lymph node and IL-4, IL-4/IL-13-expressing Th2 subsets in skin and lung tissues of antigen primed mice is significantly IL-4 dependent
Andrew N J Mckenzie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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il 25 a Key Requirement for the regulation of type 2 immunity
Biofactors, 2009Co-Authors: Jillian L Barlow, Andrew N J MckenzieAbstract:It has been well-established that type-2 immunity, characterized by eosinophilia, goblet cell hyperplasia, mucus production, and B cell class switching to IgE, is highly dependent on the production of the type-2 cytokines, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13, by T helper 2 (Th2) cells. However, it is less clear how the type-2 cytokine effector response is induced and in addition what innate cell type produces the initiating factor. Recent reports highlight IL-25 as a type-2 inducing factor, with IL-25 administration resulting in severe gut and lung type-2 pathologies. The expression of IL-25 is also necessary for initiation of a robust type-2 response both at the genesis of the response, as with helminth infection, and during the response, as has been shown in experimental allergic asthma. It is also apparent that, as well as directly controlling type-2 immunity via IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, IL-25 may also interact with other cytokines and their receptors, such as IL-17A and the IL-17RA receptor. Here, we review the role of IL-25 as an important factor in controlling the initiation and severity of the type-2 response, and as an alternative therapeutic target to the type-2 cytokine family, for the treatment of allergic asthma. (c) 2009 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
Gerd Schmitz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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induction of fatty acid synthesis is a Key Requirement for phagocytic differentiation of human monocytes
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2010Co-Authors: Josef Ecker, Gerhard Liebisch, Marion Englmaier, Margot Grandl, Horst Robenek, Gerd SchmitzAbstract:Monocytes are precursors of macrophages. Here we demonstrate that macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)-dependent differentiation of primary human monocytes from healthy volunteers induces transcription of SREBP-1c target genes required for fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis and impairs transcription of SREBP-2 target genes required for cholesterol synthesis. Detailed lipid metabolic profiling showed that this transcriptional regulation leads to a dramatically increased fatty acid synthesis as driving force for enhanced phospholipid synthesis. During cell differentiation the major lipid class switches from cholesterol in monocytes to phosphatidylcholine in macrophages. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that this transcriptional and metabolic regulation is essential for development of macrophage filopodia and cellular organelles including primary lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi network. Additional functional studies showed that suppression of fatty acid synthesis prevents phagocytosis representing a central macrophage function. Therefore induction of fatty acid synthesis is a Key Requirement for phagocyte development and function.
