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Tomasz Sadowski - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A plate finite element for modelling of triplex Laminated Glass and comparison with other computational models
Meccanica, 2016Co-Authors: Ivelin V. Ivanov, Dimitar Stefanov Velchev, N. G. Georgiev, I. D. Ivanov, Tomasz SadowskiAbstract:Laminated Glass became a popular safety Glass. The very soft interlayer of polymeric material impedes the slippage between Glass layers, bending in parallel, by shear stress. The shear stress of the interlayer breaches the principle of straight normals remaining straight after deformation, on which is based the conventional shell elements in finite element (FE) analysis. As a result of this, the conventional finite elements are not capable to solve the Laminated Glass problems efficiently. Based on the assumption that the Glass layers of a Laminated Glass obey Kirchoff’s plate theory and the interlayer transfer shear stress only, a finite element formulation is elaborated by introducing new degrees of freedom and implemented in a special rectangular triplex Laminated Glass plate FE. The element is validated by comparison with other computational FE models and experimental tests of a Laminated Glass strip in cylindrical bending and a Laminated Glass panel in transverse loading. The developed plate element or similar shell elements that could be developed on the same theory could solve the problem with Laminated Glass structures very efficiently and accurately, which is now usually solved by sacrificing the fidelity.
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A plate finite element for modelling of triplex Laminated Glass and comparison with other computational models
Meccanica, 2015Co-Authors: Ivelin V. Ivanov, Dimitar Stefanov Velchev, N. G. Georgiev, I. D. Ivanov, Tomasz SadowskiAbstract:Laminated Glass became a popular safety Glass. The very soft interlayer of polymeric material impedes the slippage between Glass layers, bending in parallel, by shear stress. The shear stress of the interlayer breaches the principle of straight normals remaining straight after deformation, on which is based the conventional shell elements in finite element (FE) analysis. As a result of this, the conventional finite elements are not capable to solve the Laminated Glass problems efficiently. Based on the assumption that the Glass layers of a Laminated Glass obey Kirchoff’s plate theory and the interlayer transfer shear stress only, a finite element formulation is elaborated by introducing new degrees of freedom and implemented in a special rectangular triplex Laminated Glass plate FE. The element is validated by comparison with other computational FE models and experimental tests of a Laminated Glass strip in cylindrical bending and a Laminated Glass panel in transverse loading. The developed plate element or similar shell elements that could be developed on the same theory could solve the problem with Laminated Glass structures very efficiently and accurately, which is now usually solved by sacrificing the fidelity.
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Efficient Finite Element Models of Laminated Glass Subjected to Low-Velocity Impact
2013Co-Authors: Ivelin V. Ivanov, Tomasz SadowskiAbstract:Laminated Glass is widely used for architectural glazing and as windshield material in automotive industry. The architectural application of Laminated Glass is subjected to low-velocity impact by flying debris in hurricane, tornado, and blast events. The automotive application is subjected to low-velocity impact in traffic accidents. Circular samples of Laminated Glass are subjected to low-velocity impact at 1, 2, 3, and 4 m/s impact velocity approximately by means of Instron Dynatup testing machine. The impact tup force is recorded by data acquisition equipment of the machine. The low-velocity impact of Laminated Glass is modelled in explicit finite elements, using the commercial software ABAQUS. Three finite element models are examined: brick element model with 4 plies of elements per a Glass layer and one per the interlayer, continuum shell element model with a brick element ply for the interlayer, and conventional shell element model excluding the interlayer shear. The Glass layers are modelled by brittle damage material model, which is based on fracture toughness Charpy tests. The interlayer of the polymeric (PVB) material is modelled as elastic material with instantaneous Young’s modulus found in a creep test. The careful modelling of Laminated Glass low-velocity impact in explicit finite element code provides corresponding to the experiment results. The conventional shell element model underestimates the energy dissipation. The continuum shell element model could be very efficient if it is stable enough. The necessity of efficient Laminated Glass shell element is discussed. The finite element analysis gives an insight of the progressive failure of the Laminated Glass, explaining the place and the order of radial and circular crack appearance. The investigation of the Laminated Glass response to the low-velocity impact gives the opportunity to optimize the Laminated Glass layers for higher resistance.
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Computational Models of Laminated Glass Plate under Transverse Static Loading
Shell-like Structures, 2011Co-Authors: Ivelin V. Ivanov, Dimitar Stefanov Velchev, Tomasz Sadowski, Marcin KnećAbstract:Laminated Glass with Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB) interlayer became a popular safety Glass for aircraft windows, architectural and automotive glazing applications. The very soft interlayer, bonding the Glass plates, however, has negligible normal stress in transverse loading and it resists mainly by shear stress. The classical laminate theory obeying the principle of the straight normals remaining straight is not valid for Laminated Glass. Conventional Finite Elements (FE) are used to model the Laminated Glass in cylindrical bending to investigate the problem. Based on the assumption that the Glass layers of a Laminated Glass plate obey Kirchoff’s classical plate theory and the PVB-interlayer transfer load by shear stress only, the differential equations of a Triplex Laminated Glass (TLG) plate are derived and a special TLG plate FE is elaborated. For each of its nodes, the element has one transverse translational, three rotational, and two additional degrees of freedom representing the slippage between the Glass layers. All computational models are compared with experimental tests of a Laminated Glass strip in cylindrical bending.
Ivelin V. Ivanov - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A plate finite element for modelling of triplex Laminated Glass and comparison with other computational models
Meccanica, 2016Co-Authors: Ivelin V. Ivanov, Dimitar Stefanov Velchev, N. G. Georgiev, I. D. Ivanov, Tomasz SadowskiAbstract:Laminated Glass became a popular safety Glass. The very soft interlayer of polymeric material impedes the slippage between Glass layers, bending in parallel, by shear stress. The shear stress of the interlayer breaches the principle of straight normals remaining straight after deformation, on which is based the conventional shell elements in finite element (FE) analysis. As a result of this, the conventional finite elements are not capable to solve the Laminated Glass problems efficiently. Based on the assumption that the Glass layers of a Laminated Glass obey Kirchoff’s plate theory and the interlayer transfer shear stress only, a finite element formulation is elaborated by introducing new degrees of freedom and implemented in a special rectangular triplex Laminated Glass plate FE. The element is validated by comparison with other computational FE models and experimental tests of a Laminated Glass strip in cylindrical bending and a Laminated Glass panel in transverse loading. The developed plate element or similar shell elements that could be developed on the same theory could solve the problem with Laminated Glass structures very efficiently and accurately, which is now usually solved by sacrificing the fidelity.
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A plate finite element for modelling of triplex Laminated Glass and comparison with other computational models
Meccanica, 2015Co-Authors: Ivelin V. Ivanov, Dimitar Stefanov Velchev, N. G. Georgiev, I. D. Ivanov, Tomasz SadowskiAbstract:Laminated Glass became a popular safety Glass. The very soft interlayer of polymeric material impedes the slippage between Glass layers, bending in parallel, by shear stress. The shear stress of the interlayer breaches the principle of straight normals remaining straight after deformation, on which is based the conventional shell elements in finite element (FE) analysis. As a result of this, the conventional finite elements are not capable to solve the Laminated Glass problems efficiently. Based on the assumption that the Glass layers of a Laminated Glass obey Kirchoff’s plate theory and the interlayer transfer shear stress only, a finite element formulation is elaborated by introducing new degrees of freedom and implemented in a special rectangular triplex Laminated Glass plate FE. The element is validated by comparison with other computational FE models and experimental tests of a Laminated Glass strip in cylindrical bending and a Laminated Glass panel in transverse loading. The developed plate element or similar shell elements that could be developed on the same theory could solve the problem with Laminated Glass structures very efficiently and accurately, which is now usually solved by sacrificing the fidelity.
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Efficient Finite Element Models of Laminated Glass Subjected to Low-Velocity Impact
2013Co-Authors: Ivelin V. Ivanov, Tomasz SadowskiAbstract:Laminated Glass is widely used for architectural glazing and as windshield material in automotive industry. The architectural application of Laminated Glass is subjected to low-velocity impact by flying debris in hurricane, tornado, and blast events. The automotive application is subjected to low-velocity impact in traffic accidents. Circular samples of Laminated Glass are subjected to low-velocity impact at 1, 2, 3, and 4 m/s impact velocity approximately by means of Instron Dynatup testing machine. The impact tup force is recorded by data acquisition equipment of the machine. The low-velocity impact of Laminated Glass is modelled in explicit finite elements, using the commercial software ABAQUS. Three finite element models are examined: brick element model with 4 plies of elements per a Glass layer and one per the interlayer, continuum shell element model with a brick element ply for the interlayer, and conventional shell element model excluding the interlayer shear. The Glass layers are modelled by brittle damage material model, which is based on fracture toughness Charpy tests. The interlayer of the polymeric (PVB) material is modelled as elastic material with instantaneous Young’s modulus found in a creep test. The careful modelling of Laminated Glass low-velocity impact in explicit finite element code provides corresponding to the experiment results. The conventional shell element model underestimates the energy dissipation. The continuum shell element model could be very efficient if it is stable enough. The necessity of efficient Laminated Glass shell element is discussed. The finite element analysis gives an insight of the progressive failure of the Laminated Glass, explaining the place and the order of radial and circular crack appearance. The investigation of the Laminated Glass response to the low-velocity impact gives the opportunity to optimize the Laminated Glass layers for higher resistance.
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Computational Models of Laminated Glass Plate under Transverse Static Loading
Shell-like Structures, 2011Co-Authors: Ivelin V. Ivanov, Dimitar Stefanov Velchev, Tomasz Sadowski, Marcin KnećAbstract:Laminated Glass with Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB) interlayer became a popular safety Glass for aircraft windows, architectural and automotive glazing applications. The very soft interlayer, bonding the Glass plates, however, has negligible normal stress in transverse loading and it resists mainly by shear stress. The classical laminate theory obeying the principle of the straight normals remaining straight is not valid for Laminated Glass. Conventional Finite Elements (FE) are used to model the Laminated Glass in cylindrical bending to investigate the problem. Based on the assumption that the Glass layers of a Laminated Glass plate obey Kirchoff’s classical plate theory and the PVB-interlayer transfer load by shear stress only, the differential equations of a Triplex Laminated Glass (TLG) plate are derived and a special TLG plate FE is elaborated. For each of its nodes, the element has one transverse translational, three rotational, and two additional degrees of freedom representing the slippage between the Glass layers. All computational models are compared with experimental tests of a Laminated Glass strip in cylindrical bending.
Paolo Foraboschi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Broken tempered Laminated Glass: Non-linear discrete element modeling
Composite Structures, 2016Co-Authors: Daniele Baraldi, Antonella Cecchi, Paolo ForaboschiAbstract:Abstract The research presented herein aimed to simulate the structural behavior of Laminated Glass with all the Glass layers broken, by means of the discrete element modeling. This paper focuses on Laminated Glass composed of two layers made of tempered Glass and an interlayer made of either a totally compliant or a relatively stiff material. The paper demonstrates that discrete element modeling is a viable tool to predict the load–deflection curve from the cracking up to the collapse of Laminated Glass members, and, hence, to assess the collapse limit states of structural Glass. In fact, discrete element modeling may simulate the non-linear composite behavior that the polymeric interlayer and the Glass fragments provide a member with, considering the crack patterns of the broken Glass, the visco-elasticity of the interlayer, and the structural conditions of the member. The validity of the method is also confirmed through comparisons with other sources — namely, some experiments performed by the authors and an empirical model. The paper presents the method and the results from its application to typical Laminated Glass members used for structural Glass. Those results provide insight into the effects of the design choices on the post-breakage behavior; emphasis is placed on the role played by the type of interlayer.
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Hybrid Laminated-Glass plate: Design and assessment
Composite Structures, 2013Co-Authors: Paolo ForaboschiAbstract:This paper is focused on Laminated Glass plate designed with the “sacrificial ply” concept: The Glass layer that collects the live loads is considered as broken (i.e., it is not considered), independently of whether or not it is fractured. Accordingly, the load-bearing system is composed of: Heath-strengthened (or annealed) Glass layer, plus interlayer, plus toughened (tempered, or chemically-strengthened) Glass layer. Hence, the Laminated Glass plate is hybrid. The first part of the paper derives the constitutive law of the interlayer materials that belong to the latest generation. Then, the behavior of the Laminated Glass plate is predicted by using this new constitutive law in lieu of the constitutive law of traditional interlayer materials, and the results are analyzed. The second part discusses the results of a theoretical analysis conducted on products available on the architectural marketplace that encompass Glass structural applications. These results prove that the ultimate load is dictated by the toughened Glass only if the stiffness of the interlayer surpasses a critical value; otherwise, it is dictated by the less resistant Glass. However, the critical value is very high. Moreover, the results prove that assessment cannot use practical or simplified expressions (e.g., effective thickness), since these expressions provide the maximum stress in the plate but not in each layer.
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analytical model for Laminated Glass plate
Composites Part B-engineering, 2012Co-Authors: Paolo ForaboschiAbstract:Abstract This paper presents an analytical model of Laminated-Glass plate (two external Glass plies and a polymeric interlayer). Mechanical behavior is described by a system of three exact and explicit equations. The equations are solved for the simply-supported rectangular plate, under lateral uniformly distributed static loading. However, the solution for other restraints, shapes, and loads can be obtained without altering the model, but simply by adjusting the mathematical form of the functions which the equations are solved by. The model represents a tool for design and assessment. Since it is exact, the model allows for the checking and refining of finite element models and semi-empirical formulas. Since it is both analytical and explicit, the model allows one to gain a better understanding of the mechanical behavior of Laminated Glass plate. The model can also be applied to Laminated plates in general, i.e., sandwich structures (thick skin sandwiched by thin core, as well as thin skin sandwiched by thick core provided that this thick core is relatively soft).
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Behavior and Failure Strength of Laminated Glass Beams
Journal of Engineering Mechanics-asce, 2007Co-Authors: Paolo ForaboschiAbstract:Despite the increased use of Laminated Glass (two monolithic layers of Glass joined with an elastomeric interlayer—usually PVB—to form a unit) as a cladding material for architectural glazing applications and by now as a structural material, the mechanical properties and the structural capabilities of PVB Laminated Glass are not well known. This paper presents an analytical model that predicts stress development and ultimate strength of Laminated Glass beams involving a multilayered system that allows displacements in the shear flexible interlayer. The model may be applied to laminates of arbitrary shape and size under prevailing uniaxial bending. No specific simplifying assumption is made in formulating the procedure, so the modeling inaccuracy is marginal, as proved by comparing theoretical model predictions with test results. The model was then used for assessing the safety and predicting the failure strength of Laminated Glass products available in the architectural Glass marketplace, in order to iden...
John P. Dear - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Impact Response of Laminated Glass with Varying Interlayer Materials
International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2020Co-Authors: Xiaowen Zhang, Haibao Liu, Chris Maharaj, Mengyao Zheng, Iman Mohagheghian, Guanli Zhang, Yue Yan, John P. DearAbstract:Abstract This study investigates the influence of the interlayer materials on the low velocity impact performance of Laminated Glass. By varying the impact velocity, with a drop-weight, the effect of impact energy levels (3, 5, 10 and 15 J) has been explored on the impact resistance of Laminated Glass and the failure mechanisms have been assessed. The four interlayer materials investigated were: SGP–Ionoplast as employed in Sentry Glas® Plus, TPU-Thermoplastic polyurethane, PVB-Polyvinyl butyral and a TPU/SGP/TPU hybrid interlayer. The drop weight method has been employed to obtain the energy dissipation, loading and deformation of the Laminated Glass. The low velocity impact results indicate that both the type of the interlayer materials and the impact energy have great influence on the impact performance of the Laminated Glass. The Laminated Glass with TPU and PVB interlayer exhibited better impact resistance than the Laminated Glass with SGP and TPU/SGP/TPU hybrid interlayer, when impacted at energies of 3 and 5 J (corresponding to impact velocities of 1.71 and 2.21 ms−1 respectively). However, the Laminated Glass with SGP and TPU/SGP/TPU hybrid interlayers has better load carrying capacity and better anti-deformation property than the TPU and PVB interlayers at the higher impact energies of 10 and 15 J (impact velocities of 3.13 and 3.83 ms−1 respectively). The results are thought to be attributed to the differences in the viscoelastic properties of the interlayer materials with strain rates.
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Temperature effects on Laminated Glass at high rate
International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2017Co-Authors: Mohammad Amin Samieian, Bamber R.k. Blackman, John P. Dear, David Cormie, David Smith, Will Wholey, Paul A. HooperAbstract:Abstract The load bearing capacity of a Laminated Glass pane changes with temperature. In blast protection, Laminated Glass panes with a Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB) interlayer are usually employed. The post-crack response of the Laminated pane is determined by the interlayer material response and its bond to the Glass plies. An experimental study has been performed to determine the effects of temperature on the post cracked response of Laminated Glass at a test rate of 1 m/s for PVB thicknesses of 0.76 mm, 1.52 mm and 2.28 mm. Tensile tests were carried out on single cracked and randomly cracked samples in a temperature range of 0 °C–60 °C. Photoelasticity observation and high speed video recording were used to capture the delamination in the single cracked tests. Competing mechanisms of PVB compliance and the adhesion between the Glass and PVB, were revealed. The adhesion showed an increase at lower temperatures, but the compliance of the PVB interlayer was reduced. Based on the interlayer thickness range tested, the post-crack response of Laminated Glass is shown to be thickness dependent.
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Delamination properties of Laminated Glass windows subject to blast loading
International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2017Co-Authors: Paolo Del Linz, Paul A. Hooper, Bamber R.k. Blackman, Y. Wang, David Smith, Hari Arora, John P. DearAbstract:Abstract Delamination processes absorb significant amounts of energy in Laminated Glass windows when they are subjected to blast loads. Blast tests were performed previously and their results had been used to calculate the loads imposed on the support systems. In this research, the delamination process at realistic deformation rates was studied to understand the reaction force response obtained. Laboratory tensile tests were performed on pre-cracked Laminated Glass specimens to investigate their delamination behaviour. The experiments confirmed the presence of a plateau in the force-deflection graphs, suggesting that the delamination process absorbed significant energy. The experimental results were then employed to calibrate FEA models of the delamination process with the aim of estimating the delamination energy of the polyvinyl butyral (PVB) membrane and Glass layers and its relationship with deformation speed. The delamination energies obtained through this research, if used with the appropriate PVB material model, are a valuable new tool new tool in the modelling and design of Laminated Glass facade structures.
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Soft impact response of Laminated Glass plates
2015Co-Authors: Iman Mohagheghian, Yue Yan, Y. Wang, J. Zhou, Guo Xintao, Maria N. Charalambides, John P. DearAbstract:A Laminated Glass typically consists of two layers of Glass and one layer of polymer. It is utilised in many applications in which the glazing is exposed to external threats like impact or blast. In this paper, damage development of Laminated Glass plates by soft impact is investigated in both low and high velocity regimes. Low velocity impacts (up to 4 ms-1 ) were conducted using a drop tower. Soft impact was achieved by attaching a silicon rubber cylinder to a flat steel impactor, with a diameter larger than that of the rubber, which itself is backed by a 16.9 kg weight. Different velocities were obtained by dropping the weight from various heights. For high velocity impacts (up to 220 ms-1 ), a gas gun apparatus was used. The silicon rubber cylinder was fired, using a sabot, in a 25 mm diameter barrel. High speed photography was employed to monitor the deformation and damage development in the Laminated Glass samples. Laminated Glasses with different types of polymer interlayer were tested. The results show a better impact resistance for Laminated Glass with a stiffer polymer interlayer at both low and high velocity regimes.
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On the blast resistance of Laminated Glass
International Journal of Solids and Structures, 2012Co-Authors: Paul A. Hooper, R.a.m. Sukhram, Bamber R.k. Blackman, John P. DearAbstract:Abstract Blast resistant glazing systems typically use Laminated Glass to reduce the risk of flying Glass debris in the event of an explosion. Laminated Glass has one or more bonded polymer interlayers to retain Glass fragments upon fracture. With good design, the flexibility of the interlayer and the adhesion between layers enable Laminated Glass to continue to resist blast after the Glass layers fracture. This gives protection from significantly higher blast loads when compared to a monolithic pane. Full-scale open-air blast tests were performed on Laminated Glass containing a polyvinyl butyral (PVB) interlayer. Test windows of size 1.5 m × 1.2 m were secured to robust frames using structural silicone sealant. Blast loads were produced using charge masses of 15 kg and 30 kg (TNT equivalent) at distances of 10–16 m. Deflection and shape measurements of deforming Laminated Glass were obtained using high-speed digital image correlation. Measurements of loading at the joint, between the Laminated Glass and the frame, were obtained using strain gauges. The main failure mechanisms observed were the cohesive failure of the bonded silicone joint and delamination between the Glass and interlayer at the pane edge. A new finite element model of Laminated Glass is developed and calibrated using laboratory based tests. Predictions from this model are compared against the experimental results.
Dimitar Stefanov Velchev - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A plate finite element for modelling of triplex Laminated Glass and comparison with other computational models
Meccanica, 2016Co-Authors: Ivelin V. Ivanov, Dimitar Stefanov Velchev, N. G. Georgiev, I. D. Ivanov, Tomasz SadowskiAbstract:Laminated Glass became a popular safety Glass. The very soft interlayer of polymeric material impedes the slippage between Glass layers, bending in parallel, by shear stress. The shear stress of the interlayer breaches the principle of straight normals remaining straight after deformation, on which is based the conventional shell elements in finite element (FE) analysis. As a result of this, the conventional finite elements are not capable to solve the Laminated Glass problems efficiently. Based on the assumption that the Glass layers of a Laminated Glass obey Kirchoff’s plate theory and the interlayer transfer shear stress only, a finite element formulation is elaborated by introducing new degrees of freedom and implemented in a special rectangular triplex Laminated Glass plate FE. The element is validated by comparison with other computational FE models and experimental tests of a Laminated Glass strip in cylindrical bending and a Laminated Glass panel in transverse loading. The developed plate element or similar shell elements that could be developed on the same theory could solve the problem with Laminated Glass structures very efficiently and accurately, which is now usually solved by sacrificing the fidelity.
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A plate finite element for modelling of triplex Laminated Glass and comparison with other computational models
Meccanica, 2015Co-Authors: Ivelin V. Ivanov, Dimitar Stefanov Velchev, N. G. Georgiev, I. D. Ivanov, Tomasz SadowskiAbstract:Laminated Glass became a popular safety Glass. The very soft interlayer of polymeric material impedes the slippage between Glass layers, bending in parallel, by shear stress. The shear stress of the interlayer breaches the principle of straight normals remaining straight after deformation, on which is based the conventional shell elements in finite element (FE) analysis. As a result of this, the conventional finite elements are not capable to solve the Laminated Glass problems efficiently. Based on the assumption that the Glass layers of a Laminated Glass obey Kirchoff’s plate theory and the interlayer transfer shear stress only, a finite element formulation is elaborated by introducing new degrees of freedom and implemented in a special rectangular triplex Laminated Glass plate FE. The element is validated by comparison with other computational FE models and experimental tests of a Laminated Glass strip in cylindrical bending and a Laminated Glass panel in transverse loading. The developed plate element or similar shell elements that could be developed on the same theory could solve the problem with Laminated Glass structures very efficiently and accurately, which is now usually solved by sacrificing the fidelity.
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Computational Models of Laminated Glass Plate under Transverse Static Loading
Shell-like Structures, 2011Co-Authors: Ivelin V. Ivanov, Dimitar Stefanov Velchev, Tomasz Sadowski, Marcin KnećAbstract:Laminated Glass with Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB) interlayer became a popular safety Glass for aircraft windows, architectural and automotive glazing applications. The very soft interlayer, bonding the Glass plates, however, has negligible normal stress in transverse loading and it resists mainly by shear stress. The classical laminate theory obeying the principle of the straight normals remaining straight is not valid for Laminated Glass. Conventional Finite Elements (FE) are used to model the Laminated Glass in cylindrical bending to investigate the problem. Based on the assumption that the Glass layers of a Laminated Glass plate obey Kirchoff’s classical plate theory and the PVB-interlayer transfer load by shear stress only, the differential equations of a Triplex Laminated Glass (TLG) plate are derived and a special TLG plate FE is elaborated. For each of its nodes, the element has one transverse translational, three rotational, and two additional degrees of freedom representing the slippage between the Glass layers. All computational models are compared with experimental tests of a Laminated Glass strip in cylindrical bending.
