The Experts below are selected from a list of 240 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Maricarmen García - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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MinION sequencing to genotype US strains of infectious Laryngotracheitis virus
Avian Pathology, 2019Co-Authors: Stephen J. Spatz, Sylva M. Riblet, Maricarmen García, Teresa A. Ross, Jeremy D. Volkening, Tonya L. Taylor, Claudio L. AfonsoAbstract:ABSTRACTOver the last decade the US broiler industry has fought long-lasting outbreaks of infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILTV). Previously, nine genotypes (I-IX) of ILTVs have been recognized using ...
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cytokine gene transcription in the trachea harderian gland and trigeminal ganglia of chickens inoculated with virulent infectious Laryngotracheitis virus iltv strain
Avian Pathology, 2018Co-Authors: Ariel Vagnozzi, Guillermo Zavala, Gabriela Beltran, Leah R Read, Shayan Sharif, Maricarmen GarcíaAbstract:The objective of this study was to determine how cytokine transcription profiles correlate with patterns of infectious Laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) replication in the trachea, Harderian gland, an...
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Evaluation of the transcriptional status of host cytokines and viral genes in the trachea of vaccinated and non-vaccinated chickens after challenge with the infectious Laryngotracheitis virus
Avian Pathology, 2016Co-Authors: Ariel Vagnozzi, Roselene Ecco, Sylva M. Riblet, Guillermo Zavala, Claudio L. Afonso, Maricarmen GarcíaAbstract:ABSTRACTInfectious Laryngotracheitis is a highly contagious disease of chickens responsible for significant economic losses for the poultry industry worldwide. The disease is caused by Gallid herpesvirus-1 (GaHV-1) commonly known as the infectious Laryngotracheitis virus. Although characterized by their potential to regain virulence, chicken embryo origin (CEO) vaccines are the most effective vaccines against Laryngotracheitis as they significantly reduce the replication of challenge virus in the trachea and conjunctiva. Knowledge on the nature of protective immunity elicited by CEO vaccines is very limited. Therefore, elucidating the origin of the immune responses elicited by CEO vaccination is relevant for development of safer control strategies. In this study the transcription levels of key host immune genes (IFN-γ, IFN-β, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18) and viral genes (ICP4, ICP27, UL46, UL49), as well as viral genome loads in trachea were quantified at 6 and 12 hours post-challenge of CEO vaccinated and n...
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Infection of Broilers with Two Virulent Strains of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus: Criteria for Evaluation of Experimental Infections
Avian Diseases, 2015Co-Authors: Ariel Vagnozzi, Sylva M. Riblet, Susan M. Williams, Guillermo Zavala, Maricarmen GarcíaAbstract:SUMMARY Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious disease of chickens and is responsible for significant economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide; it is caused by Gallid herpesvirus-1 (GaHV-1), commonly known as infectious Laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). Experimental evaluation of ILTV strains is fundamental to identify changes in virulence that can contribute to the severity and spread of outbreaks and consequently influence the efficacy of vaccination. Several criteria had been utilized to determine the degree of virulence associated with ILTV strains. The objectives of this study were to compare the levels of virulence of the standard United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) challenge strain with a contemporary outbreak-related strain (63140) and to evaluate the efficacy of individual criteria to identify changes in virulence. Broilers were inoculated with increasing infectious doses of each strain. The criteria utilized to evaluate virulence were clinical signs of the di...
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newcastle disease virus ndv recombinants expressing infectious Laryngotracheitis virus iltv glycoproteins gb and gd protect chickens against iltv and ndv challenges
Journal of Virology, 2014Co-Authors: Wei Zhao, Maricarmen García, Stephen J. Spatz, Laszlo Zsak, Zhenyu Zhang, Qingzhong YuAbstract:Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious acute respiratory disease of chickens caused by infectious Laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). The disease is controlled mainly through biosecurity and vaccination with live attenuated strains of ILTV and vectored vaccines based on turkey herpesvirus (HVT) and fowlpox virus (FPV). The current live attenuated vaccines (chicken embryo origin [CEO] and tissue culture origin [TCO]), although effective, can regain virulence, whereas HVT- and FPV-vectored ILTV vaccines are less efficacious than live attenuated vaccines. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop safer and more efficacious ILTV vaccines. In the present study, we generated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) recombinants, based on the LaSota vaccine strain, expressing glycoproteins B (gB) and D (gD) of ILTV using reverse genetics technology. These recombinant viruses, rLS/ILTV-gB and rLS/ILTV-gD, were slightly attenuated in vivo yet retained growth dynamics, stability, and virus titers in vitro that were similar to those of the parental LaSota virus. Expression of ILTV gB and gD proteins in the recombinant virus-infected cells was detected by immunofluorescence assay. Vaccination of specific-pathogen-free chickens with these recombinant viruses conferred significant protection against virulent ILTV and velogenic NDV challenges. Immunization of commercial broilers with rLS/ILTV-gB provided a level of protection against clinical disease similar to that provided by the live attenuated commercial vaccines, with no decrease in body weight gains. The results of the study suggested that the rLS/ILTV-gB and -gD viruses are safe, stable, and effective bivalent vaccines that can be mass administered via aerosol or drinking water to large chicken populations. IMPORTANCE This paper describes the development and evaluation of novel bivalent vaccines against chicken infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) and Newcastle disease (ND), two of the most economically important infectious diseases of poultry. The current commercial ILT vaccines are either not safe or less effective. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop safer and more efficacious ILT vaccines. In the present study, we generated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) recombinants expressing glycoproteins B (gB) and D (gD) of infectious Laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) using reverse genetics technology. These recombinant viruses were safe, stable, and immunogenic and replicated efficiently in birds. Vaccination of chickens with these recombinant viruses conferred complete protection against ILTV and NDV challenge. These novel bivalent vaccines can be mass administered via aerosol or drinking water to large chicken populations at low cost, which will have a direct impact on poultry health, fitness, and performance.
Stephen J. Spatz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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MinION sequencing to genotype US strains of infectious Laryngotracheitis virus
Avian Pathology, 2019Co-Authors: Stephen J. Spatz, Sylva M. Riblet, Maricarmen García, Teresa A. Ross, Jeremy D. Volkening, Tonya L. Taylor, Claudio L. AfonsoAbstract:ABSTRACTOver the last decade the US broiler industry has fought long-lasting outbreaks of infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILTV). Previously, nine genotypes (I-IX) of ILTVs have been recognized using ...
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generation of newcastle disease virus ndv recombinants expressing the infectious Laryngotracheitis virus iltv glycoprotein gb or gd as dual vaccines
Methods of Molecular Biology, 2016Co-Authors: Wei Zhao, Stephen J. Spatz, Laszlo Zsak, Qingzhong YuAbstract:Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious acute respiratory disease of chickens caused by infection with infectious Laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), a member of the family Herpesviridae. The current commercial ILT vaccines are either unsafe or ineffective. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop safer and more efficacious vaccines. Newcastle disease (ND), caused by infection with Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, is one of the most serious infectious diseases of poultry. The NDV LaSota strain, a naturally occurring low-virulence NDV strain, has been routinely used as a live vaccine throughout the world. This chapter describes the generation of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) LaSota vaccine strain-based recombinant viruses expressing glycoprotein B (gB) or glycoprotein D (gD) of ILTV as dual vaccines against ND and ILT using reverse genetics technology.
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newcastle disease virus ndv recombinants expressing infectious Laryngotracheitis virus iltv glycoproteins gb and gd protect chickens against iltv and ndv challenges
Journal of Virology, 2014Co-Authors: Wei Zhao, Maricarmen García, Stephen J. Spatz, Laszlo Zsak, Zhenyu Zhang, Qingzhong YuAbstract:Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious acute respiratory disease of chickens caused by infectious Laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). The disease is controlled mainly through biosecurity and vaccination with live attenuated strains of ILTV and vectored vaccines based on turkey herpesvirus (HVT) and fowlpox virus (FPV). The current live attenuated vaccines (chicken embryo origin [CEO] and tissue culture origin [TCO]), although effective, can regain virulence, whereas HVT- and FPV-vectored ILTV vaccines are less efficacious than live attenuated vaccines. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop safer and more efficacious ILTV vaccines. In the present study, we generated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) recombinants, based on the LaSota vaccine strain, expressing glycoproteins B (gB) and D (gD) of ILTV using reverse genetics technology. These recombinant viruses, rLS/ILTV-gB and rLS/ILTV-gD, were slightly attenuated in vivo yet retained growth dynamics, stability, and virus titers in vitro that were similar to those of the parental LaSota virus. Expression of ILTV gB and gD proteins in the recombinant virus-infected cells was detected by immunofluorescence assay. Vaccination of specific-pathogen-free chickens with these recombinant viruses conferred significant protection against virulent ILTV and velogenic NDV challenges. Immunization of commercial broilers with rLS/ILTV-gB provided a level of protection against clinical disease similar to that provided by the live attenuated commercial vaccines, with no decrease in body weight gains. The results of the study suggested that the rLS/ILTV-gB and -gD viruses are safe, stable, and effective bivalent vaccines that can be mass administered via aerosol or drinking water to large chicken populations. IMPORTANCE This paper describes the development and evaluation of novel bivalent vaccines against chicken infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) and Newcastle disease (ND), two of the most economically important infectious diseases of poultry. The current commercial ILT vaccines are either not safe or less effective. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop safer and more efficacious ILT vaccines. In the present study, we generated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) recombinants expressing glycoproteins B (gB) and D (gD) of infectious Laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) using reverse genetics technology. These recombinant viruses were safe, stable, and immunogenic and replicated efficiently in birds. Vaccination of chickens with these recombinant viruses conferred complete protection against ILTV and NDV challenge. These novel bivalent vaccines can be mass administered via aerosol or drinking water to large chicken populations at low cost, which will have a direct impact on poultry health, fitness, and performance.
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genomic sequence analysis of the united states infectious Laryngotracheitis vaccine strains chicken embryo origin ceo and tissue culture origin tco
Virology, 2013Co-Authors: Maricarmen García, Sylva M. Riblet, Jeremy D. Volkening, Stephen J. SpatzAbstract:Abstract The genomic sequences of low and high passages of the United States infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) vaccine strains CEO and TCO were determined using hybrid next generation sequencing in order to define genomic changes associated with attenuation and reversion to virulence. Phylogenetic analysis of available full genomes grouped strains into three major clades: TCO, CEO, and Australian. Comparative genomics revealed that TCO attenuation is likely the result of an ORF C truncation. Genes involved in attenuation are generally clade-specific, however four genes ORF C, UL27, UL28 and UL39 commonly contained various mutations across the CEO and TCO lineages. The Thr644 mutation in the UL27 gene encoding glycoprotein B was identified in all virulent US strains. The US10 gene was identified as a potential virulence factor for the TCO revertant 81658. The UL41 gene was responsible for the robust gain in virulence of CEO-Fowl Laryngotracheitis® after 20 passages in chickens.
Qingzhong Yu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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generation of newcastle disease virus ndv recombinants expressing the infectious Laryngotracheitis virus iltv glycoprotein gb or gd as dual vaccines
Methods of Molecular Biology, 2016Co-Authors: Wei Zhao, Stephen J. Spatz, Laszlo Zsak, Qingzhong YuAbstract:Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious acute respiratory disease of chickens caused by infection with infectious Laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), a member of the family Herpesviridae. The current commercial ILT vaccines are either unsafe or ineffective. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop safer and more efficacious vaccines. Newcastle disease (ND), caused by infection with Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, is one of the most serious infectious diseases of poultry. The NDV LaSota strain, a naturally occurring low-virulence NDV strain, has been routinely used as a live vaccine throughout the world. This chapter describes the generation of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) LaSota vaccine strain-based recombinant viruses expressing glycoprotein B (gB) or glycoprotein D (gD) of ILTV as dual vaccines against ND and ILT using reverse genetics technology.
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newcastle disease virus ndv recombinants expressing infectious Laryngotracheitis virus iltv glycoproteins gb and gd protect chickens against iltv and ndv challenges
Journal of Virology, 2014Co-Authors: Wei Zhao, Maricarmen García, Stephen J. Spatz, Laszlo Zsak, Zhenyu Zhang, Qingzhong YuAbstract:Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious acute respiratory disease of chickens caused by infectious Laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). The disease is controlled mainly through biosecurity and vaccination with live attenuated strains of ILTV and vectored vaccines based on turkey herpesvirus (HVT) and fowlpox virus (FPV). The current live attenuated vaccines (chicken embryo origin [CEO] and tissue culture origin [TCO]), although effective, can regain virulence, whereas HVT- and FPV-vectored ILTV vaccines are less efficacious than live attenuated vaccines. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop safer and more efficacious ILTV vaccines. In the present study, we generated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) recombinants, based on the LaSota vaccine strain, expressing glycoproteins B (gB) and D (gD) of ILTV using reverse genetics technology. These recombinant viruses, rLS/ILTV-gB and rLS/ILTV-gD, were slightly attenuated in vivo yet retained growth dynamics, stability, and virus titers in vitro that were similar to those of the parental LaSota virus. Expression of ILTV gB and gD proteins in the recombinant virus-infected cells was detected by immunofluorescence assay. Vaccination of specific-pathogen-free chickens with these recombinant viruses conferred significant protection against virulent ILTV and velogenic NDV challenges. Immunization of commercial broilers with rLS/ILTV-gB provided a level of protection against clinical disease similar to that provided by the live attenuated commercial vaccines, with no decrease in body weight gains. The results of the study suggested that the rLS/ILTV-gB and -gD viruses are safe, stable, and effective bivalent vaccines that can be mass administered via aerosol or drinking water to large chicken populations. IMPORTANCE This paper describes the development and evaluation of novel bivalent vaccines against chicken infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) and Newcastle disease (ND), two of the most economically important infectious diseases of poultry. The current commercial ILT vaccines are either not safe or less effective. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop safer and more efficacious ILT vaccines. In the present study, we generated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) recombinants expressing glycoproteins B (gB) and D (gD) of infectious Laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) using reverse genetics technology. These recombinant viruses were safe, stable, and immunogenic and replicated efficiently in birds. Vaccination of chickens with these recombinant viruses conferred complete protection against ILTV and NDV challenge. These novel bivalent vaccines can be mass administered via aerosol or drinking water to large chicken populations at low cost, which will have a direct impact on poultry health, fitness, and performance.
Joanne M Devlin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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latency characteristics in specific pathogen free chickens 21 and 35 days after intra tracheal inoculation with vaccine or field strains of infectious Laryngotracheitis virus
Avian Pathology, 2020Co-Authors: Dulari S Thilakarathne, Carol A Hartley, Andres Diazmendez, Jose A Quinteros, Omid Fakhri, Mauricio J C Coppo, Joanne M DevlinAbstract:Latency is an important feature of infectious Laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) yet is poorly understood. This study aimed to compare latency characteristics of vaccine (SA2) and field (CL9) strains o...
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immune responses to infectious Laryngotracheitis virus
Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 2013Co-Authors: Mauricio J C Coppo, Carol A Hartley, Joanne M DevlinAbstract:Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an upper respiratory tract disease in chickens caused by infectious Laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), an alphaherpesvirus. Despite the extensive use of attenuated, and more recently recombinant, vaccines for the control of this disease, ILT continues to affect the intensive poultry industries worldwide. Innate and cell-mediated, rather than humoral immune responses, have been identified as responsible for protection against disease. This review examines the current understandings in innate and adaptive immune responses towards ILTV, as well as the role of ILTV glycoprotein G in modulating the host immune response towards infection. Protective immunity induced by ILT vaccines is also examined. The increasing availability of tools and reagents for the characterisation of avian innate and cell-mediated immune responses are expected to further our understanding of immunity against ILTV and drive the development of new generation vaccines towards enhanced control of this disease.
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comparison of the replication and transmissibility of an infectious Laryngotracheitis virus vaccine delivered via eye drop or drinking water
Avian Pathology, 2012Co-Authors: Mauricio J C Coppo, Joanne M Devlin, Amir H NoormohammadiAbstract:Live attenuated vaccines have been extensively used to control infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT). Most vaccines are registered/recommended for use via eye-drop although vaccination via drinking-water is commonly used in the field. Drinking-water vaccination has been associated with non-uniform protection. Bird-to-bird passage of chick-embryo-origin (CEO) ILT vaccines has been shown to result in reversion to virulence. The purpose of the present study was to examine the replication and transmission of a commercial CEO infectious Laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) vaccine strain following drinking-water or eye-drop inoculation. Two groups of 10 specific-pathogen-free chickens were each vaccinated with Serva ILTV vaccine strain either via eye-drop or drinking-water. Groups of four or five unvaccinated birds were placed in contact with vaccinated birds at regular intervals. Tracheal swabs were collected every 4 days from vaccinated and in-contact birds to assess viral replication and transmission using quantitat...
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comparative in vivo safety and efficacy of a glycoprotein g deficient candidate vaccine strain of infectious Laryngotracheitis virus delivered via eye drop
Avian Pathology, 2011Co-Authors: Mauricio J C Coppo, Carol A Hartley, Amir H Noormohammadi, J R Gilkerson, Glenn F Browning, Joanne M DevlinAbstract:Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an acute respiratory disease in poultry that is commonly controlled by vaccination with conventionally attenuated virus strains. Despite the use of these vaccines, ILT remains a threat to the intensive poultry industry. Our laboratory has developed a novel candidate vaccine strain of infectious Laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) lacking glycoprotein G (ΔgG-ILTV). The aim of the present study was to directly compare this candidate vaccine with three currently available commercial vaccines in vivo. Five groups of specific-pathogen-free chickens were eye-drop inoculated with one of the three commercial vaccine strains (SA2-ILTV, A20-ILTV or Serva-ILTV), or ΔgG-ILTV, or sterile medium. Vaccine safety was assessed by examining clinical signs, weight gain and persistence of virus in the trachea. Vaccine efficacy was assessed by scoring clinical signs and conducting post-mortem analyses following challenge with virulent virus. Following vaccination, birds that received ΔgG-ILTV ...
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development of a sybr green quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid detection and quantification of infectious Laryngotracheitis virus
Avian Pathology, 2011Co-Authors: Alireza Mahmoudian, Mauricio J C Coppo, Joanne M Devlin, Glenn F Browning, Naomi C Kirkpatrick, Philip F Markham, Amir H NoormohammadiAbstract:Infectious Laryngotracheitis is an acute viral respiratory disease of chickens with a worldwide distribution. Sensitive detection of the causative herpesvirus is particularly important because it can persist in the host at a very low copy number and be transmitted to other birds. Quantification of viral genome copy number is also useful for clinical investigations and experimental studies. In the study presented here, a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay was developed using SYBR Green chemistry and the viral gene UL15a to detect and quantify infectious Laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) in ILTV-inoculated chicken embryos or naturally infected birds. The specificity of the assay was confirmed using a panel of viral and bacterial pathogens of poultry. The sensitivity of the assay was compared with two conventional PCR assays, virus titration and an antigen-detecting enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The qPCR developed in this study was highly sensitive and specific, and has potential for quant...
Wei Zhao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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generation of newcastle disease virus ndv recombinants expressing the infectious Laryngotracheitis virus iltv glycoprotein gb or gd as dual vaccines
Methods of Molecular Biology, 2016Co-Authors: Wei Zhao, Stephen J. Spatz, Laszlo Zsak, Qingzhong YuAbstract:Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious acute respiratory disease of chickens caused by infection with infectious Laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), a member of the family Herpesviridae. The current commercial ILT vaccines are either unsafe or ineffective. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop safer and more efficacious vaccines. Newcastle disease (ND), caused by infection with Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, is one of the most serious infectious diseases of poultry. The NDV LaSota strain, a naturally occurring low-virulence NDV strain, has been routinely used as a live vaccine throughout the world. This chapter describes the generation of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) LaSota vaccine strain-based recombinant viruses expressing glycoprotein B (gB) or glycoprotein D (gD) of ILTV as dual vaccines against ND and ILT using reverse genetics technology.
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newcastle disease virus ndv recombinants expressing infectious Laryngotracheitis virus iltv glycoproteins gb and gd protect chickens against iltv and ndv challenges
Journal of Virology, 2014Co-Authors: Wei Zhao, Maricarmen García, Stephen J. Spatz, Laszlo Zsak, Zhenyu Zhang, Qingzhong YuAbstract:Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious acute respiratory disease of chickens caused by infectious Laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). The disease is controlled mainly through biosecurity and vaccination with live attenuated strains of ILTV and vectored vaccines based on turkey herpesvirus (HVT) and fowlpox virus (FPV). The current live attenuated vaccines (chicken embryo origin [CEO] and tissue culture origin [TCO]), although effective, can regain virulence, whereas HVT- and FPV-vectored ILTV vaccines are less efficacious than live attenuated vaccines. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop safer and more efficacious ILTV vaccines. In the present study, we generated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) recombinants, based on the LaSota vaccine strain, expressing glycoproteins B (gB) and D (gD) of ILTV using reverse genetics technology. These recombinant viruses, rLS/ILTV-gB and rLS/ILTV-gD, were slightly attenuated in vivo yet retained growth dynamics, stability, and virus titers in vitro that were similar to those of the parental LaSota virus. Expression of ILTV gB and gD proteins in the recombinant virus-infected cells was detected by immunofluorescence assay. Vaccination of specific-pathogen-free chickens with these recombinant viruses conferred significant protection against virulent ILTV and velogenic NDV challenges. Immunization of commercial broilers with rLS/ILTV-gB provided a level of protection against clinical disease similar to that provided by the live attenuated commercial vaccines, with no decrease in body weight gains. The results of the study suggested that the rLS/ILTV-gB and -gD viruses are safe, stable, and effective bivalent vaccines that can be mass administered via aerosol or drinking water to large chicken populations. IMPORTANCE This paper describes the development and evaluation of novel bivalent vaccines against chicken infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) and Newcastle disease (ND), two of the most economically important infectious diseases of poultry. The current commercial ILT vaccines are either not safe or less effective. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop safer and more efficacious ILT vaccines. In the present study, we generated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) recombinants expressing glycoproteins B (gB) and D (gD) of infectious Laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) using reverse genetics technology. These recombinant viruses were safe, stable, and immunogenic and replicated efficiently in birds. Vaccination of chickens with these recombinant viruses conferred complete protection against ILTV and NDV challenge. These novel bivalent vaccines can be mass administered via aerosol or drinking water to large chicken populations at low cost, which will have a direct impact on poultry health, fitness, and performance.
