The Experts below are selected from a list of 324 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Scott C Clark - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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window replacement and residential Lead Paint hazard control 12 years later
Environmental Research, 2012Co-Authors: Sherry L Dixon, David E Jacobs, Jonathan Wilson, Judith Akoto, Rick Nevin, Scott C ClarkAbstract:Abstract Window replacement is a key method of reducing childhood Lead exposure, but the long-term effectiveness has not been previously evaluated. Windows have the highest levels of interior Lead Paint and dust compared to other building components. Our objective was to conduct a follow-up study of residential window replacement and Lead hazard control 12 years after homes were enrolled in an evaluation of the HUD Lead Hazard Control Grant Program, sampling settled Lead dust in housing in four cities (n=189 homes). Previous work evaluated Lead hazard controls up to 6 years after intervention using dust Lead measurements and two years after intervention using both dust and blood Lead data. But the earlier work could not examine the effect of window replacement over the longer time period examined here: 12 years. The individual homes were assigned to one of three categories, based on how many windows had been replaced: all replacement, some replacement, or non-replacement. Windows that were not replaced were repaired. We controlled for covariates such as site, housing condition, presence of Lead Paint, and season using longitudinal regression modeling. Adjusted floor and sill dust Lead geometric mean dust Lead loadings declined at least 85% from pre-intervention to 12 years after the intervention for homes with all replacement windows, some windows replaced and no windows replaced. Twelve years after intervention, homes with all replacement windows had 41% lower interior floor dust Lead, compared to non-replacement homes (1.4 versus 2.4 μg/ft2, p
Rick Nevin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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window replacement and residential Lead Paint hazard control 12 years later
Environmental Research, 2012Co-Authors: Sherry L Dixon, David E Jacobs, Jonathan Wilson, Judith Akoto, Rick Nevin, Scott C ClarkAbstract:Abstract Window replacement is a key method of reducing childhood Lead exposure, but the long-term effectiveness has not been previously evaluated. Windows have the highest levels of interior Lead Paint and dust compared to other building components. Our objective was to conduct a follow-up study of residential window replacement and Lead hazard control 12 years after homes were enrolled in an evaluation of the HUD Lead Hazard Control Grant Program, sampling settled Lead dust in housing in four cities (n=189 homes). Previous work evaluated Lead hazard controls up to 6 years after intervention using dust Lead measurements and two years after intervention using both dust and blood Lead data. But the earlier work could not examine the effect of window replacement over the longer time period examined here: 12 years. The individual homes were assigned to one of three categories, based on how many windows had been replaced: all replacement, some replacement, or non-replacement. Windows that were not replaced were repaired. We controlled for covariates such as site, housing condition, presence of Lead Paint, and season using longitudinal regression modeling. Adjusted floor and sill dust Lead geometric mean dust Lead loadings declined at least 85% from pre-intervention to 12 years after the intervention for homes with all replacement windows, some windows replaced and no windows replaced. Twelve years after intervention, homes with all replacement windows had 41% lower interior floor dust Lead, compared to non-replacement homes (1.4 versus 2.4 μg/ft2, p
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Validation of a 20-year forecast of US childhood Lead poisoning: Updated prospects for 2010
Environmental Research, 2006Co-Authors: David E Jacobs, Rick NevinAbstract:Abstract We forecast childhood Lead poisoning and residential Lead Paint hazard prevalence for 1990–2010, based on a previously unvalidated model that combines national blood Lead data with three different housing data sets. The housing data sets, which describe trends in housing demolition, rehabilitation, window replacement, and Lead Paint, are the American Housing Survey, the Residential Energy Consumption Survey, and the National Lead Paint Survey. Blood Lead data are principally from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. New data now make it possible to validate the midpoint of the forecast time period. For the year 2000, the model predicted 23.3 million pre-1960 housing units with Lead Paint hazards, compared to an empirical HUD estimate of 20.6 million units. Further, the model predicted 498,000 children with elevated blood Lead levels (EBL) in 2000, compared to a CDC empirical estimate of 434,000. The model predictions were well within 95% confidence intervals of empirical estimates for both residential Lead Paint hazard and blood Lead outcome measures. The model shows that window replacement explains a large part of the dramatic reduction in Lead poisoning that occurred from 1990 to 2000. Here, the construction of the model is described and updated through 2010 using new data. Further declines in childhood Lead poisoning are achievable, but the goal of eliminating children's blood Lead levels ⩾10 μg/dL by 2010 is unlikely to be achieved without additional action. A window replacement policy will yield multiple benefits of Lead poisoning prevention, increased home energy efficiency, decreased power plant emissions, improved housing affordability, and other previously unrecognized benefits. Finally, combining housing and health data could be applied to forecasting other housing-related diseases and injuries.
Sherry L Dixon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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window replacement and residential Lead Paint hazard control 12 years later
Environmental Research, 2012Co-Authors: Sherry L Dixon, David E Jacobs, Jonathan Wilson, Judith Akoto, Rick Nevin, Scott C ClarkAbstract:Abstract Window replacement is a key method of reducing childhood Lead exposure, but the long-term effectiveness has not been previously evaluated. Windows have the highest levels of interior Lead Paint and dust compared to other building components. Our objective was to conduct a follow-up study of residential window replacement and Lead hazard control 12 years after homes were enrolled in an evaluation of the HUD Lead Hazard Control Grant Program, sampling settled Lead dust in housing in four cities (n=189 homes). Previous work evaluated Lead hazard controls up to 6 years after intervention using dust Lead measurements and two years after intervention using both dust and blood Lead data. But the earlier work could not examine the effect of window replacement over the longer time period examined here: 12 years. The individual homes were assigned to one of three categories, based on how many windows had been replaced: all replacement, some replacement, or non-replacement. Windows that were not replaced were repaired. We controlled for covariates such as site, housing condition, presence of Lead Paint, and season using longitudinal regression modeling. Adjusted floor and sill dust Lead geometric mean dust Lead loadings declined at least 85% from pre-intervention to 12 years after the intervention for homes with all replacement windows, some windows replaced and no windows replaced. Twelve years after intervention, homes with all replacement windows had 41% lower interior floor dust Lead, compared to non-replacement homes (1.4 versus 2.4 μg/ft2, p
David E Jacobs - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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window replacement and residential Lead Paint hazard control 12 years later
Environmental Research, 2012Co-Authors: Sherry L Dixon, David E Jacobs, Jonathan Wilson, Judith Akoto, Rick Nevin, Scott C ClarkAbstract:Abstract Window replacement is a key method of reducing childhood Lead exposure, but the long-term effectiveness has not been previously evaluated. Windows have the highest levels of interior Lead Paint and dust compared to other building components. Our objective was to conduct a follow-up study of residential window replacement and Lead hazard control 12 years after homes were enrolled in an evaluation of the HUD Lead Hazard Control Grant Program, sampling settled Lead dust in housing in four cities (n=189 homes). Previous work evaluated Lead hazard controls up to 6 years after intervention using dust Lead measurements and two years after intervention using both dust and blood Lead data. But the earlier work could not examine the effect of window replacement over the longer time period examined here: 12 years. The individual homes were assigned to one of three categories, based on how many windows had been replaced: all replacement, some replacement, or non-replacement. Windows that were not replaced were repaired. We controlled for covariates such as site, housing condition, presence of Lead Paint, and season using longitudinal regression modeling. Adjusted floor and sill dust Lead geometric mean dust Lead loadings declined at least 85% from pre-intervention to 12 years after the intervention for homes with all replacement windows, some windows replaced and no windows replaced. Twelve years after intervention, homes with all replacement windows had 41% lower interior floor dust Lead, compared to non-replacement homes (1.4 versus 2.4 μg/ft2, p
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Validation of a 20-year forecast of US childhood Lead poisoning: Updated prospects for 2010
Environmental Research, 2006Co-Authors: David E Jacobs, Rick NevinAbstract:Abstract We forecast childhood Lead poisoning and residential Lead Paint hazard prevalence for 1990–2010, based on a previously unvalidated model that combines national blood Lead data with three different housing data sets. The housing data sets, which describe trends in housing demolition, rehabilitation, window replacement, and Lead Paint, are the American Housing Survey, the Residential Energy Consumption Survey, and the National Lead Paint Survey. Blood Lead data are principally from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. New data now make it possible to validate the midpoint of the forecast time period. For the year 2000, the model predicted 23.3 million pre-1960 housing units with Lead Paint hazards, compared to an empirical HUD estimate of 20.6 million units. Further, the model predicted 498,000 children with elevated blood Lead levels (EBL) in 2000, compared to a CDC empirical estimate of 434,000. The model predictions were well within 95% confidence intervals of empirical estimates for both residential Lead Paint hazard and blood Lead outcome measures. The model shows that window replacement explains a large part of the dramatic reduction in Lead poisoning that occurred from 1990 to 2000. Here, the construction of the model is described and updated through 2010 using new data. Further declines in childhood Lead poisoning are achievable, but the goal of eliminating children's blood Lead levels ⩾10 μg/dL by 2010 is unlikely to be achieved without additional action. A window replacement policy will yield multiple benefits of Lead poisoning prevention, increased home energy efficiency, decreased power plant emissions, improved housing affordability, and other previously unrecognized benefits. Finally, combining housing and health data could be applied to forecasting other housing-related diseases and injuries.
Ronnie Levin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the risk of Lead toxicity in homes with Lead Paint hazard
Environmental Research, 1991Co-Authors: Joel Schwartz, Ronnie LevinAbstract:While Lead Paint has long been known to be a major source of Lead poisoning, only a few small epidemiologic studies have attempted to assess directly the relative risk of Lead poisoning due to the presence of Lead Paint. Using data from over 200,000 screening tests of children in the city of Chicago performed between 1976 and 1980, the relative risks can be quantified for children living in a major urban area. Lead Paint was found to be a significant predictor of the probability of a child having Lead toxicity. As expected, the reduction in Leaded gasoline sales during the period reduced mean blood Lead levels and increased the percentage of Lead toxic children whose toxicity could be attributed to Paint Lead. Poisson regression models indicated that with the elimination of Leaded gasoline, the relative risk of Lead toxicity given Lead Paint exposure was 5.70 (95% CI, 4.13-7.86) during the winter and fall. The relative risk rose to 12.81 (95% CI, 7.33-22.4) in the spring and 15.8 (95% CI, 8.90-28.1) in the summer, probably due to increased exposure to window wells.