The Experts below are selected from a list of 13764 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Thomas Schnell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of luminance and text size on information acquisition time from traffic signs
Transportation Research Record, 2009Co-Authors: Thomas Schnell, Lora Yekhshatyan, Ronald DaikerAbstract:Although visual performance was measured in terms of visual response time in many psychophysical studies, such an approach has not been used in evaluating the effect of luminance on traffic sign Legibility performance. Traffic sign and retroreflective sign sheeting performance at night have been historically identified with the threshold (farthest) distance for Legibility and in many cases from stationary vehicles with no restrictions on viewing time. Because traffic signs are not always read at threshold distances or threshold luminances and because the time available to read traffic signs is usually limited in the real world, a proper assessment of sign Legibility performance requires determining information acquisition times above threshold conditions. This study investigated the effect of (legend) luminance and letter size on the information acquisition time and transfer accuracy from simulated traffic signs. Luminances ranged from 3.2 cd/m2 to 80 cd/m2 on positive-contrast textual traffic sign stimul...
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effect of luminance and text size on information acquisition time from traffic signs with discussion and closure
Transportation Research Record, 2009Co-Authors: Thomas Schnell, Lora Yekhshatyan, Ronald DaikerAbstract:Although visual performance was measured in terms of visual response time in many psychophysical studies, such an approach has not been used in evaluating the effect of luminance on traffic sign Legibility performance. Traffic sign and retroreflective sign sheeting performance at night have been historically identified with the threshold (farthest) distance for Legibility and in many cases from stationary vehicles with no restrictions on viewing time. Because traffic signs are not always read at threshold distances or threshold luminances and because the time available to read traffic signs is usually limited in the real world, a proper assessment of sign Legibility performance requires determining information acquisition times above threshold conditions. This study investigated the effect of (legend) luminance and letter size on the information acquisition time and transfer accuracy from simulated traffic signs. Luminances ranged from 3.2 cd/m² to 80 cd/m² on positive-contrast textual traffic sign stimuli with contrast ratios of 6:1 and 10:1, positioned at 33 ft/in. and 40 ft/in. Legibility indices, and viewed under conditions simulating a nighttime driving environment. The findings suggest that increasing the sign luminance significantly reduces the time to acquire information. Similarly, increasing the sign size (or reducing the Legibility index) also reduces the information acquisition time. These findings suggest that larger and brighter signs are more efficient in transferring their message to the driver by reducing information acquisition time, or alternatively, by increasing the transfer accuracy. In return, reduced sign viewing durations and increased reading accuracy are likely to improve roadway safety.
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Legibility of traffic sign text and symbols
Transportation Research Record, 1999Co-Authors: Helmut T Zwahlen, Thomas SchnellAbstract:An exploratory daytime and nighttime sign recognition and Legibility field driving experiment involving 11 new reflectorized right-shoulder-mounted traffic signs and 10 young, healthy subjects (three replications) is described here. It was hypothesized that daytime conditions would provide longer recognition and Legibility distances than nighttime conditions and that signs with bold symbols would provide longer recognition and Legibility distances than textual signs. Also of interest was the formulation of the instructions to the subjects, which is likely to influence the Legibility and recognition distances. Whereas other researchers have encouraged subjects to guess the symbols or legends, it was emphasized in the instructions of this experiment that the subjects were to say aloud the information on the traffic signs at that point during the approach when they could clearly (with near 100 percent certainty) identify all visual details of the message or the symbol. By comparing these results with the res...
Bryan Reimer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the effects of visual crowding text size and positional uncertainty on text Legibility at a glance
Applied Ergonomics, 2018Co-Authors: Jonathan Dobres, Nadine Chahine, Benjamin Wolfe, Bryan ReimerAbstract:Reading at a glance, once a relatively infrequent mode of reading, is becoming common. Mobile interaction paradigms increasingly dominate the way in which users obtain information about the world, which often requires reading at a glance, whether from a smartphone, wearable device, or in-vehicle interface. Recent research in these areas has shown that a number of factors can affect text Legibility when words are briefly presented in isolation. Here we expand upon this work by examining how Legibility is affected by more crowded presentations. Word arrays were combined with a lexical decision task, in which the size of the text elements and the inter-line spacing (leading) between individual items were manipulated to gauge their relative impacts on text Legibility. In addition, a single-word presentation condition that randomized the location of presentation was compared with previous work that held position constant. Results show that larger text was more legible than smaller text. Wider leading significantly enhanced Legibility as well, but contrary to expectations, wider leading did not fully counteract decrements in Legibility at smaller text sizes. Single-word stimuli presented with random positioning were more difficult to read than stationary counterparts from earlier studies. Finally, crowded displays required much greater processing time compared to single-word displays. These results have implications for modern interface design, which often present interactions in the form of scrollable and/or selectable lists. The present findings are of practical interest to the wide community of graphic designers and interface engineers responsible for developing our interfaces of daily use.
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effects of ambient illumination contrast polarity and letter size on text Legibility under glance like reading
Applied Ergonomics, 2017Co-Authors: Jonathan Dobres, Nadine Chahine, Bryan ReimerAbstract:Recent research on the Legibility of digital displays has demonstrated a "positive polarity advantage", in which black-on-white text configurations are more legible than their negative polarity, white-on-black counterparts. Existing research in this area suggests that the positive polarity advantage stems from the brighter illumination emitted by positive polarity displays, as opposed to the darker backgrounds of negative polarity displays. In the present study, Legibility thresholds were measured under glance-like reading conditions using a lexical decision paradigm, testing two type sizes, display polarities, and ambient illuminations (near-dark and daylight-like). Results indicate that Legibility thresholds, quantified as the amount of time needed to read a word accurately, were highest for the negative polarity configurations under dark ambient illumination, indicated worse performance. Conversely, the positive polarity conditions under dark ambient illumination and all conditions under bright illumination demonstrated significantly reduced thresholds, indicating greater Legibility. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the "positive polarity advantage" arises because brighter illumination produces pupillary contraction that reduces optical aberrations as light enters the eye. These results have implications for the design of automotive interfaces and other scenarios in which an interface must be optimized for glance-like reading under variations in ambient lighting conditions.
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empirical assessment of the Legibility of the highway gothic and clearview signage fonts
Transportation Research Record, 2017Co-Authors: Jonathan Dobres, Nadine Chahine, Susan T Chrysler, Benjamin Wolfe, Bryan ReimerAbstract:Older drivers represent the fastest-growing segment of the driving population. Aging is associated with well-known declines in reaction time and visual processing, and, as such, future roadway infrastructure and related design considerations will need to accommodate this population. One potential area of concern is the Legibility of highway signage. FHWA recently revoked an interim approval that allowed optional use of the Clearview typeface in place of the traditional Highway Gothic typeface for signage. The Legibility of the two fonts was assessed with color combinations that maximized the contrast (positive or negative) or approximated a color configuration used in highway signage. Psychophysical techniques were used to establish thresholds for the time needed to decide accurately—under glancelike reading conditions—whether a string of letters was a word, as a proxy for Legibility. These thresholds were lower for Clearview (indicating superior Legibility) than for Highway Gothic across all conditions. ...
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the effect of font weight and rendering system on glance based text Legibility
Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, 2016Co-Authors: Jonathan Dobres, Bryan Reimer, Nadine ChahineAbstract:In-vehicle user interfaces increasingly rely on digital text to display information to the driver. Led by Apple's iOS, thin, lightweight typography has become increasingly popular in cutting-edge HMI designs. The Legibility trade-offs of lightweight typography are sparsely studied, particularly in the glance-like reading scenarios necessitated by driving. Previous research has shown that even relatively subtle differences in the design of the on-screen typeface can influence to-device glance time in a measurable and meaningful way. Here we investigate the relative Legibility of four different weights (line thicknesses) of type under two different rendering systems (suboptimal rendering and optimal rendering). Results indicate that under suboptimal rendering, the lightest weight typeface renders poorly and is associated with markedly degraded Legibility. Under optimal rendering, lighter weight typefaces show enhanced Legibility compared to heavier typefaces. The reasons for this pattern of results, and its implications for design considerations in modern HMIs, are discussed.
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utilising psychophysical techniques to investigate the effects of age typeface design size and display polarity on glance Legibility
Ergonomics, 2016Co-Authors: Jonathan Dobres, Nadine Chahine, Bryan Reimer, David M Gould, Bruce Mehler, Joseph F CoughlinAbstract:Psychophysical research on text Legibility has historically investigated factors such as size, colour and contrast, but there has been relatively little direct empirical evaluation of typographic design itself, particularly in the emerging context of glance reading. In the present study, participants performed a lexical decision task controlled by an adaptive staircase method. Two typefaces, a 'humanist' and 'square grotesque' style, were tested. Study I examined positive and negative polarities, while Study II examined two text sizes. Stimulus duration thresholds were sensitive to differences between typefaces, polarities and sizes. Typeface also interacted significantly with age, particularly for conditions with higher Legibility thresholds. These results are consistent with previous research assessing the impact of the same typefaces on interface demand in a simulated driving environment. This simplified methodology of assessing Legibility differences can be adapted to investigate a wide array of questions relevant to typographic and interface designs. Practitioner Summary: A method is described for rapidly investigating relative Legibility of different typographical features. Results indicate that during glance-like reading induced by the psychophysical technique and under the lighting conditions considered, humanist-style type is significantly more legible than a square grotesque style, and that black-on-white text is significantly more legible than white-on-black.
Ronald Daiker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of luminance and text size on information acquisition time from traffic signs
Transportation Research Record, 2009Co-Authors: Thomas Schnell, Lora Yekhshatyan, Ronald DaikerAbstract:Although visual performance was measured in terms of visual response time in many psychophysical studies, such an approach has not been used in evaluating the effect of luminance on traffic sign Legibility performance. Traffic sign and retroreflective sign sheeting performance at night have been historically identified with the threshold (farthest) distance for Legibility and in many cases from stationary vehicles with no restrictions on viewing time. Because traffic signs are not always read at threshold distances or threshold luminances and because the time available to read traffic signs is usually limited in the real world, a proper assessment of sign Legibility performance requires determining information acquisition times above threshold conditions. This study investigated the effect of (legend) luminance and letter size on the information acquisition time and transfer accuracy from simulated traffic signs. Luminances ranged from 3.2 cd/m2 to 80 cd/m2 on positive-contrast textual traffic sign stimul...
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effect of luminance and text size on information acquisition time from traffic signs with discussion and closure
Transportation Research Record, 2009Co-Authors: Thomas Schnell, Lora Yekhshatyan, Ronald DaikerAbstract:Although visual performance was measured in terms of visual response time in many psychophysical studies, such an approach has not been used in evaluating the effect of luminance on traffic sign Legibility performance. Traffic sign and retroreflective sign sheeting performance at night have been historically identified with the threshold (farthest) distance for Legibility and in many cases from stationary vehicles with no restrictions on viewing time. Because traffic signs are not always read at threshold distances or threshold luminances and because the time available to read traffic signs is usually limited in the real world, a proper assessment of sign Legibility performance requires determining information acquisition times above threshold conditions. This study investigated the effect of (legend) luminance and letter size on the information acquisition time and transfer accuracy from simulated traffic signs. Luminances ranged from 3.2 cd/m² to 80 cd/m² on positive-contrast textual traffic sign stimuli with contrast ratios of 6:1 and 10:1, positioned at 33 ft/in. and 40 ft/in. Legibility indices, and viewed under conditions simulating a nighttime driving environment. The findings suggest that increasing the sign luminance significantly reduces the time to acquire information. Similarly, increasing the sign size (or reducing the Legibility index) also reduces the information acquisition time. These findings suggest that larger and brighter signs are more efficient in transferring their message to the driver by reducing information acquisition time, or alternatively, by increasing the transfer accuracy. In return, reduced sign viewing durations and increased reading accuracy are likely to improve roadway safety.
Jonathan Dobres - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the effects of visual crowding text size and positional uncertainty on text Legibility at a glance
Applied Ergonomics, 2018Co-Authors: Jonathan Dobres, Nadine Chahine, Benjamin Wolfe, Bryan ReimerAbstract:Reading at a glance, once a relatively infrequent mode of reading, is becoming common. Mobile interaction paradigms increasingly dominate the way in which users obtain information about the world, which often requires reading at a glance, whether from a smartphone, wearable device, or in-vehicle interface. Recent research in these areas has shown that a number of factors can affect text Legibility when words are briefly presented in isolation. Here we expand upon this work by examining how Legibility is affected by more crowded presentations. Word arrays were combined with a lexical decision task, in which the size of the text elements and the inter-line spacing (leading) between individual items were manipulated to gauge their relative impacts on text Legibility. In addition, a single-word presentation condition that randomized the location of presentation was compared with previous work that held position constant. Results show that larger text was more legible than smaller text. Wider leading significantly enhanced Legibility as well, but contrary to expectations, wider leading did not fully counteract decrements in Legibility at smaller text sizes. Single-word stimuli presented with random positioning were more difficult to read than stationary counterparts from earlier studies. Finally, crowded displays required much greater processing time compared to single-word displays. These results have implications for modern interface design, which often present interactions in the form of scrollable and/or selectable lists. The present findings are of practical interest to the wide community of graphic designers and interface engineers responsible for developing our interfaces of daily use.
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effects of ambient illumination contrast polarity and letter size on text Legibility under glance like reading
Applied Ergonomics, 2017Co-Authors: Jonathan Dobres, Nadine Chahine, Bryan ReimerAbstract:Recent research on the Legibility of digital displays has demonstrated a "positive polarity advantage", in which black-on-white text configurations are more legible than their negative polarity, white-on-black counterparts. Existing research in this area suggests that the positive polarity advantage stems from the brighter illumination emitted by positive polarity displays, as opposed to the darker backgrounds of negative polarity displays. In the present study, Legibility thresholds were measured under glance-like reading conditions using a lexical decision paradigm, testing two type sizes, display polarities, and ambient illuminations (near-dark and daylight-like). Results indicate that Legibility thresholds, quantified as the amount of time needed to read a word accurately, were highest for the negative polarity configurations under dark ambient illumination, indicated worse performance. Conversely, the positive polarity conditions under dark ambient illumination and all conditions under bright illumination demonstrated significantly reduced thresholds, indicating greater Legibility. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the "positive polarity advantage" arises because brighter illumination produces pupillary contraction that reduces optical aberrations as light enters the eye. These results have implications for the design of automotive interfaces and other scenarios in which an interface must be optimized for glance-like reading under variations in ambient lighting conditions.
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empirical assessment of the Legibility of the highway gothic and clearview signage fonts
Transportation Research Record, 2017Co-Authors: Jonathan Dobres, Nadine Chahine, Susan T Chrysler, Benjamin Wolfe, Bryan ReimerAbstract:Older drivers represent the fastest-growing segment of the driving population. Aging is associated with well-known declines in reaction time and visual processing, and, as such, future roadway infrastructure and related design considerations will need to accommodate this population. One potential area of concern is the Legibility of highway signage. FHWA recently revoked an interim approval that allowed optional use of the Clearview typeface in place of the traditional Highway Gothic typeface for signage. The Legibility of the two fonts was assessed with color combinations that maximized the contrast (positive or negative) or approximated a color configuration used in highway signage. Psychophysical techniques were used to establish thresholds for the time needed to decide accurately—under glancelike reading conditions—whether a string of letters was a word, as a proxy for Legibility. These thresholds were lower for Clearview (indicating superior Legibility) than for Highway Gothic across all conditions. ...
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the effect of font weight and rendering system on glance based text Legibility
Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, 2016Co-Authors: Jonathan Dobres, Bryan Reimer, Nadine ChahineAbstract:In-vehicle user interfaces increasingly rely on digital text to display information to the driver. Led by Apple's iOS, thin, lightweight typography has become increasingly popular in cutting-edge HMI designs. The Legibility trade-offs of lightweight typography are sparsely studied, particularly in the glance-like reading scenarios necessitated by driving. Previous research has shown that even relatively subtle differences in the design of the on-screen typeface can influence to-device glance time in a measurable and meaningful way. Here we investigate the relative Legibility of four different weights (line thicknesses) of type under two different rendering systems (suboptimal rendering and optimal rendering). Results indicate that under suboptimal rendering, the lightest weight typeface renders poorly and is associated with markedly degraded Legibility. Under optimal rendering, lighter weight typefaces show enhanced Legibility compared to heavier typefaces. The reasons for this pattern of results, and its implications for design considerations in modern HMIs, are discussed.
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utilising psychophysical techniques to investigate the effects of age typeface design size and display polarity on glance Legibility
Ergonomics, 2016Co-Authors: Jonathan Dobres, Nadine Chahine, Bryan Reimer, David M Gould, Bruce Mehler, Joseph F CoughlinAbstract:Psychophysical research on text Legibility has historically investigated factors such as size, colour and contrast, but there has been relatively little direct empirical evaluation of typographic design itself, particularly in the emerging context of glance reading. In the present study, participants performed a lexical decision task controlled by an adaptive staircase method. Two typefaces, a 'humanist' and 'square grotesque' style, were tested. Study I examined positive and negative polarities, while Study II examined two text sizes. Stimulus duration thresholds were sensitive to differences between typefaces, polarities and sizes. Typeface also interacted significantly with age, particularly for conditions with higher Legibility thresholds. These results are consistent with previous research assessing the impact of the same typefaces on interface demand in a simulated driving environment. This simplified methodology of assessing Legibility differences can be adapted to investigate a wide array of questions relevant to typographic and interface designs. Practitioner Summary: A method is described for rapidly investigating relative Legibility of different typographical features. Results indicate that during glance-like reading induced by the psychophysical technique and under the lighting conditions considered, humanist-style type is significantly more legible than a square grotesque style, and that black-on-white text is significantly more legible than white-on-black.
Chi Chang Liao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Investigation of Legibility and visual fatigue for simulated flexible electronic paper under various surface treatments and ambient illumination conditions
Applied Ergonomics, 2009Co-Authors: Yu-ting Lin, Shie Chang Jeng, Sheue-ling Hwang, Po-hung Lin, Chi Chang LiaoAbstract:This study employs simulated electronic paper to investigate critical issues and focuses on improving Legibility of display and reducing users' visual fatigue. Three critical factors - choice of surface treatment, ambient illumination, and bending curvature - are evaluated through the method of a letter-search task. The results show that subjects performed better on Legibility and felt less visual fatigue with an anti-glare treatment. Choosing the better anti-glare treatment instead of the anti-reflection series can save significant cost for manufacturers. In addition, ambient lighting of 1500 lux is more appropriate for reading on electronic paper than an environment with extreme illumination (e.g., 8000 lux). The present study also found that curvature had no impact on Legibility or visual fatigue. These evaluations of simulated electronic paper may provide manufacturers useful information in fulfilling ergonomic requirements for product design. Crown Copyright © 2009.
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effects of anti glare surface treatment ambient illumination and bending curvature on Legibility and visual fatigue of electronic papers
Displays, 2008Co-Authors: Po-hung Lin, Shie Chang Jeng, Sheue-ling Hwang, Yu-ting Lin, Chi Chang LiaoAbstract:This study examined the effects of anti-glare surface treatment, ambient illumination and bending curvature on Legibility and visual fatigue in reading electronic papers. Results showed that surface treatment significantly affected Legibility and visual fatigue, and surface treatment can improve Legibility and reduce visual fatigue under intense ambient illumination. However, there is no significant difference on bending curvature. In addition, due to no significant difference between anti-glare 43% haze and anti-glare 7.5% haze, it is suggested that electronic paper manufacturers may use cheaper options for cost consideration.
