The Experts below are selected from a list of 2625 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Waltraud Uedelhoven - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Bioactivity and laundering resistance of five commercially available, factory-treated permethrin-impregnated fabrics for the prevention of mosquito-borne diseases: the need for a standardized testing and Licensing Procedure
Parasitology Research, 2016Co-Authors: Michael K. Faulde, Frédéric Pagès, Waltraud UedelhovenAbstract:Personal protective measures against hematophagous vectors constitute the first line of defense against arthropod-borne diseases. In this regard, a major advance has been the development of residual insecticides that can be impregnated into clothing. Currently, however, information on specific treatment Procedures, initial insecticide concentrations, arthropod toxicity, residual activity, and laundering resistance is either fragmentary or non-existent, and no World Health Organization Pesticides Evaluation Scheme or other guidelines exist for the standardized testing and Licensing of insecticide-treated clothing. The aim of this study was to analyze the insecticide content, contact toxicity, laundering resistance, and residual activity of five commercially available and commonly used permethrin-treated fabrics—Insect Shield, ExOfficio, Sol’s Monarch T-shirts, battle dress uniforms (BDUs), and Labonal socks—against vector-competent Aedes aegypti , Anopheles stephensi , and Culex pipiens mosquitoes under laboratory conditions. Prior to laundering, permethrin concentrations ranged from 4300 to 870 mg/m^2 whereas, after 100 defined machine launderings, the remaining permethrin content fell to between 1800 and 20 mg/m^2, a percentage permethrin loss of 58.1 to 98.5 %. The highest 99 % knockdown (KD_99) efficacy of permethrin was detected in Ae. aegypti , followed by An. stephensi and Cx. pipiens demonstrating that Ae. aegypti is the most sensitive species and Cx. pipiens the least sensitive. After 100 launderings, the remaining biocidal efficacy differed markedly among the five brands, with KD_99 times varying from 38.8 ± 2.9 to >360 min for Ae. aegypti , from 44 ± 3.5 to >360 min for An. stephensi , and from 98 ± 10.6 to >360 min for Cx. pipiens . Overall, the ranking of the residual biocidal efficacies within the five brands tested was as follows: BDU ≈ Labonal > Sol’s Monarch > ExOfficio > Insect Shield. When applying German Armed Forces Licensing conditions, none of the four products available in the civilian market would completely meet all the necessary efficacy and safety requirements fulfilled by BDUs. Therefore, we strongly recommend standardized testing and Licensing Procedures for insecticide-treated clothing, with defined cutoff values for initial maximum and post-laundering minimum concentrations of permethrin as well as figures for permethrin migration rates, arthropod toxicity, homogeneity on fabrics, residual activity, and laundering resistance.
Jodidio Rebecca - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Animal Welfare Act is Lacking: How to Update the Federal Statute to Improve Zoo Animal Welfare
bepress Legal Repository, 2020Co-Authors: Jodidio RebeccaAbstract:This comment examines the Animal Welfare Act in the United States as it pertains to zoos and how it must be improved to better zoo animal welfare. Part I provides an overview of the Animal Welfare Act which all zoos must adhere to and are licensed under. Part II discusses issues with the Animal Welfare Act, particularly its lack of enforcement, that it only requires bare minimum care standards, that non-compliant zoos are rarely shut down despite continued violations, and the USDA’s secrecy regarding Animal Welfare Act violator documentation. Part III discusses two zoo accreditation organizations that provide additional animal welfare guidance to zoos and offer membership status. Part IV examines the problems with zoos including psychological animal suffering, individual animal suffering in breeding programs, animal susceptibility to human diseases, and potential harm to humans. Part V examines suggestions for improvement to the Animal Welfare Act including specific guidelines, prohibiting public contact with animals, and amending Licensing Procedures. Part VI examines the viability of the recommendations, assessing if they are realistic and/or sufficient. This comment concludes that the Animal Welfare Act should be amended with specific guidelines, prohibition of public contact with animals, and stricter Licensing Procedure, but that’s not enough. The Animal Welfare Act should also have a provision that the USDA can confiscate the animals of non-compliant individuals. Otherwise, the animals will continue to suffer in sub-par conditions
Michael K. Faulde - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Bioactivity and laundering resistance of five commercially available, factory-treated permethrin-impregnated fabrics for the prevention of mosquito-borne diseases: the need for a standardized testing and Licensing Procedure
Parasitology Research, 2016Co-Authors: Michael K. Faulde, Frédéric Pagès, Waltraud UedelhovenAbstract:Personal protective measures against hematophagous vectors constitute the first line of defense against arthropod-borne diseases. In this regard, a major advance has been the development of residual insecticides that can be impregnated into clothing. Currently, however, information on specific treatment Procedures, initial insecticide concentrations, arthropod toxicity, residual activity, and laundering resistance is either fragmentary or non-existent, and no World Health Organization Pesticides Evaluation Scheme or other guidelines exist for the standardized testing and Licensing of insecticide-treated clothing. The aim of this study was to analyze the insecticide content, contact toxicity, laundering resistance, and residual activity of five commercially available and commonly used permethrin-treated fabrics—Insect Shield, ExOfficio, Sol’s Monarch T-shirts, battle dress uniforms (BDUs), and Labonal socks—against vector-competent Aedes aegypti , Anopheles stephensi , and Culex pipiens mosquitoes under laboratory conditions. Prior to laundering, permethrin concentrations ranged from 4300 to 870 mg/m^2 whereas, after 100 defined machine launderings, the remaining permethrin content fell to between 1800 and 20 mg/m^2, a percentage permethrin loss of 58.1 to 98.5 %. The highest 99 % knockdown (KD_99) efficacy of permethrin was detected in Ae. aegypti , followed by An. stephensi and Cx. pipiens demonstrating that Ae. aegypti is the most sensitive species and Cx. pipiens the least sensitive. After 100 launderings, the remaining biocidal efficacy differed markedly among the five brands, with KD_99 times varying from 38.8 ± 2.9 to >360 min for Ae. aegypti , from 44 ± 3.5 to >360 min for An. stephensi , and from 98 ± 10.6 to >360 min for Cx. pipiens . Overall, the ranking of the residual biocidal efficacies within the five brands tested was as follows: BDU ≈ Labonal > Sol’s Monarch > ExOfficio > Insect Shield. When applying German Armed Forces Licensing conditions, none of the four products available in the civilian market would completely meet all the necessary efficacy and safety requirements fulfilled by BDUs. Therefore, we strongly recommend standardized testing and Licensing Procedures for insecticide-treated clothing, with defined cutoff values for initial maximum and post-laundering minimum concentrations of permethrin as well as figures for permethrin migration rates, arthropod toxicity, homogeneity on fabrics, residual activity, and laundering resistance.
Ragnar E Löfstedt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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risk management in the united states the case of international paper s hydro dam re Licensing Procedure
2005Co-Authors: Ragnar E LöfstedtAbstract:If we examine the ideal types summarized in Chapter 2, the USA case stands out. It encompasses all four components in varying degrees. The regulatory regime used more openly in the USA than other countries surveyed in this book is a rational risk policy on strict economic grounds. This, highlighted by the OMB’s active involvement in regulatory policy-making in the USA, was an approach first made popular in the Nixon and Ford administrations. Cost-benefit analysis, cost-life analysis, and so on are therefore frequently invoked in the policy-making process. The USA also has a technocratic/expert element branch in regulation. An example of this is the EPA’s Science Advisory Board, which is frequently asked to comment on proposed regulations.1 The US regulatory system also has a well-advanced deliberative component. Initially enshrined in legislation (e.g., the National Environmental Policy Act of 1970) which actively encourages public and interest group participation in the policy-making process, it has more recently embraced negotiated rule-making, made law in the 1990 Negotiated Rulemaking Act.
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Risk Management in the United States: The Case of International Paper’s Hydro-Dam Re-Licensing Procedure
Risk Management in Post-Trust Societies, 2005Co-Authors: Ragnar E LöfstedtAbstract:If we examine the ideal types summarized in Chapter 2, the USA case stands out. It encompasses all four components in varying degrees. The regulatory regime used more openly in the USA than other countries surveyed in this book is a rational risk policy on strict economic grounds. This, highlighted by the OMB’s active involvement in regulatory policy-making in the USA, was an approach first made popular in the Nixon and Ford administrations. Cost-benefit analysis, cost-life analysis, and so on are therefore frequently invoked in the policy-making process. The USA also has a technocratic/expert element branch in regulation. An example of this is the EPA’s Science Advisory Board, which is frequently asked to comment on proposed regulations.1 The US regulatory system also has a well-advanced deliberative component. Initially enshrined in legislation (e.g., the National Environmental Policy Act of 1970) which actively encourages public and interest group participation in the policy-making process, it has more recently embraced negotiated rule-making, made law in the 1990 Negotiated Rulemaking Act.
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Regulatory Negotiation: The Case of International Paper's Hydrodam Re-Licensing Procedure
Risk Management, 2003Co-Authors: Ragnar E LöfstedtAbstract:Some US regulators perceive that there are problems with the risk management process currently practised in the country. They are concerned that it is inherently legalistic, economically inefficient, and time-consuming (eg Kagan, 1991). These issues have been exacerbated by increasing public distrust toward policy makers and other opinion formers. Negotiated rule-making has been proposed by some academics and regulators as a possible way of resolving these problems of the regulatory process. This paper examines a case study of the negotiated rule-making approach utilised by the International Paper Company in re-Licensing four hydropower dams in Maine. Although the approach in this instance was time-consuming, it was not adversarial and it led to increased public and stakeholder trust toward the company.
Jodidio, Rebecca L. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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THE ANIMAL WELFARE ACT IS LACKING: HOW TO UPDATE THE FEDERAL STATUTE TO IMPROVE ZOO ANIMAL WELFARE
GGU Law Digital Commons, 2020Co-Authors: Jodidio, Rebecca L.Abstract:Visiting the zoo is a beloved national pastime — American zoos attract 183 million people annually. For many Americans, zoos provide the first, and sometimes only, opportunity for individuals to be in the presence of animals outside of domesticated cats and dogs. However, for the animals themselves, zoos can cause suffering. Two philosophies support the protection of wild animals in captivity: an anthropocentric and ecocentric view. According to the former, anthropocentric view, wild animals hold an extrinsic value and when they cease to be valuable to humans, or conflict with our other values, their interests can be sacrificed. The latter, ecocentric view, holds that wild animals have intrinsic value, can be morally harmed, and how we treat them should not be judged solely by the benefit to humans of a particular course of action. This article is written from the philosophy that animals have an intrinsic value. It examines how zoos operate under the Animal Welfare Act and how it must be improved to better zoo animal welfare under the ecocentric view. Part II provides an overview of the Animal Welfare Act, under which all zoos must adhere and are licensed. Part III discusses issues with the Animal Welfare Act, focusing on the lack of enforcement, bare minimum care standards, the United States Department of Agriculture’s (“USDA”) failure to shut down non-compliant zoos, and the USDA’s secrecy regarding Animal Welfare Act violator documentation. Part IV discusses two zoo accreditation organizations that provide additional animal welfare guidance to zoos and offer membership status. Part V examines the problems with zoos, including individual animal psychological suffering in captivity and breeding programs, animal susceptibility to human diseases, exploitation of zoo animals for human entertainment, and potential harm to humans. Part VI examines suggestions for improvement to the Animal Welfare Act and the viability of these recommendations, assessing their practicality and sufficiency. This article concludes that the Animal Welfare Act should be amended with species specific guidelines, a prohibition on public contact with animals, a stricter Licensing Procedure, and a provision for the creation of USDA facilities to treat and house confiscated animals from non-compliant zoos. Without meaningful changes to the Animal Welfare Act, the animals will continue to suffer in sub-par conditions