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Franz H. Messerli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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sodium intake Life Expectancy and all cause mortality
European Heart Journal, 2021Co-Authors: Franz H. Messerli, Louis Hofstetter, Lamprini Syrogiannouli, Emrush Rexhaj, George C.m. Siontis, Christian Seiler, Sripal BangaloreAbstract:AIMS Since dietary sodium intake has been identified as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and premature death, a high sodium intake can be expected to curtail Life span. We tested this hypothesis by analysing the relationship between sodium intake and Life Expectancy as well as survival in 181 countries worldwide. METHODS AND RESULTS We correlated age-standardized estimates of country-specific average sodium consumption with healthy Life Expectancy at birth and at age of 60 years, death due to non-communicable diseases and all-cause mortality for the year of 2010, after adjusting for potential confounders such as gross domestic product per capita and body mass index. We considered global health estimates as provided by World Health Organization. Among the 181 countries included in this analysis, we found a positive correlation between sodium intake and healthy Life Expectancy at birth (β = 2.6 years/g of daily sodium intake, R2 = 0.66, P < 0.001), as well as healthy Life Expectancy at age 60 (β = 0.3 years/g of daily sodium intake, R2 = 0.60, P = 0.048) but not for death due to non-communicable diseases (β = 17 events/g of daily sodium intake, R2 = 0.43, P = 0.100). Conversely, all-cause mortality correlated inversely with sodium intake (β = -131 events/g of daily sodium intake, R2 = 0.60, P < 0.001). In a sensitivity analysis restricted to 46 countries in the highest income class, sodium intake continued to correlate positively with healthy Life Expectancy at birth (β = 3.4 years/g of daily sodium intake, R2 = 0.53, P < 0.001) and inversely with all-cause mortality (β = -168 events/g of daily sodium intake, R2 = 0.50, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our observation of sodium intake correlating positively with Life Expectancy and inversely with all-cause mortality worldwide and in high-income countries argues against dietary sodium intake being a culprit of curtailing Life span or a risk factor for premature death. These data are observational and should not be used as a base for nutritional interventions.
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Sodium intake, Life Expectancy, and all-cause mortality.
European heart journal, 2020Co-Authors: Franz H. Messerli, Louis Hofstetter, Lamprini Syrogiannouli, Emrush Rexhaj, George C.m. Siontis, Christian Seiler, Sripal BangaloreAbstract:AIMS Since dietary sodium intake has been identified as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and premature death, a high sodium intake can be expected to curtail Life span. We tested this hypothesis by analysing the relationship between sodium intake and Life Expectancy as well as survival in 181 countries worldwide. METHODS AND RESULTS We correlated age-standardized estimates of country-specific average sodium consumption with healthy Life Expectancy at birth and at age of 60 years, death due to non-communicable diseases and all-cause mortality for the year of 2010, after adjusting for potential confounders such as gross domestic product per capita and body mass index. We considered global health estimates as provided by World Health Organization. Among the 181 countries included in this analysis, we found a positive correlation between sodium intake and healthy Life Expectancy at birth (β = 2.6 years/g of daily sodium intake, R2 = 0.66, P
Sripal Bangalore - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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sodium intake Life Expectancy and all cause mortality
European Heart Journal, 2021Co-Authors: Franz H. Messerli, Louis Hofstetter, Lamprini Syrogiannouli, Emrush Rexhaj, George C.m. Siontis, Christian Seiler, Sripal BangaloreAbstract:AIMS Since dietary sodium intake has been identified as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and premature death, a high sodium intake can be expected to curtail Life span. We tested this hypothesis by analysing the relationship between sodium intake and Life Expectancy as well as survival in 181 countries worldwide. METHODS AND RESULTS We correlated age-standardized estimates of country-specific average sodium consumption with healthy Life Expectancy at birth and at age of 60 years, death due to non-communicable diseases and all-cause mortality for the year of 2010, after adjusting for potential confounders such as gross domestic product per capita and body mass index. We considered global health estimates as provided by World Health Organization. Among the 181 countries included in this analysis, we found a positive correlation between sodium intake and healthy Life Expectancy at birth (β = 2.6 years/g of daily sodium intake, R2 = 0.66, P < 0.001), as well as healthy Life Expectancy at age 60 (β = 0.3 years/g of daily sodium intake, R2 = 0.60, P = 0.048) but not for death due to non-communicable diseases (β = 17 events/g of daily sodium intake, R2 = 0.43, P = 0.100). Conversely, all-cause mortality correlated inversely with sodium intake (β = -131 events/g of daily sodium intake, R2 = 0.60, P < 0.001). In a sensitivity analysis restricted to 46 countries in the highest income class, sodium intake continued to correlate positively with healthy Life Expectancy at birth (β = 3.4 years/g of daily sodium intake, R2 = 0.53, P < 0.001) and inversely with all-cause mortality (β = -168 events/g of daily sodium intake, R2 = 0.50, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our observation of sodium intake correlating positively with Life Expectancy and inversely with all-cause mortality worldwide and in high-income countries argues against dietary sodium intake being a culprit of curtailing Life span or a risk factor for premature death. These data are observational and should not be used as a base for nutritional interventions.
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Sodium intake, Life Expectancy, and all-cause mortality.
European heart journal, 2020Co-Authors: Franz H. Messerli, Louis Hofstetter, Lamprini Syrogiannouli, Emrush Rexhaj, George C.m. Siontis, Christian Seiler, Sripal BangaloreAbstract:AIMS Since dietary sodium intake has been identified as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and premature death, a high sodium intake can be expected to curtail Life span. We tested this hypothesis by analysing the relationship between sodium intake and Life Expectancy as well as survival in 181 countries worldwide. METHODS AND RESULTS We correlated age-standardized estimates of country-specific average sodium consumption with healthy Life Expectancy at birth and at age of 60 years, death due to non-communicable diseases and all-cause mortality for the year of 2010, after adjusting for potential confounders such as gross domestic product per capita and body mass index. We considered global health estimates as provided by World Health Organization. Among the 181 countries included in this analysis, we found a positive correlation between sodium intake and healthy Life Expectancy at birth (β = 2.6 years/g of daily sodium intake, R2 = 0.66, P
Mauricio Avendano - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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social policy expenditures and Life Expectancy in high income countries
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2018Co-Authors: Megan M Reynolds, Mauricio AvendanoAbstract:Introduction The U.S. spends more than any other country on health care, yet Americans have lower Life Expectancy than people in most industrialized countries. Recent studies suggest that lower expenditures on social policies in the U.S. may contribute to less-favorable trends in Life Expectancy. This study tests the hypothesis that greater social spending will be positively associated with Life Expectancy across the countries of the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development and that the magnitude of these associations will outweigh those between government healthcare spending and Life Expectancy. Methods In 2016, longitudinal data on six domains of social expenditures for the U.S. and 19 other wealthy nations between 1980 and 2010 were used to estimate the associations between prior year expenditures on education, family, unemployment, incapacity, old age, and active labor market programs, and period Life Expectancy using fixed effects models. Results Controlling for a wide set of confounders and government healthcare expenditures, a 1% increase in prior year education expenditures was associated with 0.160 (95% CI=0.033, 0.286) of a year gain in Life Expectancy, whereas a 1% increase in prior year incapacity benefit expenditures was associated with 0.168 (95% CI=0.003, 0.333) of a year gain in Life Expectancy. Counterfactual models suggest that if the U.S. were to increase expenditures on education and incapacity to the levels of the country with the maximum expenditures, Life Expectancy would increase to 80.12 years. Conclusions The U.S. Life Expectancy lag could be considerably smaller if U.S. expenditures on education and incapacity programs were comparable with those in other high-income countries.
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social policy expenditures and Life Expectancy in high income countries
MINDMAP, 2018Co-Authors: Megan Reynolds, Mauricio AvendanoAbstract:Introduction The U.S. spends more than any other country on health care, yet Americans have lower Life Expectancy than people in most industrialized countries. Recent studies suggest that lower expenditures on social policies in the U.S. may contribute to less-favorable trends in Life Expectancy. This study tests the hypothesis that greater social spending will be positively associated with Life Expectancy across the countries of the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development and that the magnitude of these associations will outweigh those between government healthcare spending and Life Expectancy. Methods In 2016, longitudinal data on six domains of social expenditures for the U.S. and 19 other wealthy nations between 1980 and 2010 were used to estimate the associations between prior year expenditures on education, family, unemployment, incapacity, old age, and active labor market programs, and period Life Expectancy using fixed effects models. Results Controlling for a wide set of confounders and government healthcare expenditures, a 1% increase in prior year education expenditures was associated with 0.160 (95% CI=0.033, 0.286) of a year gain in Life Expectancy, whereas a 1% increase in prior year incapacity benefit expenditures was associated with 0.168 (95% CI=0.003, 0.333) of
Robert J. Hardy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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standardized mortality ratio and Life Expectancy a comparative study of chinese mortality
International Journal of Epidemiology, 2000Co-Authors: Robert J. HardyAbstract:Background Various models have been proposed for rapid conversion of the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) to Life Expectancy using data from developed countries. Methods We compared two methods for converting the SMR to Life Expectancy using mortality data from the largest developing country, China. Results The first model, using the Gompertz function, does not provide a good fit to the Life Expectancy and SMR of China. The regression lines derived from the second, a log-linear model using parameters estimated from the US white population are not a good fit to Chinese males and older females. However, if the parameters in the log-linear model are estimated using Chinese mortality data, the resultant regression lines fit the data reasonably well. Conclusion The relationship between Life Expectancy and SMR based on mortality data from developed countries may not be valid for developing countries. Based on our empirical study, separate estimates of the coefficients of the model are required for developing countries.
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statistical analysis of the standardized mortality ratio and Life Expectancy
American Journal of Epidemiology, 1996Co-Authors: Robert J. Hardy, Shan P. TsaiAbstract:A new theoretical relation that does not require the constant age-specific mortality ratio assumption is established between the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and the Life Expectancy. A set of regression equations is developed from the theoretical relation to derive estimates of the future expectation of Life from estimates of the SMR. Curves are presented showing the changes in Life Expectancy that are associated with a given SMR for individuals aged 25 45 and 65 years. These results will provide practical applications in estimating remaining Life Expectancy in epidemiologic studies in which the SMR is the summary statistic. An application is shown for studies in occupational health [in the United States] to develop and illustrate the method. (EXCERPT)
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the standardized mortality ratio and Life Expectancy
American Journal of Epidemiology, 1992Co-Authors: Shan P. Tsai, Robert J. HardyAbstract:This paper describes a theoretical relation between the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) which is commonly used to ascertain the magnitude of risks experienced by a working population and Life Expectancy. The authors also attempt "to establish a statistical model for an easy method to convert the SMR of a study population to the corresponding Life Expectancy for that population." Data are from official sources for 1980 and concern the white population of the United States. (EXCERPT)
Johan P Mackenbach - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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inequalities in Life Expectancy among us counties 1980 to 2014 temporal trends and key drivers
JAMA Internal Medicine, 2017Co-Authors: Laura Dwyerlindgren, Johan P Mackenbach, Amelia Bertozzivilla, Rebecca W Stubbs, Chloe Morozoff, Frank J Van Lenthe, Ali H Mokdad, Christopher J L MurrayAbstract:Importance Examining Life Expectancy by county allows for tracking geographic disparities over time and assessing factors related to these disparities. This information is potentially useful for policy makers, clinicians, and researchers seeking to reduce disparities and increase longevity. Objective To estimate annual Life tables by county from 1980 to 2014; describe trends in geographic inequalities in Life Expectancy and age-specific risk of death; and assess the proportion of variation in Life Expectancy explained by variation in socioeconomic and race/ethnicity factors, behavioral and metabolic risk factors, and health care factors. Design, Setting, and Participants Annual county-level Life tables were constructed using small area estimation methods from deidentified death records from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), and population counts from the US Census Bureau, NCHS, and the Human Mortality Database. Measures of geographic inequality in Life Expectancy and age-specific mortality risk were calculated. Principal component analysis and ordinary least squares regression were used to examine the county-level association between Life Expectancy and socioeconomic and race/ethnicity factors, behavioral and metabolic risk factors, and health care factors. Exposures County of residence. Main Outcomes and Measures Life Expectancy at birth and age-specific mortality risk. Results Counties were combined as needed to create stable units of analysis over the period 1980 to 2014, reducing the number of areas analyzed from 3142 to 3110. In 2014, Life Expectancy at birth for both sexes combined was 79.1 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 79.0-79.1) years overall, but differed by 20.1 (95% UI, 19.1-21.3) years between the counties with the lowest and highest Life Expectancy. Absolute geographic inequality in Life Expectancy increased between 1980 and 2014. Over the same period, absolute geographic inequality in the risk of death decreased among children and adolescents, but increased among older adults. Socioeconomic and race/ethnicity factors, behavioral and metabolic risk factors, and health care factors explained 60%, 74%, and 27% of county-level variation in Life Expectancy, respectively. Combined, these factors explained 74% of this variation. Most of the association between socioeconomic and race/ethnicity factors and Life Expectancy was mediated through behavioral and metabolic risk factors. Conclusions and Relevance Geographic disparities in Life Expectancy among US counties are large and increasing. Much of the variation in Life Expectancy among counties can be explained by a combination of socioeconomic and race/ethnicity factors, behavioral and metabolic risk factors, and health care factors. Policy action targeting socioeconomic factors and behavioral and metabolic risk factors may help reverse the trend of increasing disparities in Life Expectancy in the United States.
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democratization and Life Expectancy in europe 1960 2008
Social Science & Medicine, 2013Co-Authors: Johan P Mackenbach, Caspar W N LoomanAbstract:Abstract Over the past five decades, two successive waves of political reform have brought democracy to, first, Spain, Portugal and Greece, and, more recently, Central and Eastern European countries. We assessed whether democratization was associated with improvements in population health, as indicated by Life Expectancy and cause-specific mortality rates. Data on Life Expectancy at birth, age-standardized total and cause-specific mortality rates, levels of democracy and potential time-variant confounding variables were collected from harmonized international databanks. In two pooled cross-sectional time-series analyses with country-fixed effects, Life Expectancy and cause-specific mortality were regressed on measures of current and cumulative democracy, controlling for confounders. A first analysis covered the 1960–1990 period, a second covered the 1987–2008 period. In the 1960–1990 period, current democracy was more strongly associated with higher Life Expectancy than cumulative democracy. The positive effects of current democracy on total mortality were mediated mainly by lower mortality from heart disease, pneumonia, liver cirrhosis, and suicide. In the 1987–2008 period, however, current democracy was associated with lower, and cumulative democracy with higher Life Expectancy, particularly among men. The positive effects of cumulative democracy on total mortality were mediated mainly by lower mortality from circulatory diseases, cancer of the breast, and external causes. Current democracy was associated with higher mortality from motor vehicle accidents in both periods, and also with higher mortality from cancer and all external causes in the second. Our results suggest that in Europe during these two periods democratization has had mixed effects. That short-term changes in levels of democracy had positive effects in the first but not in the second period is probably due to the fact that democratization in Central and Eastern Europe was part of a complete system change which caused major societal disruptions.
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Life Expectancy and national income in europe 1900 2008 an update of preston s analysis
International Journal of Epidemiology, 2013Co-Authors: Johan P Mackenbach, Caspar W N LoomanAbstract:Background In the past, upward shifts of the so-called Preston curve, which relates Life Expectancy to national income, have contributed importantly to worldwide increases in Life Expectancy. These shifts were due to rapid diffusion of knowledge and technology for infectious disease control from high-income to low-income countries. We assessed to what extent Life Expectancy growth in Europe has been accompanied by upward shifts in the relation between national income and Life Expectancy in later parts of the 20th century, when progress in cardiovascular disease control was the main driver of Life Expectancy growth. Methods Data on national income (gross domestic product per capita, in 1990 international dollars), Life Expectancy and cause-specific mortality covering the period 1900-2008 were extracted from international data banks. (Change in) Life Expectancy and age-standardized mortality was regressed on (change in) national income, and the regression parameters were used to estimate the contribution to rising Life Expectancy and declining mortality in Europe as a whole of changes in national income vs shifts in the relation between national income and health outcomes. Results Large upward shifts in the relation between national income and Life Expectancy only occurred before 1960, and were due to rapid declines in mortality from infectious diseases which were independent of rises in national income. These shifts account for between two-thirds and four-fifths of the increase in Life Expectancy in Europe as a whole during this period. After 1960, upward shifts in the relation between national income and Life Expectancy were much smaller, and contributed only between one-quarter and one-half to the increase in Life Expectancy in Europe as a whole. During the latter period, declines in mortality from cardiovascular disease were mainly attributable to increases in national income. Conclusions In contrast to earlier periods, recent Life Expectancy growth in European countries appears to have been dependent on their economic growth. More rapid diffusion of knowledge and technology for cardiovascular disease control from higher- to lower-income countries in Europe may be needed to close the East-West Life Expectancy gap, but it is unlikely that this can be achieved in the absence of more equal economic conditions.
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associations of diabetes mellitus with total Life Expectancy and Life Expectancy with and without cardiovascular disease
JAMA Internal Medicine, 2007Co-Authors: Oscar H Franco, Johan P Mackenbach, Ewout W Steyerberg, Wilma J NusselderAbstract:Background Diabetes mellitus is a recognized risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. However, limited information exists on the association of diabetes with Life Expectancy with and without CVD. We aimed to calculate the association of diabetes after age 50 years with Life Expectancy and the number of years lived with and without CVD. Methods Using data from the Framingham Heart Study, we built Life tables to calculate the associations of having diabetes with Life Expectancy and years lived with and without CVD among populations 50 years and older. For the Life table calculations, we used hazard ratios for 3 transitions (healthy to death, healthy to CVD, and CVD to death), stratifying by the presence of diabetes at baseline and adjusting for age and confounders. Results Having diabetes significantly increased the risk of developing CVD (hazard ratio, 2.5 for women and 2.4 for men) and of dying when CVD was present (hazard ratio, 2.2 for women and 1.7 for men). Diabetic men and women 50 years and older lived on average 7.5 (95% confidence interval, 5.5-9.5) and 8.2 (95% confidence interval, 6.1-10.4) years less than their nondiabetic equivalents. The differences in Life Expectancy free of CVD were 7.8 and 8.4 years, respectively. Conclusions The increase in the risk of CVD and mortality from diabetes represents an important decrease in Life Expectancy and Life Expectancy free of CVD. Prevention of diabetes is a fundamental task facing today's society in the pursuit of healthy aging.
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effects of physical activity on Life Expectancy with cardiovascular disease
JAMA Internal Medicine, 2005Co-Authors: Oscar H Franco, Johan P Mackenbach, Anna Peeters, Chris De Laet, Jacqueline T Jonker, Wilma J NusselderAbstract:torforcardiovasculardisease.However,littleisknownabout the effects of physical activity on Life Expectancy with and without cardiovascular disease. Our objective was to calculate the consequences of different physical activity levels after age 50 years on total Life Expectancy and Life Expectancy with and without cardiovascular disease. Methods: We constructed multistate Life tables using data from the Framingham Heart Study to calculate the effectsof3levelsofphysicalactivity(low,moderate,and high) among populations older than 50 years. For the Life table calculations, we used hazard ratios for 3 transitions (healthy to death, healthy to disease, and disease to death) by levels of physical activity and adjusted for age, sex, smoking, any comorbidity (cancer, left ventricular hypertrophy, arthritis, diabetes, ankle edema, or pulmonary disease), and examination at start of follow-up period. Results: Moderate and high physical activity levels led to 1.3 and 3.7 years more in total Life Expectancy and 1.1 and 3.2 more years lived without cardiovascular disease, respectively, for men aged 50 years or older compared with those who maintained a low physical activitylevel.Forwomenthedifferenceswere1.5and3.5years in total Life Expectancy and 1.3 and 3.3 more years lived free of cardiovascular disease, respectively. Conclusions:AvoidingasedentaryLifestyleduringadulthood not only prevents cardiovascular disease independently of other risk factors but also substantially expands the total Life Expectancy and the cardiovascular disease–free Life Expectancy for men and women. This effect is already seen at moderate levels of physical activity,andthegainsincardiovasculardisease–freeLifeExpectancy are twice as large at higher activity levels. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:2355-2360
