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Ian R K Sluiter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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sequence stratigraphic analysis and the origins of tertiary brown coal Lithotypes latrobe valley gippsland basin australia
International Journal of Coal Geology, 1995Co-Authors: Guy R. Holdgate, A. Peter Kershaw, Ian R K SluiterAbstract:Abstract The methods of sequence analysis have been applied to the onshore Gippsland Basin and in particular to the Latrobe Valley Group coal measures which include up to five coal seams each exceeding 100 m in thickness. The methods appear to provide new depositional concepts to the evolution of these seams, and the development of coal Lithotypes. In the eastern half of the Latrobe Valley evidence for marine transgressions into the coal measures are recorded in most of the interseam sediment splits by the presence of contained foraminifera and dinoflagellates. To the west (inland) these splits pinch out into continuous coal. However, they can be followed westwards as enhanced organic sulphur levels along sharply defined boundaries between light coal Lithotypes below and dark coal Lithotypes above. The dark Lithotype immediately overlying each of these boundaries contains the highest sulphur value and warmer climate pollen assemblages (Sluiter et al., 1995, this volume). Colorimeter and Lithotype logging strongly supports an upwards lightening cyclicity to coal colour at 12–20 m intervals through the approx. 100 m thick seams, with cycle boundaries defined at sharp planar to undulating surfaces. The lightening upward Lithotype cycles together with their unique boundary conditions (i.e. enhanced organic sulphur levels, warm climatic indicators and laterally equivalent marine clay splits) are interpreted as parasequences and parasequence boundaries respectively. Each major coal seam can comprise up to five parasequences and is interpreted to represent deposition during an outbuilding high stand systems tract at one of several maximum periods of Tertiary coastal onlap. The top of each major seam shows evidence of truncation (erosion?) on a regional scale and these surfaces are interpreted to represent the sequence boundaries. The major seams are usually conformably underlain by marine clays and extensive aquifer sands, being deposits of the late transgressive systems tracts. The low stands and early parts of the transgressive systems tracts appear not to be represented in the Latrobe Valley due to its (more) basin margin location, but are probably present down-dip in the equivalent marine facies of the Seaspray Group. Stratigraphic correlation of the sequence boundaries identified in the coal measures to the adjacent, internationally dated marine Seaspray Group, provides a basis for chronostratigraphic correlation of the coal successions to the coastal onlap charts of Haq et al. (Exon Mesozoic-Cenozoic chronostratigraphic chart, version January 1988, and August 1989). From this dating it appears that each major seam is confined to high stands of third order eustatic cycles. It therefore follows that the Lithotype cycles (parasequences) that comprise each seam are related to fourth order eustatic cycles. By analogy all the coal cycles may have developed under subtropical conditions as ombrogenous forested peat swamps in a similar manner to the Holocene, though tropical, swamps of Indonesia.
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the nature and evolution of Lithotypes in the tertiary brown coals of the latrobe valley southeastern australia
International Journal of Coal Geology, 1991Co-Authors: A. Peter Kershaw, P F Bolger, Ian R K Sluiter, J G Baird, M WhitelawAbstract:Abstract Lithotype banding, identified on colour and texture of the coal, occurs in all seams covering the period Mid Eocene to Late Miocene in the Latrobe Valley. Preliminary palaeobotanical studies on both pollen and plant macrofossil components of the youngest seams indicated strong relationships between Lithotype, vegetation and inferred depositional environment with the Lithotype gradient from lightest to darkest coals corresponding with hydroseral stages from unvegetated open water-through swamp forest-to raised bog communities. Subsequent studies on the older seams failed to show such close correspondence between Lithotype and vegetation. The analysis of palynological and petrological data from all seams in this paper adds support to the original hypothesis of Lithotype formation. However, it also demonstrates a gradual differentiation of Lithotypes through the coal-forming period. This most likely involved the progressive development of vegetation communities adapted to the range of swamp environments with the peatforming environment. Of particular significance is the development of a community with a significant sclerophyll component within the predominant rainforest vegetation, which colonised the raised bogs of the youngest seams. The process may have been facilitated or accelerated by an increasingly variable climate and the increased importance of fire within the region.
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the nature and evolution of Lithotypes in the tertiary brown coals of the latrobe valley southeastern australia
International Journal of Coal Geology, 1991Co-Authors: A. Peter Kershaw, P F Bolger, Ian R K Sluiter, J G Baird, M WhitelawAbstract:Abstract Lithotype banding, identified on colour and texture of the coal, occurs in all seams covering the period Mid Eocene to Late Miocene in the Latrobe Valley. Preliminary palaeobotanical studies on both pollen and plant macrofossil components of the youngest seams indicated strong relationships between Lithotype, vegetation and inferred depositional environment with the Lithotype gradient from lightest to darkest coals corresponding with hydroseral stages from unvegetated open water-through swamp forest-to raised bog communities. Subsequent studies on the older seams failed to show such close correspondence between Lithotype and vegetation. The analysis of palynological and petrological data from all seams in this paper adds support to the original hypothesis of Lithotype formation. However, it also demonstrates a gradual differentiation of Lithotypes through the coal-forming period. This most likely involved the progressive development of vegetation communities adapted to the range of swamp environments with the peatforming environment. Of particular significance is the development of a community with a significant sclerophyll component within the predominant rainforest vegetation, which colonised the raised bogs of the youngest seams. The process may have been facilitated or accelerated by an increasingly variable climate and the increased importance of fire within the region.
M Whitelaw - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the nature and evolution of Lithotypes in the tertiary brown coals of the latrobe valley southeastern australia
International Journal of Coal Geology, 1991Co-Authors: A. Peter Kershaw, P F Bolger, Ian R K Sluiter, J G Baird, M WhitelawAbstract:Abstract Lithotype banding, identified on colour and texture of the coal, occurs in all seams covering the period Mid Eocene to Late Miocene in the Latrobe Valley. Preliminary palaeobotanical studies on both pollen and plant macrofossil components of the youngest seams indicated strong relationships between Lithotype, vegetation and inferred depositional environment with the Lithotype gradient from lightest to darkest coals corresponding with hydroseral stages from unvegetated open water-through swamp forest-to raised bog communities. Subsequent studies on the older seams failed to show such close correspondence between Lithotype and vegetation. The analysis of palynological and petrological data from all seams in this paper adds support to the original hypothesis of Lithotype formation. However, it also demonstrates a gradual differentiation of Lithotypes through the coal-forming period. This most likely involved the progressive development of vegetation communities adapted to the range of swamp environments with the peatforming environment. Of particular significance is the development of a community with a significant sclerophyll component within the predominant rainforest vegetation, which colonised the raised bogs of the youngest seams. The process may have been facilitated or accelerated by an increasingly variable climate and the increased importance of fire within the region.
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the nature and evolution of Lithotypes in the tertiary brown coals of the latrobe valley southeastern australia
International Journal of Coal Geology, 1991Co-Authors: A. Peter Kershaw, P F Bolger, Ian R K Sluiter, J G Baird, M WhitelawAbstract:Abstract Lithotype banding, identified on colour and texture of the coal, occurs in all seams covering the period Mid Eocene to Late Miocene in the Latrobe Valley. Preliminary palaeobotanical studies on both pollen and plant macrofossil components of the youngest seams indicated strong relationships between Lithotype, vegetation and inferred depositional environment with the Lithotype gradient from lightest to darkest coals corresponding with hydroseral stages from unvegetated open water-through swamp forest-to raised bog communities. Subsequent studies on the older seams failed to show such close correspondence between Lithotype and vegetation. The analysis of palynological and petrological data from all seams in this paper adds support to the original hypothesis of Lithotype formation. However, it also demonstrates a gradual differentiation of Lithotypes through the coal-forming period. This most likely involved the progressive development of vegetation communities adapted to the range of swamp environments with the peatforming environment. Of particular significance is the development of a community with a significant sclerophyll component within the predominant rainforest vegetation, which colonised the raised bogs of the youngest seams. The process may have been facilitated or accelerated by an increasingly variable climate and the increased importance of fire within the region.
A. Peter Kershaw - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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sequence stratigraphic analysis and the origins of tertiary brown coal Lithotypes latrobe valley gippsland basin australia
International Journal of Coal Geology, 1995Co-Authors: Guy R. Holdgate, A. Peter Kershaw, Ian R K SluiterAbstract:Abstract The methods of sequence analysis have been applied to the onshore Gippsland Basin and in particular to the Latrobe Valley Group coal measures which include up to five coal seams each exceeding 100 m in thickness. The methods appear to provide new depositional concepts to the evolution of these seams, and the development of coal Lithotypes. In the eastern half of the Latrobe Valley evidence for marine transgressions into the coal measures are recorded in most of the interseam sediment splits by the presence of contained foraminifera and dinoflagellates. To the west (inland) these splits pinch out into continuous coal. However, they can be followed westwards as enhanced organic sulphur levels along sharply defined boundaries between light coal Lithotypes below and dark coal Lithotypes above. The dark Lithotype immediately overlying each of these boundaries contains the highest sulphur value and warmer climate pollen assemblages (Sluiter et al., 1995, this volume). Colorimeter and Lithotype logging strongly supports an upwards lightening cyclicity to coal colour at 12–20 m intervals through the approx. 100 m thick seams, with cycle boundaries defined at sharp planar to undulating surfaces. The lightening upward Lithotype cycles together with their unique boundary conditions (i.e. enhanced organic sulphur levels, warm climatic indicators and laterally equivalent marine clay splits) are interpreted as parasequences and parasequence boundaries respectively. Each major coal seam can comprise up to five parasequences and is interpreted to represent deposition during an outbuilding high stand systems tract at one of several maximum periods of Tertiary coastal onlap. The top of each major seam shows evidence of truncation (erosion?) on a regional scale and these surfaces are interpreted to represent the sequence boundaries. The major seams are usually conformably underlain by marine clays and extensive aquifer sands, being deposits of the late transgressive systems tracts. The low stands and early parts of the transgressive systems tracts appear not to be represented in the Latrobe Valley due to its (more) basin margin location, but are probably present down-dip in the equivalent marine facies of the Seaspray Group. Stratigraphic correlation of the sequence boundaries identified in the coal measures to the adjacent, internationally dated marine Seaspray Group, provides a basis for chronostratigraphic correlation of the coal successions to the coastal onlap charts of Haq et al. (Exon Mesozoic-Cenozoic chronostratigraphic chart, version January 1988, and August 1989). From this dating it appears that each major seam is confined to high stands of third order eustatic cycles. It therefore follows that the Lithotype cycles (parasequences) that comprise each seam are related to fourth order eustatic cycles. By analogy all the coal cycles may have developed under subtropical conditions as ombrogenous forested peat swamps in a similar manner to the Holocene, though tropical, swamps of Indonesia.
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the nature and evolution of Lithotypes in the tertiary brown coals of the latrobe valley southeastern australia
International Journal of Coal Geology, 1991Co-Authors: A. Peter Kershaw, P F Bolger, Ian R K Sluiter, J G Baird, M WhitelawAbstract:Abstract Lithotype banding, identified on colour and texture of the coal, occurs in all seams covering the period Mid Eocene to Late Miocene in the Latrobe Valley. Preliminary palaeobotanical studies on both pollen and plant macrofossil components of the youngest seams indicated strong relationships between Lithotype, vegetation and inferred depositional environment with the Lithotype gradient from lightest to darkest coals corresponding with hydroseral stages from unvegetated open water-through swamp forest-to raised bog communities. Subsequent studies on the older seams failed to show such close correspondence between Lithotype and vegetation. The analysis of palynological and petrological data from all seams in this paper adds support to the original hypothesis of Lithotype formation. However, it also demonstrates a gradual differentiation of Lithotypes through the coal-forming period. This most likely involved the progressive development of vegetation communities adapted to the range of swamp environments with the peatforming environment. Of particular significance is the development of a community with a significant sclerophyll component within the predominant rainforest vegetation, which colonised the raised bogs of the youngest seams. The process may have been facilitated or accelerated by an increasingly variable climate and the increased importance of fire within the region.
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the nature and evolution of Lithotypes in the tertiary brown coals of the latrobe valley southeastern australia
International Journal of Coal Geology, 1991Co-Authors: A. Peter Kershaw, P F Bolger, Ian R K Sluiter, J G Baird, M WhitelawAbstract:Abstract Lithotype banding, identified on colour and texture of the coal, occurs in all seams covering the period Mid Eocene to Late Miocene in the Latrobe Valley. Preliminary palaeobotanical studies on both pollen and plant macrofossil components of the youngest seams indicated strong relationships between Lithotype, vegetation and inferred depositional environment with the Lithotype gradient from lightest to darkest coals corresponding with hydroseral stages from unvegetated open water-through swamp forest-to raised bog communities. Subsequent studies on the older seams failed to show such close correspondence between Lithotype and vegetation. The analysis of palynological and petrological data from all seams in this paper adds support to the original hypothesis of Lithotype formation. However, it also demonstrates a gradual differentiation of Lithotypes through the coal-forming period. This most likely involved the progressive development of vegetation communities adapted to the range of swamp environments with the peatforming environment. Of particular significance is the development of a community with a significant sclerophyll component within the predominant rainforest vegetation, which colonised the raised bogs of the youngest seams. The process may have been facilitated or accelerated by an increasingly variable climate and the increased importance of fire within the region.
Wolfgang Kalkreuth - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Coal petrology of coal seams from the Leão-Butiá Coalfield, Lower Permian of the Paraná Basin, Brazil — Implications for coal facies interpretations
International Journal of Coal Geology, 2007Co-Authors: M.b. Silva, Wolfgang Kalkreuth, Michael HolzAbstract:Abstract In the Leao-Butia Coalfield, Rio Grande do Sul the coal seams occur in the Rio Bonito Formation, Guata Group, Tubarao Supergroup of the Parana Basin, Brazil and are of Permian (Artinskian–Kungurian) age. This study is the first detailed investigation on the coal petrographic characterization of the coal-bearing sequence in relation to the depositional settings of the precursor mires, both in terms of whole seam characterization and in-seam variations. The study is based on the analyses of nine coal seams (I2, CI, L4, L3, L2, L1, S3, S2, S1), which were selected from core of borehole D-193, Leao-Butia and represent the entire coal-bearing sequence. The interpretation of coal facies and depositional environment is based on Lithotype, maceral and microLithotype analyses using different facies-critical petrographic indices, which were displayed in coal facies diagrams. The seams are characterized by the predominance of dull Lithotypes (dull, banded dull). The dullness of the coal is attributed to relatively high mineral matter, inertinite and liptinite contents. The petrographic composition is dominated by vitrinite (28–70 vol.% mmf) and inertinite (> 30 vol.% mmf) groups. Liptinite contents range from 7 to 30 vol.% (mmf) and mineral matter from 4–30 vol.%. MicroLithotypes associations are dominated by vitrite, duroclarite, carbominerite and inertite. It is suggested that the observed vertical variations in petrographic characteristics (Lithotypes, microLithotypes, macerals, vitrinite reflectance) were controlled by groundwater level fluctuations in the ancient mires due to different accommodation/peat accumulation rates. Correlation of the borehole strata with the general sequence-stratigraphical setting suggests that the alluvial fan system and the coal-bearing mudstone succession are linked to a late transgressive systems tract of sequence 2. Based on average compositional values obtained from coal facies diagrams, a deposition in a limno-telmatic to limnic coal facies is suggested.
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petrology palynology coal facies and depositional environments of an upper carboniferous coal seam minto coalfield new brunswick canada
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2000Co-Authors: Wolfgang Kalkreuth, D Marchioni, John UttingAbstract:Coal petrology and palynology of the Minto coal seam enable depositional environments of the precursor mire to be established in terms of facies-critical maceral ratios, maceral assemblages, and spore and pollen assemblages. The overall petrographic composition indicates a vitrinite-rich coal (mean 67%), followed by inertinite (mean 27%) and liptinite (mean 7%). Pyrite is common to abundant (maximum 15%). Lithotype logs demonstrate a dominance of dull Lithotypes (dull and banded dull). Petrographic composition at the Lithotype and seam subsection level is highly variable. Vitrinite maceral assemblages are enriched in brighter Lithotypes (banded bright and bright), whereas liptinite and inertinite maceral assemblages are enriched in dull and banded dull Lithotypes. The duller Lithotypes are enriched by mineral matter. Based on spores, the seam is assigned to the Vestispora Zone of Atlantic Canada, with the basal Torispora securis-Torispora laevigata (SL) Zone of western Europe and the lower Torispora secur...
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The geology, petrology and geochemistry of coal seams from the St. Rose and Chimney Corner coalfields, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada
International Journal of Coal Geology, 1993Co-Authors: A.p. Beaton, Wolfgang Kalkreuth, Dean MacneilAbstract:Abstract Seams from the St. Rose and Chimmey Corner coalfields, Nova Scotia, Canada, were sampled and examined for petrographic and geochemical composition. Rank determinations indicate a rank of high volatile C-B bituminous. Seams show regular alternations of dull and bright microbanded Lithotypes, with dull Lithotypes predominant in the central portion of the main seam (No. 5 seam). Brighter Lithotypes are dominated by vitrinite (>80%), with minor inertinite (avg. 12%) and minor liptinite. Duller Lithotypes contain greater amounts of inertinite (up to 40%) and liptinite (primarily sporinite). Mineral matter consists of epigenetic pyrite, with lesser amounts of clay and quartz. Cabonates are common in the Chimney Corner seams. Elemental composition of the seams is similar to other Canadian coals and fall within world coal ranges, with the exception of high concentrations of Cl, Zn, Ni, Mo, Pb, Cu and As. Depositional environment of the seams as indicated by maceral composition, Lithotypes and geology suggest a predominance of wet forest to reed moor conditions, in a fluvial-lacustrine setting. Periodic episodes of flooding and drying are indicated by Lithotype, maceral and mineral variations.
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Coal facies interpretations based on Lithotype and maceral variations in Lower Cretaceous (Gates Formation) coals of Western Canada
International Journal of Coal Geology, 1991Co-Authors: Daniele Marchioni, Wolfgang KalkreuthAbstract:Abstract Maceral analyses of Lithotype samples from Lower Cretaceous coal seams have been used to define compositional characteristics of the various Lithotypes and to assess coal facies changes within the seams based on maceral and Lithotype variations. The mean petrographic compositions of the Lithotypes show a general trend to decreasing vitrinite, increasing inertinite and increasing mineral matter contents from the bright to dull varieties. The bright Lithotypes are considered to have been formed in wet and densely forested swamps, whereas the banded Lithotypes were formed under somewhat drier conditions. Within the dull Lithotype two distinct types were recognized based on differences in petrographic composition and the occurrence or absence of facies diagnostic macerals. It is suggested that these differences are due to formation in distinct mire facies, under the influence of open moor or raised mire conditions. The Lithotype variations within the seams, together with the data on their petrographic composition, were used to define facies changes, which occurred during accumulation of the peats. Three types of seam development are recognized: (a) seams containing a high proportion of clastic beds indicative of frequent floodings of the swamps. These seams are characterized by the dominance of oscillatory sequences of bright Lithotypes and dulling upward sequences below clastic beds. The brighter Lithotypes were formed in forested swamps and fens, whereas for the duller sequences influences of open moor conditions are indicated; (b) seams containing only minor thin clastic beds indicating relative stability of water levels during formation of the peat. These seams are characterized by the predominance of duller Lithotypes with common repetitions of dulling upward sequences. The dulling up sequences indicate transitions from wet and very wet forest swamps to drier conditions with lower tree density; (c) transitional seams characterized by a few clastic beds. These seams formed under intermediate conditions of stability in respect to flooding events. The seams are characterized by the predominance of banded Lithotypes, dull Lithotypes near partings and brightening and dulling up sequences. The brightening up sequences represent transitions from dry forest swamp to wet and very wet forest swamps, while a reverse trend is indicated for the dulling up sequences. The overall petrographic characteristics of full seam sections indicate that the seams are in general relatively low in vitrinite and relatively rich in inertinite macerals. Liptinite content is negligible and mineral matter contents are low. Based on petrographic indices obtained from facies diagnostic macerals, an accumulation of the ancient peats under prevailing wet to very wet forest swamps is suggested. Vicinity to more open moor conditions is indicated for one seam by the higher input of dispersed macerals.
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Lithotype (maceral) composition and variation as correlated with paleo-wetland environments, Gates formation, northeastern British Columbia, Canada
International Journal of Coal Geology, 1991Co-Authors: M.n. Lamberson, R. Marc Bustin, Wolfgang KalkreuthAbstract:Abstract Lithotype samples collected from mid-Albian Gates Formation coal seams in northeastern British Columbia, were analysed in order to gain a better understanding of coal facies variation. Compositional boundaries between Lithotypes are gradational. From bright to dull coals, there is a progressive decrease in vitrinite and increase in inertinite. Liptinite is negligible (
Marcelle Marques Erthal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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shrub and pore type classification petrography of travertine shrubs from the ballik belevi area denizli sw turkey
Quaternary International, 2017Co-Authors: Hannes Claes, Jeroen Soete, Marcelle Marques Erthal, Mehmet Ozkul, Rudy SwennenAbstract:Petrographical and petrophysical properties of the Turkish Ballik-Belevi travertine shrubs demonstrate the necessity of reservoir oriented classifications for shrub-related Lithotypes and associated pore types. The presented shrub-related Lithotype classification incorporates morphology, size and fabric, which are linked to specific pore-types and sizes. The travertines show highly complex pore networks, as observed from Computed Tomography reconstructions, making them of interest for the development and optimization of pore characterization methodologies and techniques, following an upscaling approach. Porosity (3–15%) and permeability (0–505 mD) strongly vary for the Ballik-Belevi travertines. The highest porosities and permeabilities are measured for horizontal samples dominated by slightly dissolution enlarged intershrub and interdigit growth framework porosity, mostly found for dendritic shrubs. The presented shrub and pore-type classification can be applied to shrubs worldwide. Studying outcrop analogues of continental carbonates helps to better understand heterogeneities, lateral variability and properties of Pre-Salt Cretaceous continental carbonate reservoirs, offshore Brazil and Angola.
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from the Ballik-Belevi area (Denizli, SW Turkey)
'Elsevier BV', 2017Co-Authors: Claes H., Marcelle Marques Erthal, Soete J., Özkul M., Swennen R.Abstract:Petrographical and petrophysical properties of the Turkish Ballik-Belevi travertine shrubs demonstrate the necessity of reservoir oriented classifications for shrub-related Lithotypes and associated pore types. The presented shrub-related Lithotype classification incorporates morphology, size and fabric, which are linked to specific pore-types and sizes. The travertines show highly complex pore networks, as observed from Computed Tomography reconstructions, making them of interest for the development and optimization of pore characterization methodologies and techniques, following an upscaling approach. Porosity (3-15%) and permeability (0-505 mD) strongly vary for the Ballik-Belevi travertines. The highest porosities and permeabilities are measured for horizontal samples dominated by slightly dissolution enlarged intershrub and interdigit growth framework porosity, mostly found for dendritic shrubs. The presented shrub and pore-type classification can be applied to shrubs worldwide. Studying outcrop analogues of continental carbonates helps to better understand heterogeneities, lateral variability and properties of Pre-Salt Cretaceous continental carbonate reservoirs, offshore Brazil and Angola. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved
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shrub morpho types as indicator for the water flow energy tivoli travertine case central italy
Sedimentary Geology, 2017Co-Authors: Hannes Claes, Jeroen Soete, Marcelle Marques Erthal, Enrico Capezzuoli, A Mancini, Rudy SwennenAbstract:Abstract Travertines from Tivoli area (Central Italy) possess abundant shrub-like fabrics that are laterally continuous over hundreds of square meters. They occur dominantly in horizontal layers with aggradational and progradational stacking patterns. Their fabrics and morphologies are remarkably similar to the shrubs Lithotypes reported in literature for the Pre-Salt reservoirs, offshore Brazil and Angola, with huge oil accumulations. Petrographic and micro-computer tomography analyses allowed the identification of six shrub morpho-types (i.e., narrow dendriform, wide dendriform, fili dendriform, arborescent, arbustiform and pustular). Dendriform shrubs are the most common Lithotype in Tivoli area, and three different subtypes could be distinguished according to the arrangement of their branches. The shrubs consist largely of peloidal micritic aggregates engulfed in spar calcite, ranging in average from 1 to 3 cm in height. The shrubs are interpreted to have developed in very shallow extensive waterlogged slightly inclined flat areas, changing laterally into a slope system with crusts as the main Lithotype. Changes in the hydrodynamic conditions with episodes of stagnancy influenced the shrub morpho-types making them very variegated. Shrub morphologies likely reflect specific (micro-) environments that are controlled by water flow rates, evaporation and microbial activity. The latter processes influenced shrub fabric and morphology. Under high flow conditions, CO 2 degassing is the main process leading to carbonate precipitation. Consequently, denser and tightly packed morphologies will precipitate, composing mainly the crust Lithotype. In this scenario microbes are less dominant. Dendriform shrubs, with narrow, wide and fili morphologies are interpreted to occur in moderate to low energy water flows. Narrow dendriform shrubs reflect faster flowing conditions, with decreasing impact of flow on the morphological aspects from wide dendriform shrubs to fili dendriform shrubs. Slow to very slow flowing waters are more characteristic for the arborescent, arbustiform and pustular shrubs that possibly are highly influenced by evaporation. A decrease of water flow likely allows higher microbial activity, and consequently, shrub morphologies become more fragile and enriched in peloidal micritic aggregate fabrics.
