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Helen C Morroghbernard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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locomotor behavior of wild orangutans pongo pygmaeus wurmbii in disturbed peat Swamp Forest sabangau central kalimantan indonesia
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2011Co-Authors: Kirsten L Manduell, Helen C Morroghbernard, Susannah K S ThorpeAbstract:This study examined the locomotor behavior of wild Bornean orangutans (P. p. wurmbii) in an area of disturbed peat Swamp Forest (Sabangau Catchment, Indonesia) in relation to the height in the canopy, age-sex class, behavior (feeding or traveling), and the number of supports used to bear body mass. Backward elimination log-linear modeling was employed to expose the main influences on orangutan locomotion. Our results showed that the most important distinctions with regard to locomotion were between suspensory and compressive, or, orthograde (vertical trunk) and pronograde (horizontal trunk) behavior. Whether orangutans were traveling or feeding had the most important influence on locomotion whereby compressive locomotion had a strong association with feeding, suspensory locomotion had a strong association with travel in the peripheral strata using multiple supports, whereas vertical climb/descent and oscillation showed a strong association with travel on single supports in the core stratum. In contrast to theoretical predictions on positional behavior and body size, age-sex category had a limited influence on locomotion. The study revealed that torso orthograde suspension dominates orangutan locomotion, concurring with previous studies in dipterocarp Forest. But, orangutans in the Sabangau exhibited substantially higher frequencies of oscillatory locomotion than observed at other sites, suggesting this behavior confers particular benefits for traversing the highly compliant arboreal environment typical of disturbed peat Swamp Forest. In addition, torso pronograde suspensory locomotion was observed at much lower levels than in the Sumatran species. Together these results highlight the necessity for further examination of differences between species, which control for habitat.
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locomotor behavior of wild orangutans pongo pygmaeus wurmbii in disturbed peat Swamp Forest sabangau central kalimantan indonesia
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2011Co-Authors: Kirsten L Manduell, Helen C Morroghbernard, Susannah K S ThorpeAbstract:This study examined the locomotor behavior of wild Bornean orangutans (P. p. wurmbii )i n an area of disturbed peat Swamp Forest (Sabangau Catch- ment, Indonesia) in relation to the height in the canopy, age-sex class, behavior (feeding or traveling), and the number of supports used to bear body mass. Backward elimination log-linear modeling was employed to expose the main influences on orangutan locomotion. Our results showed that the most important distinctions with regard to locomotion were between suspensory and compressive, or, orthograde (vertical trunk) and pronograde (horizontal trunk) behavior. Whether orangutans were traveling or feeding had the most important influence on locomotion whereby compressive locomotion had a strong association with feeding, suspensory locomotion had a strong associa- tion with travel in the peripheral strata using multiple supports, whereas vertical climb/descent and oscillation showed a strong association with travel on single supports in the core stratum. In contrast to theoretical predictions on positional behavior and body size, age-sex category had a limited influence on locomotion. The study revealed that torso orthograde suspension dominates orangutan locomo- tion, concurring with previous studies in dipterocarp for- est. But, orangutans in the Sabangau exhibited substan- tially higher frequencies of oscillatory locomotion than observed at other sites, suggesting this behavior confers particular benefits for traversing the highly compliant ar- boreal environment typical of disturbed peat Swamp for- est. In addition, torso pronograde suspensory locomotion was observed at much lower levels than in the Sumatran species. Together these results highlight the necessity for further examination of differences between species, which control for habitat. Am J Phys Anthropol 145:348-359, 2011. V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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orangutan energetics and the influence of fruit availability in the nonmasting peat Swamp Forest of sabangau indonesian borneo
International Journal of Primatology, 2010Co-Authors: Mark E Harrison, Helen C Morroghbernard, David J ChiversAbstract:Data on energy intake and the effects of fluctuations in fruit availability on energy intake for African apes, and orangutans in mast-fruiting habitats, indicate that orangutans may face greater energetic challenges than do their African counterparts. Comparable data on orangutans in nonmasting Forests, which experience lower fluctuations in fruit availability, have been lacking, however, complicating interpretations. We conducted a 46-mo study of orangutan energetics in the nonmasting Sabangau peat-Swamp Forest, Indonesian Borneo. Sabangau orangutans experienced periods of negative energy balance apparently even longer than in mast-fruiting habitats, as indicated by comparisons of observed energy intake with theoretical requirements and analysis of urinary ketones. Daily energy intake was positively related to fruit availability in flanged males, but not in adult females or unflanged males. This may represent different foraging strategies between age-sex classes and suggests that fruit availability is not always an accurate indicator of ape energy intake/balance. Urinary ketone levels were not generally related to fruit availability, daily energy intake, day range, or party size. This is probably due to low energy intake, and consequently high ketone production, throughout much of the study period. Comparisons with published results on African apes support the hypothesis that orangutans are unique among hominoids in regularly experiencing prolonged periods of negative energy balance. This has important effects on orangutan behavior and socioecology, and has likely been a key factor driving the evolutionary divergence of orangutans and African apes.
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population status of the bornean orang utan pongo pygmaeus in the sebangau peat Swamp Forest central kalimantan indonesia
Biological Conservation, 2003Co-Authors: Helen C Morroghbernard, Simon Husson, Susan E Page, J. O. RieleyAbstract:A survey of the density and population size of Bornean orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus) was carried out in 1995 and 1996 in an area of peat Swamp Forest in the Sungai (River) Sebangau catchment, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Densities were calculated for four Forest sub-types by counts of orang-utan sleeping platforms (nests) along line transects. Densities were found to be highest in the tall interior and mixed Swamp Forest sub-types. Low pole Forest supported the lowest density. Habitat disturbance caused by logging was shown to affect orang-utan density within mixed Swamp Forest. The orang-utan population for a larger peat covered landscape unit (9200 km 2 ), including the Sebangau catchment, was estimated to be between 5671 (� 955) and 8951 ( � 1509) individuals, based upon the area of each Forest type, the level of disturbance in each area and corrected to prevent overestimates. This study identifies the presence of a very large, self-sustaining orang-utan population in this region and emphasises the urgent requirement for greater protection of Kalimantan’s peat Swamp Forests in the light of recent and rapid habitat degradation. # 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Savitree Limtong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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saturnispora kantuleensis f a sp nov a novel yeast species isolated from peat in a tropical peat Swamp Forest in thailand
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 2018Co-Authors: Pannida Khunnamwong, Savitree LimtongAbstract:Two strains (DMKU-PPS4-5T and DMKU-EPS3-4) representing a single novel anamorphic yeast species were isolated from two peat samples collected in Kan Tulee peat Swamp Forest, Surat Thani Province, Thailand. The strains differed by two nucleotide substitutions in the sequences of the D1/D2 region of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene and only one nucleotide substitution in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Phylogenetic analysis based on the D1/D2 regions showed that the two strains represented a single species in the genus Saturnispora and were clearly distinct from other related species. Saturnispora sekii was the most closely related species, but with 1.7–2.1 % nucleotide substitutions in the D1/D2 region of the LSU rRNA gene, and 3.1–3.3 % nucleotide substitutions in the ITS region. They therefore represent a novel species of the genus Saturnispora, although the formation of ascospores was not observed. The name Saturnispora kantuleensis f.a., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DMKU-PPS4-5T (=CBS 15217T=TBRC 7762T).
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nakazawaea todaengensis f a sp nov a yeast isolated from a peat Swamp Forest in thailand
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 2017Co-Authors: Pitayakon Limtong, Noppon Lertwattanasakul, Savitree Limtong, Pirapan Polburee, Marizeth GroenewaldAbstract:Strain DMKU-PS11(1)T was isolated from peat in a Swamp Forest in Thailand. DNA sequence analysis showed that it belonged to a novel species that was most closely related to Nakazawaea laoshanensis. However, it differed from the type strain of N. laoshanensis (NRRL Y-63634T) by 2.3 % nucleotide substitutions in the D1/D2 region of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene, 1.0 % nucleotide substitutions in the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene and 8.0 % nucleotide substitutions in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The phylogenetic analyses based on the combined sequences of the SSU and the D1/D2 region and that of the SSU sequences alone confirmed the placement of the novel species in the Nakazawaea clade and its close affinity with N. laoshanensis. Hence, the species Nakazawaea todaengensis f.a., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DMKU-PS11(1)T (=CBS 14555T=TBRC 6559T). The MycoBank number for Nakazawaea todaengensis f.a., sp. nov. is MB 819513
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Yeasts from peat in a tropical peat Swamp Forest in Thailand and their ability to produce ethanol, indole-3-acetic acid and extracellular enzymes
Mycological Progress, 2016Co-Authors: Kanokjun Jaiboon, Pitayakon Limtong, Noppon Lertwattanasakul, Savitree LimtongAbstract:This study aimed to isolate and identify yeasts from peat in To Daeng peat Swamp Forest in southern of Thailand, and to investigate their ability to produce ethanol from glucose and xylose and to produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and extracellular enzymes. A total of 65 yeast strains were obtained from 15 peat samples using an enrichment technique, and 61 strains were identified to be five species belonging to the phylum Ascomycota, namely Cyberlindnera subsufficiens , Debaryomyces fabryi , Meyerozyma guilliermondii , Saturnispora diversa and Schwanniomyces polymorphus var. africanus , and five species of the phylum Basidiomycota, namely Cryptococcus taiwanensis pro tem, Cutaneotrichosporon mucoides , Papiliotrema flavescens , Papiliotrema laurentii and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa . Four strains were unidentified and require further analysis. They differed from the type strain of P. flavescens by two nucleotide substitutions in the D1/D2 region of the LSU rRNA gene and nine nucleotide substitutions in the ITS region. R. mucilaginosa was the most prevalent yeast species, followed by S. polymorphus var. africanus , Cy. subsufficiens and D. fabryi . None of the yeast strains obtained in this study were able to ferment xylose to ethanol, but all ascomycetous yeast strains produced ethanol from glucose in a range of 9.0–58.0 g/L, with Cy. subsufficiens DMKU-YNB42-1 producing the highest ethanol concentration. A total of 62 strains produced IAA in a range of 9.0 to 66.9 mg/L, with the highest IAA produced by R. mucilaginosa DMKU-Y33-A. Investigation of the production of cellulases, xylanase, pectinase, amylase, protease and lipase revealed that all 65 yeast strains produced at least one extracellular enzyme, a lipase.
David Ehlers A Smith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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home range use and activity patterns of the red langur presbytis rubicunda in sabangau tropical peat Swamp Forest central kalimantan indonesian borneo
International Journal of Primatology, 2013Co-Authors: David Ehlers A Smith, Yvette Ehlers C Smith, Susan M. CheyneAbstract:Knowledge of a species’ ranging patterns is vital for understanding its behavioral ecology and vulnerability to extinction. Given the abundance and even distribution of leaves in Forested habitats, folivorous primates generally spend less time feeding; more time resting; have shorter day ranges; and require smaller home ranges than frugivorous primates. To test the influence of frugivory on ranging behavior, we established the activity budget and home-range size and use in a highly frugivorous population of the Borneo-endemic colobine, Presbytis rubicunda, within Sabangau tropical peat-Swamp Forest, Central Kalimantan, and examined relationships between fruit availability and ranging patterns. We collected 6848 GPS locations and 10,702 instantaneous focal behavioral scans on a single group between January and December 2011. The group had the largest home-range size recorded in genus Presbytis (kernel density estimates: mean = 108.3 ± SD 3.8 ha, N = 4 bandwidths). The annual activity budget comprised 48 ± SD 4.0% resting; 29.3 ± SD 3.9% feeding, 14.2 ± SD 2.5% traveling, and 0.4 ± SD 0.4% social behaviors. Mean monthly day-range length was the highest recorded for any folivorous primate (1645 ± SD 220.5 m/d). No significant relationships existed between ranging variables and fruit availability, and ranging behaviors did not vary significantly across seasons, potentially owing to low fluctuations in fruit availability. Our results suggest that colobine monkeys maintain larger than average ranges when high-quality food resources are available. Their extensive range requirements imply that protecting large, contiguous tracts of habitat is crucial in future conservation planning for Presbytis rubicunda.
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feeding ecology of red langurs in sabangau tropical peat Swamp Forest indonesian borneo extreme granivory in a non masting Forest
American Journal of Primatology, 2013Co-Authors: Mark E Harrison, Simon Husson, David Ehlers A Smith, Yvette Ehlers C SmithAbstract:Southeast Asia's lowland dipterocarp Forests experience supra-annual “mast” fruiting and flowering events, in which the majority of trees reproduce simultaneously at irregular intervals, with extensive intervening periods of very low primate food availability. This scarcity of food results in a negative energy balance and a reliance on “fallback foods” in some primate species. By contrast, ombrogenous tropical peat-Swamp Forests are non-masting, and show lower variability of food availability. We sought to test the influence of fruit availability on primate diet and preference in peat-Swamp habitats and assess whether it differs from masting Forests. We collected behavioral-dependent feeding data on three adult females in a group of red langurs (Presbytis rubicunda: Colobinae) between January and December 2011 in Sabangau tropical peat-Swamp Forest, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, as colobine monkeys are adaptated for folivory, and are therefore generally considered less reliant on temporally variable fruits than monogastric primates. We documented the highest level of granivory recorded to date in colobine monkeys: mean annual diet comprised 76.4% seeds and 7.3% other fruit parts; 7.7% young and 2.5% mature leaves; 2.8% flowers; 2.6% piths, and <1% on other minor food items. Fruit availability was fairly constant throughout the year and fruit parts were consumed at consistently higher levels than expected based on availability, confirming that fruit is preferred. Leaves and flowers were consumed consistently less than expected and thus are not preferred. There were no significant correlations between preferred food availability and consumption of potential fallback foods, suggesting that reliance on fallback foods did not occur in Sabangau during the study period. Furthermore, consumption of fruit was not significantly correlated with its availability. Our findings suggest that the relatively constant availability of fruit in this habitat affords P. rubicunda regular access to a nutritionally superior food, and that reliance on fallback foods is therefore not required. Am. J. Primatol. 75:848–859, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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population density of red langurs in sabangau tropical peat Swamp Forest central kalimantan indonesia
American Journal of Primatology, 2013Co-Authors: David Ehlers A Smith, Yvette Ehlers C SmithAbstract:Because of the large-scale destruction of Borneo's rainForests on mineral soils, tropical peat-Swamp Forests (TPSFs) are increasingly essential for conserving remnant biodiversity, particularly in the lowlands where the majority of habitat conversion has occurred. Consequently, effective strategies for biodiversity conservation are required, which rely on accurate population density and distribution estimates as a baseline. We sought to establish the first population density estimates of the endemic red langur (Presbytis rubicunda) in Sabangau TPSF, the largest remaining contiguous lowland Forest-block on Borneo. Using Distance sampling principles, we conducted line transect surveys in two of Sabangau's three principle habitat sub-classes and calculated group density at 2.52 groups km−2 (95% CI 1.56–4.08) in the mixed-Swamp Forest sub-class. Based on an average recorded group size of 6.95 individuals, population density was 17.51 ind km−2, the second highest density recorded in this species. The accessible area of the tall-interior Forest, however, was too disturbed to yield density estimates representative of the entire sub-class, and P. rubicunda was absent from the low-pole Forest, likely as a result of the low availability of the species' preferred foods. This absence in 30% of Sabangau's total area indicates the importance of in situ population surveys at the habitat-specific level for accurately informing conservation strategies. We highlight the conservation value of TPSFs for P. rubicunda given the high population density and large areas remaining, and recommend 1) quantifying the response of P. rubicunda to the logging and burning of its habitats; 2) surveying degraded TPSFs for viable populations, and 3) effectively delineating TPSF sub-class boundaries from remote imagery to facilitate population estimates across the wider peat landscape, given the stark contrast in densities found across the habitat sub-classes of Sabangau. Am. J. Primatol. 75:837–847, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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feeding ecology of red langurs in sabangau tropical peat Swamp Forest indonesian borneo extreme granivory in a non masting Forest
American Journal of Primatology, 2013Co-Authors: David Ehlers A Smith, Yvette Ehlers C Smith, Mark Harrison, Simon J HussonAbstract:Southeast Asia's lowland dipterocarp Forests experience supra-annual "mast" fruiting and flowering events, in which the majority of trees reproduce simultaneously at irregular intervals, with extensive intervening periods of very low primate food availability. This scarcity of food results in a negative energy balance and a reliance on "fallback foods" in some primate species. By contrast, ombrogenous tropical peat-Swamp Forests are non-masting, and show lower variability of food availability. We sought to test the influence of fruit availability on primate diet and preference in peat-Swamp habitats and assess whether it differs from masting Forests. We collected behavioral-dependent feeding data on three adult females in a group of red langurs (Presbytis rubicunda: Colobinae) between January and December 2011 in Sabangau tropical peat-Swamp Forest, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, as colobine monkeys are adaptated for folivory, and are therefore generally considered less reliant on temporally variable fruits than monogastric primates. We documented the highest level of granivory recorded to date in colobine monkeys: mean annual diet comprised 76.4% seeds and 7.3% other fruit parts; 7.7% young and 2.5% mature leaves; 2.8% flowers; 2.6% piths, and <1% on other minor food items. Fruit availability was fairly constant throughout the year and fruit parts were consumed at consistently higher levels than expected based on availability, confirming that fruit is preferred. Leaves and flowers were consumed consistently less than expected and thus are not preferred. There were no significant correlations between preferred food availability and consumption of potential fallback foods, suggesting that reliance on fallback foods did not occur in Sabangau during the study period. Furthermore, consumption of fruit was not significantly correlated with its availability. Our findings suggest that the relatively constant availability of fruit in this habitat affords P. rubicunda regular access to a nutritionally superior food, and that reliance on fallback foods is therefore not required.
Mark E Harrison - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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feeding ecology of red langurs in sabangau tropical peat Swamp Forest indonesian borneo extreme granivory in a non masting Forest
American Journal of Primatology, 2013Co-Authors: Mark E Harrison, Simon Husson, David Ehlers A Smith, Yvette Ehlers C SmithAbstract:Southeast Asia's lowland dipterocarp Forests experience supra-annual “mast” fruiting and flowering events, in which the majority of trees reproduce simultaneously at irregular intervals, with extensive intervening periods of very low primate food availability. This scarcity of food results in a negative energy balance and a reliance on “fallback foods” in some primate species. By contrast, ombrogenous tropical peat-Swamp Forests are non-masting, and show lower variability of food availability. We sought to test the influence of fruit availability on primate diet and preference in peat-Swamp habitats and assess whether it differs from masting Forests. We collected behavioral-dependent feeding data on three adult females in a group of red langurs (Presbytis rubicunda: Colobinae) between January and December 2011 in Sabangau tropical peat-Swamp Forest, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, as colobine monkeys are adaptated for folivory, and are therefore generally considered less reliant on temporally variable fruits than monogastric primates. We documented the highest level of granivory recorded to date in colobine monkeys: mean annual diet comprised 76.4% seeds and 7.3% other fruit parts; 7.7% young and 2.5% mature leaves; 2.8% flowers; 2.6% piths, and <1% on other minor food items. Fruit availability was fairly constant throughout the year and fruit parts were consumed at consistently higher levels than expected based on availability, confirming that fruit is preferred. Leaves and flowers were consumed consistently less than expected and thus are not preferred. There were no significant correlations between preferred food availability and consumption of potential fallback foods, suggesting that reliance on fallback foods did not occur in Sabangau during the study period. Furthermore, consumption of fruit was not significantly correlated with its availability. Our findings suggest that the relatively constant availability of fruit in this habitat affords P. rubicunda regular access to a nutritionally superior food, and that reliance on fallback foods is therefore not required. Am. J. Primatol. 75:848–859, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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orangutan energetics and the influence of fruit availability in the nonmasting peat Swamp Forest of sabangau indonesian borneo
International Journal of Primatology, 2010Co-Authors: Mark E Harrison, Helen C Morroghbernard, David J ChiversAbstract:Data on energy intake and the effects of fluctuations in fruit availability on energy intake for African apes, and orangutans in mast-fruiting habitats, indicate that orangutans may face greater energetic challenges than do their African counterparts. Comparable data on orangutans in nonmasting Forests, which experience lower fluctuations in fruit availability, have been lacking, however, complicating interpretations. We conducted a 46-mo study of orangutan energetics in the nonmasting Sabangau peat-Swamp Forest, Indonesian Borneo. Sabangau orangutans experienced periods of negative energy balance apparently even longer than in mast-fruiting habitats, as indicated by comparisons of observed energy intake with theoretical requirements and analysis of urinary ketones. Daily energy intake was positively related to fruit availability in flanged males, but not in adult females or unflanged males. This may represent different foraging strategies between age-sex classes and suggests that fruit availability is not always an accurate indicator of ape energy intake/balance. Urinary ketone levels were not generally related to fruit availability, daily energy intake, day range, or party size. This is probably due to low energy intake, and consequently high ketone production, throughout much of the study period. Comparisons with published results on African apes support the hypothesis that orangutans are unique among hominoids in regularly experiencing prolonged periods of negative energy balance. This has important effects on orangutan behavior and socioecology, and has likely been a key factor driving the evolutionary divergence of orangutans and African apes.
Susannah K S Thorpe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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locomotor behavior of wild orangutans pongo pygmaeus wurmbii in disturbed peat Swamp Forest sabangau central kalimantan indonesia
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2011Co-Authors: Kirsten L Manduell, Helen C Morroghbernard, Susannah K S ThorpeAbstract:This study examined the locomotor behavior of wild Bornean orangutans (P. p. wurmbii) in an area of disturbed peat Swamp Forest (Sabangau Catchment, Indonesia) in relation to the height in the canopy, age-sex class, behavior (feeding or traveling), and the number of supports used to bear body mass. Backward elimination log-linear modeling was employed to expose the main influences on orangutan locomotion. Our results showed that the most important distinctions with regard to locomotion were between suspensory and compressive, or, orthograde (vertical trunk) and pronograde (horizontal trunk) behavior. Whether orangutans were traveling or feeding had the most important influence on locomotion whereby compressive locomotion had a strong association with feeding, suspensory locomotion had a strong association with travel in the peripheral strata using multiple supports, whereas vertical climb/descent and oscillation showed a strong association with travel on single supports in the core stratum. In contrast to theoretical predictions on positional behavior and body size, age-sex category had a limited influence on locomotion. The study revealed that torso orthograde suspension dominates orangutan locomotion, concurring with previous studies in dipterocarp Forest. But, orangutans in the Sabangau exhibited substantially higher frequencies of oscillatory locomotion than observed at other sites, suggesting this behavior confers particular benefits for traversing the highly compliant arboreal environment typical of disturbed peat Swamp Forest. In addition, torso pronograde suspensory locomotion was observed at much lower levels than in the Sumatran species. Together these results highlight the necessity for further examination of differences between species, which control for habitat.
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locomotor behavior of wild orangutans pongo pygmaeus wurmbii in disturbed peat Swamp Forest sabangau central kalimantan indonesia
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2011Co-Authors: Kirsten L Manduell, Helen C Morroghbernard, Susannah K S ThorpeAbstract:This study examined the locomotor behavior of wild Bornean orangutans (P. p. wurmbii )i n an area of disturbed peat Swamp Forest (Sabangau Catch- ment, Indonesia) in relation to the height in the canopy, age-sex class, behavior (feeding or traveling), and the number of supports used to bear body mass. Backward elimination log-linear modeling was employed to expose the main influences on orangutan locomotion. Our results showed that the most important distinctions with regard to locomotion were between suspensory and compressive, or, orthograde (vertical trunk) and pronograde (horizontal trunk) behavior. Whether orangutans were traveling or feeding had the most important influence on locomotion whereby compressive locomotion had a strong association with feeding, suspensory locomotion had a strong associa- tion with travel in the peripheral strata using multiple supports, whereas vertical climb/descent and oscillation showed a strong association with travel on single supports in the core stratum. In contrast to theoretical predictions on positional behavior and body size, age-sex category had a limited influence on locomotion. The study revealed that torso orthograde suspension dominates orangutan locomo- tion, concurring with previous studies in dipterocarp for- est. But, orangutans in the Sabangau exhibited substan- tially higher frequencies of oscillatory locomotion than observed at other sites, suggesting this behavior confers particular benefits for traversing the highly compliant ar- boreal environment typical of disturbed peat Swamp for- est. In addition, torso pronograde suspensory locomotion was observed at much lower levels than in the Sumatran species. Together these results highlight the necessity for further examination of differences between species, which control for habitat. Am J Phys Anthropol 145:348-359, 2011. V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
