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Peter Stamp - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Quantitative trait loci for Lodging Resistance in a segregating wheat×spelt population
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1999Co-Authors: M Keller, Beat Keller, J E Schmid, Peter Stamp, Ch Karutz, M Winzeler, Monika MessmerAbstract:Lodging can strongly affect both the grain yield and the quality of wheat. Lodging represents a quantitative trait and is difficult to assess on a phenotypic basis. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) could therefore become an important tool in breeding for Lodging Resistance. In this study, we mapped and characterised quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for Lodging Resistance, as well as morphological traits correlated with Lodging, in a segregating population of 226 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross of the Lodging-resistant wheat variety Forno with the susceptible spelt variety Oberkulmer. Lodging, plant height, leaf width, leaf-growth habit, culm stiffness, culm swinging, culm thickness, days to ear emergence and days to flowering were assessed in field trials at two locations in 1996 and at one location in 1997. Additionally, at one location weight and length parameters were also assessed. Plant height and culm stiffness explained 77% of the phenotypic variance of Lodging in a multiple regression model over all three environments. QTL analysis of Lodging and morphological parameters was based on a genetic map containing 230 loci with 23 linkage groups (2469 cM). With the method of composite interval mapping nine QTLs for Lodging Resistance were detected, explaining 63% of the phenotypic variance in a simultaneous fit. Seven of these QTLs coincided with QTLs for morphological traits, reflecting the correlations between these traits and Lodging. In our population the most efficient way to improve Lodging Resistance would be by a combination of indirect selection on plant height and culm stiffness together with MAS on the two QTLs for Lodging Resistance which did not coincide with QTLs for morphological traits.
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quantitative trait loci for Lodging Resistance in a segregating wheat spelt population
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1999Co-Authors: M Keller, Beat Keller, J E Schmid, Peter Stamp, Ch Karutz, M Winzeler, Monika MessmerAbstract:Lodging can strongly affect both the grain yield and the quality of wheat. Lodging represents a quantitative trait and is difficult to assess on a phenotypic basis. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) could therefore become an important tool in breeding for Lodging Resistance. In this study, we mapped and characterised quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for Lodging Resistance, as well as morphological traits correlated with Lodging, in a segregating population of 226 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross of the Lodging-resistant wheat variety Forno with the susceptible spelt variety Oberkulmer. Lodging, plant height, leaf width, leaf-growth habit, culm stiffness, culm swinging, culm thickness, days to ear emergence and days to flowering were assessed in field trials at two locations in 1996 and at one location in 1997. Additionally, at one location weight and length parameters were also assessed. Plant height and culm stiffness explained 77% of the phenotypic variance of Lodging in a multiple regression model over all three environments. QTL analysis of Lodging and morphological parameters was based on a genetic map containing 230 loci with 23 linkage groups (2469 cM). With the method of composite interval mapping nine QTLs for Lodging Resistance were detected, explaining 63% of the phenotypic variance in a simultaneous fit. Seven of these QTLs coincided with QTLs for morphological traits, reflecting the correlations between these traits and Lodging. In our population the most efficient way to improve Lodging Resistance would be by a combination of indirect selection on plant height and culm stiffness together with MAS on the two QTLs for Lodging Resistance which did not coincide with QTLs for morphological traits.
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morphological traits associated with Lodging Resistance of spring wheat triticum aestivum l
Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 1999Co-Authors: U Zuber, H Winzeler, M M Messmer, M Keller, Beat Keller, J E Schmid, Peter StampAbstract:Throughout the world, Lodging in cereals causes great losses in yield each year. A two year field study was conducted to determine the relationship of morphological traits to Lodging Resistance in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding lines and to find easily measurable traits related to Lodging Resistance. A set of 15 breeding lines, representing a wide range of combinations of plant height and Lodging Resistance, was evaluated. During the first year, 29 morphological traits were measured at two growth stages and correlated with the Lodging score. Higher correlations were found for traits measured at anthesis (DC 65) than for traits measured at maturity (DC 92); most of the fresh weight traits correlated better to Lodging Resistance than did the corresponding dry matter parameters. During the second year the six traits of plant height, stem length, stem diameter, ear weight, stem weight and stem weight per cm were measured at anthesis and correlated with the Lodging score. From the pooled data of four experiments, significant correlations between the Lodging score and single morphological traits were found for stem diameter and stem weight per cm. Thicker stems and heavier stems (mg per cm) were indicative for better Lodging Resistance. Stem diameter and stem weight cm−1 explained 48.5 % and 49.7 %, respectively, of the phenotypic variation in Lodging Resistance. Multiple linear regression equations indicated that 77.2 % of the variation in Lodging Resistance was based on stem weight cm−1 and on the weight of the ear.
M Keller - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Quantitative trait loci for Lodging Resistance in a segregating wheat×spelt population
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1999Co-Authors: M Keller, Beat Keller, J E Schmid, Peter Stamp, Ch Karutz, M Winzeler, Monika MessmerAbstract:Lodging can strongly affect both the grain yield and the quality of wheat. Lodging represents a quantitative trait and is difficult to assess on a phenotypic basis. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) could therefore become an important tool in breeding for Lodging Resistance. In this study, we mapped and characterised quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for Lodging Resistance, as well as morphological traits correlated with Lodging, in a segregating population of 226 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross of the Lodging-resistant wheat variety Forno with the susceptible spelt variety Oberkulmer. Lodging, plant height, leaf width, leaf-growth habit, culm stiffness, culm swinging, culm thickness, days to ear emergence and days to flowering were assessed in field trials at two locations in 1996 and at one location in 1997. Additionally, at one location weight and length parameters were also assessed. Plant height and culm stiffness explained 77% of the phenotypic variance of Lodging in a multiple regression model over all three environments. QTL analysis of Lodging and morphological parameters was based on a genetic map containing 230 loci with 23 linkage groups (2469 cM). With the method of composite interval mapping nine QTLs for Lodging Resistance were detected, explaining 63% of the phenotypic variance in a simultaneous fit. Seven of these QTLs coincided with QTLs for morphological traits, reflecting the correlations between these traits and Lodging. In our population the most efficient way to improve Lodging Resistance would be by a combination of indirect selection on plant height and culm stiffness together with MAS on the two QTLs for Lodging Resistance which did not coincide with QTLs for morphological traits.
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quantitative trait loci for Lodging Resistance in a segregating wheat spelt population
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1999Co-Authors: M Keller, Beat Keller, J E Schmid, Peter Stamp, Ch Karutz, M Winzeler, Monika MessmerAbstract:Lodging can strongly affect both the grain yield and the quality of wheat. Lodging represents a quantitative trait and is difficult to assess on a phenotypic basis. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) could therefore become an important tool in breeding for Lodging Resistance. In this study, we mapped and characterised quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for Lodging Resistance, as well as morphological traits correlated with Lodging, in a segregating population of 226 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross of the Lodging-resistant wheat variety Forno with the susceptible spelt variety Oberkulmer. Lodging, plant height, leaf width, leaf-growth habit, culm stiffness, culm swinging, culm thickness, days to ear emergence and days to flowering were assessed in field trials at two locations in 1996 and at one location in 1997. Additionally, at one location weight and length parameters were also assessed. Plant height and culm stiffness explained 77% of the phenotypic variance of Lodging in a multiple regression model over all three environments. QTL analysis of Lodging and morphological parameters was based on a genetic map containing 230 loci with 23 linkage groups (2469 cM). With the method of composite interval mapping nine QTLs for Lodging Resistance were detected, explaining 63% of the phenotypic variance in a simultaneous fit. Seven of these QTLs coincided with QTLs for morphological traits, reflecting the correlations between these traits and Lodging. In our population the most efficient way to improve Lodging Resistance would be by a combination of indirect selection on plant height and culm stiffness together with MAS on the two QTLs for Lodging Resistance which did not coincide with QTLs for morphological traits.
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morphological traits associated with Lodging Resistance of spring wheat triticum aestivum l
Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 1999Co-Authors: U Zuber, H Winzeler, M M Messmer, M Keller, Beat Keller, J E Schmid, Peter StampAbstract:Throughout the world, Lodging in cereals causes great losses in yield each year. A two year field study was conducted to determine the relationship of morphological traits to Lodging Resistance in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding lines and to find easily measurable traits related to Lodging Resistance. A set of 15 breeding lines, representing a wide range of combinations of plant height and Lodging Resistance, was evaluated. During the first year, 29 morphological traits were measured at two growth stages and correlated with the Lodging score. Higher correlations were found for traits measured at anthesis (DC 65) than for traits measured at maturity (DC 92); most of the fresh weight traits correlated better to Lodging Resistance than did the corresponding dry matter parameters. During the second year the six traits of plant height, stem length, stem diameter, ear weight, stem weight and stem weight per cm were measured at anthesis and correlated with the Lodging score. From the pooled data of four experiments, significant correlations between the Lodging score and single morphological traits were found for stem diameter and stem weight per cm. Thicker stems and heavier stems (mg per cm) were indicative for better Lodging Resistance. Stem diameter and stem weight cm−1 explained 48.5 % and 49.7 %, respectively, of the phenotypic variation in Lodging Resistance. Multiple linear regression equations indicated that 77.2 % of the variation in Lodging Resistance was based on stem weight cm−1 and on the weight of the ear.
Ken Ishimaru - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Improvement of Lodging Resistance with QTLs for stem diameter in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2008Co-Authors: Takayuki Kashiwagi, Eiji Togawa, Naoki Hirotsu, Ken IshimaruAbstract:Varietal differences among ten rice cultivars showed that stem diameter is a key factor in Lodging Resistance (measured in terms of pushing Resistance). Two near-isogenic lines (NILs) were selected from a series of chromosome segment substitution lines developed between cultivars Nipponbar and Kasalath, one containing a single stem diameter QTL ( sdm8 ; NIL114), and another with four stem diameter QTLs ( sdm1 , sdm7 , sdm8 , sdm12 ; NIL28). Compared with the Nipponbare control, stem diameters were larger in NIL114 and NIL28 by about 7 and 39%, respectively. Pushing Resistance in NIL28 was significantly greater than in Nipponbare, but NIL114 was similar to Nipponbare. The two NILs had greater weight of lower stem and culm wall thickness than Nipponbare. NIL28 had higher plant height, which is a negative effect on Lodging Resistance, than Nipponbare. The non-structural carbohydrate contents of NIL stems were higher than that of Nipponbare, whereas the silicon contents were lower in the NILs, and cellulose contents were lower only in NIL28. The basal internodes of the two NILs were significantly stiffer than those of Nipponbare. These results suggest that increasing stem diameter in rice breeding programs would improve Lodging Resistance, although the combination of multiple QTLs would be necessary to produce thicker stems with higher pushing Resistance, whereas the higher plant height could also result from the combination of multiple QTLs.
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new target for rice Lodging Resistance and its effect in a typhoon
Planta, 2008Co-Authors: Ken Ishimaru, Eiji Togawa, Taiichro Ookawa, Takayuki Kashiwagi, Yuka Madoka, Naoki HirotsuAbstract:We demonstrated the new target for Lodging Resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by the analysis of physiological function of a locus for Lodging Resistance in a typhoon (lrt5) with the near isogenic line under rice “Koshihikari” genetic background (tentatively named S1). The higher Lodging Resistance of S1 was observed during a typhoon in September 2004 (28 days after heading), when most other plants in “Koshihikari” became lodged. Visual observations showed that bending of the upper stems triggered Lodging during the typhoon; the upper stem of “Koshihikari” buckled completely, whereas that of S1 remained straight. In addition to the strong rain and winds during the typhoon, the weight of the buckled upper plant parts increased the pressure on adjacent plants and caused a domino effect in “Koshihikari”. Young’s modulus, an indicator of the rigidity of the culm, was significantly higher in S1 than in “Koshihikari”. In the upper culm, the starch content in S1 was 4.8 times the value in “Koshihikari”, and senescence was delayed in the upper leaves of S1. These results suggest that the rigidity of the upper culm by the higher starch content (as a result of delayed senescence in the upper leaves) may be responsible for the higher Lodging Resistance during a typhoon in rice.
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locus prl5 improves Lodging Resistance of rice by delaying senescence and increasing carbohydrate reaccumulation
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 2006Co-Authors: Takayuki Kashiwagi, Yuka Madoka, Naoki Hirotsu, Ken IshimaruAbstract:We investigated the reason for carbohydrate retention in the stem of rice (Oryza sativa L.) at full-ripe stage in a near-isogenic line (NIL63) carrying prl5, which confers Lodging Resistance without yield loss. NIL63 showed higher Lodging Resistance than Nipponbare (control) without reduced yield. At heading, the carbohydrate content in the NIL63 stem (culm and leaf sheathes) was the same as in Nipponbare. At 2 weeks after heading, the carbohydrate content in NIL63 was significantly higher than in Nipponbare. At 4 weeks after heading, the carbohydrate content in NIL63 had decreased to near the level in Nipponbare. At 6 weeks after heading, NIL63 showed higher carbohydrate reaccumulation. Chlorophyll degradation in the leaf blades of NIL63 was slower, and the chlorophyll content at 6 weeks after heading was higher than in Nipponbare. These results suggest that the delay in leaf senescence by prl5 results in carbohydrate reaccumulation in the stem after grain filling, increasing Lodging Resistance.
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identification and functional analysis of a locus for improvement of Lodging Resistance in rice
Plant Physiology, 2004Co-Authors: Takayuki Kashiwagi, Ken IshimaruAbstract:We identified a new locus responsible for increased pushing Resistance of the lower part of rice (Oryza sativa) and analyzed its physiological function to understand how to improve Lodging Resistance in rice. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling pushing Resistance of the lower part were analyzed in a population of backcross inbred lines of japonica Nipponbare × indica Kasalath plants cut out at 40 cm to exclude the effect of the weight of the upper parts. Five QTLs for pushing Resistance were detected; only one QTL from Kasalath on chromosome 5 (prl5) had a positive effect. The likelihood odds ratio curve of prl5 echoed that for Lodging Resistance by typhoon. We selected three near-isogenic lines (NILs) in which the chromosomal region of prl5 was substituted with that of Kasalath in the Nipponbare background. The dry weights and densities and the contents of accumulated carbohydrate in stems below 40 cm (lower stems) in each NIL were significantly higher than those of Nipponbare. There was no difference between Nipponbare and the NILs in yield, root characteristics, or the weights of the upper parts. Pushing Resistance of the lower part and Lodging Resistance in the NILs were up to twice as high as in Nipponbare. These results suggest that prl5 might affect the characteristics of the lower stems of the NILs, thus increasing Lodging Resistance.
Beat Keller - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Quantitative trait loci for Lodging Resistance in a segregating wheat×spelt population
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1999Co-Authors: M Keller, Beat Keller, J E Schmid, Peter Stamp, Ch Karutz, M Winzeler, Monika MessmerAbstract:Lodging can strongly affect both the grain yield and the quality of wheat. Lodging represents a quantitative trait and is difficult to assess on a phenotypic basis. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) could therefore become an important tool in breeding for Lodging Resistance. In this study, we mapped and characterised quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for Lodging Resistance, as well as morphological traits correlated with Lodging, in a segregating population of 226 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross of the Lodging-resistant wheat variety Forno with the susceptible spelt variety Oberkulmer. Lodging, plant height, leaf width, leaf-growth habit, culm stiffness, culm swinging, culm thickness, days to ear emergence and days to flowering were assessed in field trials at two locations in 1996 and at one location in 1997. Additionally, at one location weight and length parameters were also assessed. Plant height and culm stiffness explained 77% of the phenotypic variance of Lodging in a multiple regression model over all three environments. QTL analysis of Lodging and morphological parameters was based on a genetic map containing 230 loci with 23 linkage groups (2469 cM). With the method of composite interval mapping nine QTLs for Lodging Resistance were detected, explaining 63% of the phenotypic variance in a simultaneous fit. Seven of these QTLs coincided with QTLs for morphological traits, reflecting the correlations between these traits and Lodging. In our population the most efficient way to improve Lodging Resistance would be by a combination of indirect selection on plant height and culm stiffness together with MAS on the two QTLs for Lodging Resistance which did not coincide with QTLs for morphological traits.
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quantitative trait loci for Lodging Resistance in a segregating wheat spelt population
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1999Co-Authors: M Keller, Beat Keller, J E Schmid, Peter Stamp, Ch Karutz, M Winzeler, Monika MessmerAbstract:Lodging can strongly affect both the grain yield and the quality of wheat. Lodging represents a quantitative trait and is difficult to assess on a phenotypic basis. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) could therefore become an important tool in breeding for Lodging Resistance. In this study, we mapped and characterised quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for Lodging Resistance, as well as morphological traits correlated with Lodging, in a segregating population of 226 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross of the Lodging-resistant wheat variety Forno with the susceptible spelt variety Oberkulmer. Lodging, plant height, leaf width, leaf-growth habit, culm stiffness, culm swinging, culm thickness, days to ear emergence and days to flowering were assessed in field trials at two locations in 1996 and at one location in 1997. Additionally, at one location weight and length parameters were also assessed. Plant height and culm stiffness explained 77% of the phenotypic variance of Lodging in a multiple regression model over all three environments. QTL analysis of Lodging and morphological parameters was based on a genetic map containing 230 loci with 23 linkage groups (2469 cM). With the method of composite interval mapping nine QTLs for Lodging Resistance were detected, explaining 63% of the phenotypic variance in a simultaneous fit. Seven of these QTLs coincided with QTLs for morphological traits, reflecting the correlations between these traits and Lodging. In our population the most efficient way to improve Lodging Resistance would be by a combination of indirect selection on plant height and culm stiffness together with MAS on the two QTLs for Lodging Resistance which did not coincide with QTLs for morphological traits.
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morphological traits associated with Lodging Resistance of spring wheat triticum aestivum l
Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 1999Co-Authors: U Zuber, H Winzeler, M M Messmer, M Keller, Beat Keller, J E Schmid, Peter StampAbstract:Throughout the world, Lodging in cereals causes great losses in yield each year. A two year field study was conducted to determine the relationship of morphological traits to Lodging Resistance in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding lines and to find easily measurable traits related to Lodging Resistance. A set of 15 breeding lines, representing a wide range of combinations of plant height and Lodging Resistance, was evaluated. During the first year, 29 morphological traits were measured at two growth stages and correlated with the Lodging score. Higher correlations were found for traits measured at anthesis (DC 65) than for traits measured at maturity (DC 92); most of the fresh weight traits correlated better to Lodging Resistance than did the corresponding dry matter parameters. During the second year the six traits of plant height, stem length, stem diameter, ear weight, stem weight and stem weight per cm were measured at anthesis and correlated with the Lodging score. From the pooled data of four experiments, significant correlations between the Lodging score and single morphological traits were found for stem diameter and stem weight per cm. Thicker stems and heavier stems (mg per cm) were indicative for better Lodging Resistance. Stem diameter and stem weight cm−1 explained 48.5 % and 49.7 %, respectively, of the phenotypic variation in Lodging Resistance. Multiple linear regression equations indicated that 77.2 % of the variation in Lodging Resistance was based on stem weight cm−1 and on the weight of the ear.
J E Schmid - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Quantitative trait loci for Lodging Resistance in a segregating wheat×spelt population
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1999Co-Authors: M Keller, Beat Keller, J E Schmid, Peter Stamp, Ch Karutz, M Winzeler, Monika MessmerAbstract:Lodging can strongly affect both the grain yield and the quality of wheat. Lodging represents a quantitative trait and is difficult to assess on a phenotypic basis. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) could therefore become an important tool in breeding for Lodging Resistance. In this study, we mapped and characterised quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for Lodging Resistance, as well as morphological traits correlated with Lodging, in a segregating population of 226 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross of the Lodging-resistant wheat variety Forno with the susceptible spelt variety Oberkulmer. Lodging, plant height, leaf width, leaf-growth habit, culm stiffness, culm swinging, culm thickness, days to ear emergence and days to flowering were assessed in field trials at two locations in 1996 and at one location in 1997. Additionally, at one location weight and length parameters were also assessed. Plant height and culm stiffness explained 77% of the phenotypic variance of Lodging in a multiple regression model over all three environments. QTL analysis of Lodging and morphological parameters was based on a genetic map containing 230 loci with 23 linkage groups (2469 cM). With the method of composite interval mapping nine QTLs for Lodging Resistance were detected, explaining 63% of the phenotypic variance in a simultaneous fit. Seven of these QTLs coincided with QTLs for morphological traits, reflecting the correlations between these traits and Lodging. In our population the most efficient way to improve Lodging Resistance would be by a combination of indirect selection on plant height and culm stiffness together with MAS on the two QTLs for Lodging Resistance which did not coincide with QTLs for morphological traits.
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quantitative trait loci for Lodging Resistance in a segregating wheat spelt population
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1999Co-Authors: M Keller, Beat Keller, J E Schmid, Peter Stamp, Ch Karutz, M Winzeler, Monika MessmerAbstract:Lodging can strongly affect both the grain yield and the quality of wheat. Lodging represents a quantitative trait and is difficult to assess on a phenotypic basis. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) could therefore become an important tool in breeding for Lodging Resistance. In this study, we mapped and characterised quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for Lodging Resistance, as well as morphological traits correlated with Lodging, in a segregating population of 226 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross of the Lodging-resistant wheat variety Forno with the susceptible spelt variety Oberkulmer. Lodging, plant height, leaf width, leaf-growth habit, culm stiffness, culm swinging, culm thickness, days to ear emergence and days to flowering were assessed in field trials at two locations in 1996 and at one location in 1997. Additionally, at one location weight and length parameters were also assessed. Plant height and culm stiffness explained 77% of the phenotypic variance of Lodging in a multiple regression model over all three environments. QTL analysis of Lodging and morphological parameters was based on a genetic map containing 230 loci with 23 linkage groups (2469 cM). With the method of composite interval mapping nine QTLs for Lodging Resistance were detected, explaining 63% of the phenotypic variance in a simultaneous fit. Seven of these QTLs coincided with QTLs for morphological traits, reflecting the correlations between these traits and Lodging. In our population the most efficient way to improve Lodging Resistance would be by a combination of indirect selection on plant height and culm stiffness together with MAS on the two QTLs for Lodging Resistance which did not coincide with QTLs for morphological traits.
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morphological traits associated with Lodging Resistance of spring wheat triticum aestivum l
Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 1999Co-Authors: U Zuber, H Winzeler, M M Messmer, M Keller, Beat Keller, J E Schmid, Peter StampAbstract:Throughout the world, Lodging in cereals causes great losses in yield each year. A two year field study was conducted to determine the relationship of morphological traits to Lodging Resistance in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding lines and to find easily measurable traits related to Lodging Resistance. A set of 15 breeding lines, representing a wide range of combinations of plant height and Lodging Resistance, was evaluated. During the first year, 29 morphological traits were measured at two growth stages and correlated with the Lodging score. Higher correlations were found for traits measured at anthesis (DC 65) than for traits measured at maturity (DC 92); most of the fresh weight traits correlated better to Lodging Resistance than did the corresponding dry matter parameters. During the second year the six traits of plant height, stem length, stem diameter, ear weight, stem weight and stem weight per cm were measured at anthesis and correlated with the Lodging score. From the pooled data of four experiments, significant correlations between the Lodging score and single morphological traits were found for stem diameter and stem weight per cm. Thicker stems and heavier stems (mg per cm) were indicative for better Lodging Resistance. Stem diameter and stem weight cm−1 explained 48.5 % and 49.7 %, respectively, of the phenotypic variation in Lodging Resistance. Multiple linear regression equations indicated that 77.2 % of the variation in Lodging Resistance was based on stem weight cm−1 and on the weight of the ear.
