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Lena Struwe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.6.1654
2013Co-Authors: Alex V. Popovkin, Katherine G. Mathews, José Carlos, Mendes Santos, Carmen M. Molina, Lena StruweAbstract:www.phytokeys.com Spigelia genuflexa, a new geocarpic species from Bahia, Brazil 47 research article A peer-reviewed open-access journal Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Spigelia genuflexa (Loganiaceae), a new geocarpic species from the Atlantic forest o
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Spigelia genuflexa (Loganiaceae), a new geocarpic species from northeastern Bahia, Brazil
PhytoKeys, 2011Co-Authors: Alex Popovkin, Katherine G. Mathews, José Carlos Mendes Santos, M. Carmen Molina, Lena StruweAbstract:A new species of Spigelia (Loganiaceae) from Bahia (Brazil) is described, being the first reported geocarpic species in the family. During fruit maturation, the more basal infructescences bend down towards the ground, depositing the fruit on the surface, whereas the upper ones do so slightly but noticeably. The species is a short-lived annual apparently restricted to sandy-soil habitat with variable and heterogeneous microenvironment and is known from only two restricted localities. A short review of amphi- and geocarpic species is provided. A discussion of comparative morphology within Spigelia with regards to dwarfism, indumentum, and annual habit is included. A phylogenetic parsimony and Bayesian analysis of ITS sequences from 15 Spigelia species plus 17 outgroups in Loganiaceae confirms its independent taxonomic status: on the basis of sequence similarity and phylogenetic topology it is phylogenetically distinct from all Spigelia species sequenced so far
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Spigelia genuflexa (Loganiaceae), a new geocarpic species from northeastern Bahia, Brazil
PhytoKeys, 2011Co-Authors: Alex V. Popovkin, Katherine G. Mathews, M. Carmen Molina, José Carlos Mendes Santos, Lena StruweAbstract:A new species of Spigelia L. (Loganiaceae), Spigelia genuflexa Popovkin & Struwe, sp. n., from the Atlantic forest of northeastern Bahia, Brazil, is described, being the first reported geocarpic species in the family. During fruit maturation, the basal infructescences bend down towards the ground, depositing the fruit on the surface (and burying it in soft kinds of ground cover, e.g., moss), whereas the upper ones do so slightly but noticeably. The species is a short-lived annual apparently restricted to sandy-soil habitat of the Atlantic forest of northeastern Bahia, with variable and heterogeneous microenvironment and is known from only two restricted localities. A short review of amphi- and geocarpic species is provided. A discussion of comparative morphology within Spigelia with regards to dwarfism, indumentum, and annual habit is included. A phylogenetic parsimony and Bayesian analysis of ITS sequences from 15 Spigelia species plus 17 outgroups in Loganiaceae confirms its independent taxonomic status: on the basis of sequence similarity and phylogenetic topology it is phylogenetically distinct from all Spigelia species sequenced so far.
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Neuburgia novocaledonica, comb. nov. and the first record of domatia in the family Loganiaceae
Australian Systematic Botany, 2004Co-Authors: Jeanmaire Molina, Lena StruweAbstract:The New Caledonian species Couthovia novocaledonica Gilg & Benedict (Loganiceae) is supported as a species distinct from Neuburgia corynocarpa (A.Gray) Leenh. Neuburgia novocaledonica is different in having domatia on its abaxial leaf surfaces, two rings of hairs within the corolla tube, and generally obovate leaf shape. Therefore, the new combination Neuburgia novocaledonica (Gilg & Benedict) J. Molina & Struwe is hereby made. The presence and morphology of domatia on the lower surface of the leaves of Neuburgia novocaledonica are discussed. This appears to be the first record of domatium occurrence in Loganiaceae.
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Regular ArticleCladistics and Family Level Classification of the Gentianales
Cladistics, 1994Co-Authors: Lena Struwe, Victor A. Albert, Birgitta BremerAbstract:—The most recent classification of the angiosperm order Gentianales (Thorne, 1992) includes four principal families: Apocynaceae, Gentianaceae, Loganiaceae, and Rubiaceae. Ever since Bentham (1857) the status of Loganiaceae has been questioned, and several segregates of that family have been proposed both before and after his treatment. In this study we present cladistic results that show Loganiaceae, sensu lato, to be a paraphyletic group definable only by plesiomorphies, with members showing closest relationships to other families of the order. As the impact of different character-state representations of polymorphic terminals remains largely untested, our morphological and phytochemical data were analysed both with restricted polymorphism coding as well as with the monomorphic "subtaxon" recoding method of Nixon and Davis (1991). Both approaches yield highly compatible results, and we here discuss a new classification of the Gentianales based on (i) monophyletic groups identified by outgroup analysis, and (ii) the maximal portrayal of evidence provided by subtaxon polymorphism recoding. Most prominently, the Loganiaceae sensu lato are divided into four segregate families, two previously named (Loganiaceae sensu stricto and Strychnaceae), and two defined as a result of this study (Gelsemiaceae, L. Struwe & V. A. Albert, stat. nov. and Geniostomaceae, L. Struwe & V. A. Albert, fam. nov.). Apocynaceae (incl. Asclepiadaceae), Gentianaceae (incl. Loganiaceae—Potalieae), and Rubiaceae remain as monophyletic families. Outgroup analysis supports both the monophyly of the Gentianales as well as the exclusion from the order of Buddleja, Desfontainia, Plocosperma, Polypremum, and Retzia (all Loganiaceae sensu Leeuwenberg and Leenhouts).
Birgitta Bremer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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American Journal of Botany 87(7): 1029–1043. 2000. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN THE GENTIANALES BASED ON NDHF AND RBCL SEQUENCES, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE Loganiaceae 1
2013Co-Authors: Maria Backlund, Bengt Oxelman, Birgitta BremerAbstract:Phylogenetic relationships in the Gentianales with focus on Loganiaceae sensu lato are evaluated using parsimony analyses of nucleotide sequence data from the plastid genes rbcL and ndhF. Inter- and intrafamilial relationships in the Gentianales, which consist of the families Apocynaceae (including Asclepiadaceae), Gelsemiaceae, Gentianaceae, Loganiaceae, and Rubiaceae, are studied and receive increased support from the combination of rbcL and ndhF data, which indicate that the family Rubiaceae forms the sister group to the successively nested Gentianaceae, Apocynaceae, and Loganiaceae, all of which are well supported. The family Gelsemiaceae forms a distinct, supported group sister to Apocynaceae. The Loganiaceae sensu stricto form a strongly supported group consisting of 13 genera: Antonia, Bonyunia, Gardneria, Geniostoma, Labordia, Logania, Mitrasacme, Mitreola, Neuburgia, Norrisia, Spigelia, Strychnos, and Usteria. These genera form two well-supported lineages. Several members of Loganiaceae sensu Leeuwenberg and Leenhouts, i.e., Androya, Peltanthera, Plocosperma, Polypremum, and Sanango are clearly not members of the Gentianales. The earlier exclusion of Buddlejaceae (including Buddleja, Emorya, Gomphostigma, and Nicodemia) as well as the reclassification of the genera Nuxia and Retzia to Stilbaceae of the Lamiales are all well supported. Key words
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Paraphyly of Paederieae, recognition of Putorieae and expansion of Plocama (Rubiaceae-Rubioideae)
TAXON, 2007Co-Authors: Maria Backlund, Birgitta Bremer, Mats ThulinAbstract:This thesis deals with phylogenetic relationships at different taxonomic levels. All the plants studied are or have been included in the order Gentianales, which comprises about 17 200 species. The phylogenies are based on parsimony analyses of nucleotide sequence data (DNA) from different regions in the chloroplast genome, but morphological characteristics have also been studied. Analyses of sequence data from the genes rbcL and ndhF provide the interfamilial structure of the order Gentianales, shown to comprise the families Apocynaceae (incl. Asclepiadaceae), Gelsemiaceae, Gentianaceae, Loganiaceae, and Rubiaceae. Exclusion of certain genera from the Loganiaceae is confirmed and their phylogenetic positions are clarified. Some of these genera remain within the Gentianales, while others belong to other orders. Exclusion of the tribe Buddlejeae from the Loganiaceae is confirmed, and a monophyletic group formed by Buddleja, Emorya, Gomphostigma, and Nicodemia is recognized and placed in the Lamiales. The Loganiaceae s.str. forms, after these exclusions, a strongly supported monophyletic group comprising 13 genera. The tribe Paederieae in the family Rubiaceae is analysed using sequence data from the regions rbcL gene, rps16 intron, and the regions trnT-F, and is shown to be paraphyletic. These results lead to a new circumscription of Paederieae comprising the genera Leptodermis, Paederia, Serissa, and Spermadictyon. The tribe Putorieae is reestablished with the single genus Plocama, including 34 species. Aitchisonia, Choulettia, Crocyllis, Gaillonia, Jaubertia, Pseudogaillonia, Pterogaillonia, and Putoria are reduced to synonyms of Plocama based on the molecular analyses and morphological studies. The Mediterranean species of the re-circumscribed Plocama, previously segregated as the genus Putoria, are revised. Two species, Plocama calabrica and P. brevifolia, are recognized, their synonymics are established, and seven lectotypes are selected.
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Phylogenetic relationships within the Gentianales based on NDHF and RBCL sequences, with particular reference to the Loganiaceae.
American journal of botany, 2000Co-Authors: Maria Backlund, Bengt Oxelman, Birgitta BremerAbstract:Phylogenetic relationships in the Gentianales with focus on Loganiaceae sensu lato are evaluated using parsimony analyses of nucleotide sequence data from the plastid genes rbcL and ndhF. Inter- and intrafamilial relationships in the Gentianales, which consist of the families Apocynaceae (including Asclepiadaceae), Gelsemiaceae, Gentianaceae, Loganiaceae, and Rubiaceae, are studied and receive increased support from the combination of rbcL and ndhF data, which indicate that the family Rubiaceae forms the sister group to the successively nested Gentianaceae, Apocynaceae, and Loganiaceae, all of which are well supported. The family Gelsemiaceae forms a distinct, supported group sister to Apocynaceae. The Loganiaceae sensu stricto form a strongly supported group consisting of 13 genera: Antonia, Bonyunia, Gardneria, Geniostoma, Labordia, Logania, Mitrasacme, Mitreola, Neuburgia, Norrisia, Spigelia, Strychnos, and Usteria. These genera form two well-supported lineages. Several members of Loganiaceae sensu Leeuwenberg and Leenhouts, i.e., Androya, Peltanthera, Plocosperma, Polypremum,and Sanango are clearly not members of the Gentianales. The earlier exclusion of Buddlejaceae (including Buddleja, Emorya, Gomphostigma,and Nicodemia) as well as the reclassification of the genera Nuxia and Retzia to Stilbaceae of the Lamiales are all well supported.
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Regular ArticleCladistics and Family Level Classification of the Gentianales
Cladistics, 1994Co-Authors: Lena Struwe, Victor A. Albert, Birgitta BremerAbstract:—The most recent classification of the angiosperm order Gentianales (Thorne, 1992) includes four principal families: Apocynaceae, Gentianaceae, Loganiaceae, and Rubiaceae. Ever since Bentham (1857) the status of Loganiaceae has been questioned, and several segregates of that family have been proposed both before and after his treatment. In this study we present cladistic results that show Loganiaceae, sensu lato, to be a paraphyletic group definable only by plesiomorphies, with members showing closest relationships to other families of the order. As the impact of different character-state representations of polymorphic terminals remains largely untested, our morphological and phytochemical data were analysed both with restricted polymorphism coding as well as with the monomorphic "subtaxon" recoding method of Nixon and Davis (1991). Both approaches yield highly compatible results, and we here discuss a new classification of the Gentianales based on (i) monophyletic groups identified by outgroup analysis, and (ii) the maximal portrayal of evidence provided by subtaxon polymorphism recoding. Most prominently, the Loganiaceae sensu lato are divided into four segregate families, two previously named (Loganiaceae sensu stricto and Strychnaceae), and two defined as a result of this study (Gelsemiaceae, L. Struwe & V. A. Albert, stat. nov. and Geniostomaceae, L. Struwe & V. A. Albert, fam. nov.). Apocynaceae (incl. Asclepiadaceae), Gentianaceae (incl. Loganiaceae—Potalieae), and Rubiaceae remain as monophyletic families. Outgroup analysis supports both the monophyly of the Gentianales as well as the exclusion from the order of Buddleja, Desfontainia, Plocosperma, Polypremum, and Retzia (all Loganiaceae sensu Leeuwenberg and Leenhouts).
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CLADISTICS AND FAMILY LEVEL CLASSIFICATION OF THE GENTIANALES
Cladistics, 1994Co-Authors: Lena Struwe, Victor A. Albert, Birgitta BremerAbstract:The most recent classification of the angiosperm order Gentianales (Thorne, 1992) includes four principal families: Apocynaceae, Gentianaceae, Loganiaceae, and Rubiaceae. Ever since Bentham (1857) the status of Loganiaceae has been questioned, and several
Maria Backlund - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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American Journal of Botany 87(7): 1029–1043. 2000. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN THE GENTIANALES BASED ON NDHF AND RBCL SEQUENCES, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE Loganiaceae 1
2013Co-Authors: Maria Backlund, Bengt Oxelman, Birgitta BremerAbstract:Phylogenetic relationships in the Gentianales with focus on Loganiaceae sensu lato are evaluated using parsimony analyses of nucleotide sequence data from the plastid genes rbcL and ndhF. Inter- and intrafamilial relationships in the Gentianales, which consist of the families Apocynaceae (including Asclepiadaceae), Gelsemiaceae, Gentianaceae, Loganiaceae, and Rubiaceae, are studied and receive increased support from the combination of rbcL and ndhF data, which indicate that the family Rubiaceae forms the sister group to the successively nested Gentianaceae, Apocynaceae, and Loganiaceae, all of which are well supported. The family Gelsemiaceae forms a distinct, supported group sister to Apocynaceae. The Loganiaceae sensu stricto form a strongly supported group consisting of 13 genera: Antonia, Bonyunia, Gardneria, Geniostoma, Labordia, Logania, Mitrasacme, Mitreola, Neuburgia, Norrisia, Spigelia, Strychnos, and Usteria. These genera form two well-supported lineages. Several members of Loganiaceae sensu Leeuwenberg and Leenhouts, i.e., Androya, Peltanthera, Plocosperma, Polypremum, and Sanango are clearly not members of the Gentianales. The earlier exclusion of Buddlejaceae (including Buddleja, Emorya, Gomphostigma, and Nicodemia) as well as the reclassification of the genera Nuxia and Retzia to Stilbaceae of the Lamiales are all well supported. Key words
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Paraphyly of Paederieae, recognition of Putorieae and expansion of Plocama (Rubiaceae-Rubioideae)
TAXON, 2007Co-Authors: Maria Backlund, Birgitta Bremer, Mats ThulinAbstract:This thesis deals with phylogenetic relationships at different taxonomic levels. All the plants studied are or have been included in the order Gentianales, which comprises about 17 200 species. The phylogenies are based on parsimony analyses of nucleotide sequence data (DNA) from different regions in the chloroplast genome, but morphological characteristics have also been studied. Analyses of sequence data from the genes rbcL and ndhF provide the interfamilial structure of the order Gentianales, shown to comprise the families Apocynaceae (incl. Asclepiadaceae), Gelsemiaceae, Gentianaceae, Loganiaceae, and Rubiaceae. Exclusion of certain genera from the Loganiaceae is confirmed and their phylogenetic positions are clarified. Some of these genera remain within the Gentianales, while others belong to other orders. Exclusion of the tribe Buddlejeae from the Loganiaceae is confirmed, and a monophyletic group formed by Buddleja, Emorya, Gomphostigma, and Nicodemia is recognized and placed in the Lamiales. The Loganiaceae s.str. forms, after these exclusions, a strongly supported monophyletic group comprising 13 genera. The tribe Paederieae in the family Rubiaceae is analysed using sequence data from the regions rbcL gene, rps16 intron, and the regions trnT-F, and is shown to be paraphyletic. These results lead to a new circumscription of Paederieae comprising the genera Leptodermis, Paederia, Serissa, and Spermadictyon. The tribe Putorieae is reestablished with the single genus Plocama, including 34 species. Aitchisonia, Choulettia, Crocyllis, Gaillonia, Jaubertia, Pseudogaillonia, Pterogaillonia, and Putoria are reduced to synonyms of Plocama based on the molecular analyses and morphological studies. The Mediterranean species of the re-circumscribed Plocama, previously segregated as the genus Putoria, are revised. Two species, Plocama calabrica and P. brevifolia, are recognized, their synonymics are established, and seven lectotypes are selected.
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Revision of the Mediterranean species of Plocama (Rubiaceae)
TAXON, 2007Co-Authors: Maria Backlund, Mats ThulinAbstract:This thesis deals with phylogenetic relationships at different taxonomic levels. All the plants studied are or have been included in the order Gentianales, which comprises about 17 200 species. The phylogenies are based on parsimony analyses of nucleotide sequence data (DNA) from different regions in the chloroplast genome, but morphological characteristics have also been studied. Analyses of sequence data from the genes rbcL and ndhF provide the interfamilial structure of the order Gentianales, shown to comprise the families Apocynaceae (incl. Asclepiadaceae), Gelsemiaceae, Gentianaceae, Loganiaceae, and Rubiaceae. Exclusion of certain genera from the Loganiaceae is confirmed and their phylogenetic positions are clarified. Some of these genera remain within the Gentianales, while others belong to other orders. Exclusion of the tribe Buddlejeae from the Loganiaceae is confirmed, and a monophyletic group formed by Buddleja, Emorya, Gomphostigma, and Nicodemia is recognized and placed in the Lamiales. The Loganiaceae s.str. forms, after these exclusions, a strongly supported monophyletic group comprising 13 genera. The tribe Paederieae in the family Rubiaceae is analysed using sequence data from the regions rbcL gene, rps16 intron, and the regions trnT-F, and is shown to be paraphyletic. These results lead to a new circumscription of Paederieae comprising the genera Leptodermis, Paederia, Serissa, and Spermadictyon. The tribe Putorieae is reestablished with the single genus Plocama, including 34 species. Aitchisonia, Choulettia, Crocyllis, Gaillonia, Jaubertia, Pseudogaillonia, Pterogaillonia, and Putoria are reduced to synonyms of Plocama based on the molecular analyses and morphological studies. The Mediterranean species of the re-circumscribed Plocama, previously segregated as the genus Putoria, are revised. Two species, Plocama calabrica and P. brevifolia, are recognized, their synonymics are established, and seven lectotypes are selected.
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Phylogenetic relationships within the Gentianales based on NDHF and RBCL sequences, with particular reference to the Loganiaceae.
American journal of botany, 2000Co-Authors: Maria Backlund, Bengt Oxelman, Birgitta BremerAbstract:Phylogenetic relationships in the Gentianales with focus on Loganiaceae sensu lato are evaluated using parsimony analyses of nucleotide sequence data from the plastid genes rbcL and ndhF. Inter- and intrafamilial relationships in the Gentianales, which consist of the families Apocynaceae (including Asclepiadaceae), Gelsemiaceae, Gentianaceae, Loganiaceae, and Rubiaceae, are studied and receive increased support from the combination of rbcL and ndhF data, which indicate that the family Rubiaceae forms the sister group to the successively nested Gentianaceae, Apocynaceae, and Loganiaceae, all of which are well supported. The family Gelsemiaceae forms a distinct, supported group sister to Apocynaceae. The Loganiaceae sensu stricto form a strongly supported group consisting of 13 genera: Antonia, Bonyunia, Gardneria, Geniostoma, Labordia, Logania, Mitrasacme, Mitreola, Neuburgia, Norrisia, Spigelia, Strychnos, and Usteria. These genera form two well-supported lineages. Several members of Loganiaceae sensu Leeuwenberg and Leenhouts, i.e., Androya, Peltanthera, Plocosperma, Polypremum,and Sanango are clearly not members of the Gentianales. The earlier exclusion of Buddlejaceae (including Buddleja, Emorya, Gomphostigma,and Nicodemia) as well as the reclassification of the genera Nuxia and Retzia to Stilbaceae of the Lamiales are all well supported.
Hugh D. Wilson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Spigelia palmeri 2
2011Co-Authors: Hugh D. WilsonAbstract:Spigelia palmeri, Corolla from side. Family Loganiaceae , Subclass Asteridae.
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Spigelia palmeri 4
2011Co-Authors: Hugh D. WilsonAbstract:Spigelia palmeri, Inflorescence from side. Family Loganiaceae , Subclass Asteridae.
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Spigelia palmeri 6
2011Co-Authors: Hugh D. WilsonAbstract:Spigelia palmeri, Developing fruit, calyx (close). Family Loganiaceae , Subclass Asteridae.
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Spigelia palmeri 3
2011Co-Authors: Hugh D. WilsonAbstract:Spigelia palmeri, Corolla from front, buds. Family Loganiaceae , Subclass Asteridae.
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Mitreola petiolata (Native) 2
2011Co-Authors: Hugh D. WilsonAbstract:Mitreola petiolata , Flower, developing fruit. Family Loganiaceae, Subclass Asteridae. Origin: Native.
Mats Thulin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Paraphyly of Paederieae, recognition of Putorieae and expansion of Plocama (Rubiaceae-Rubioideae)
TAXON, 2007Co-Authors: Maria Backlund, Birgitta Bremer, Mats ThulinAbstract:This thesis deals with phylogenetic relationships at different taxonomic levels. All the plants studied are or have been included in the order Gentianales, which comprises about 17 200 species. The phylogenies are based on parsimony analyses of nucleotide sequence data (DNA) from different regions in the chloroplast genome, but morphological characteristics have also been studied. Analyses of sequence data from the genes rbcL and ndhF provide the interfamilial structure of the order Gentianales, shown to comprise the families Apocynaceae (incl. Asclepiadaceae), Gelsemiaceae, Gentianaceae, Loganiaceae, and Rubiaceae. Exclusion of certain genera from the Loganiaceae is confirmed and their phylogenetic positions are clarified. Some of these genera remain within the Gentianales, while others belong to other orders. Exclusion of the tribe Buddlejeae from the Loganiaceae is confirmed, and a monophyletic group formed by Buddleja, Emorya, Gomphostigma, and Nicodemia is recognized and placed in the Lamiales. The Loganiaceae s.str. forms, after these exclusions, a strongly supported monophyletic group comprising 13 genera. The tribe Paederieae in the family Rubiaceae is analysed using sequence data from the regions rbcL gene, rps16 intron, and the regions trnT-F, and is shown to be paraphyletic. These results lead to a new circumscription of Paederieae comprising the genera Leptodermis, Paederia, Serissa, and Spermadictyon. The tribe Putorieae is reestablished with the single genus Plocama, including 34 species. Aitchisonia, Choulettia, Crocyllis, Gaillonia, Jaubertia, Pseudogaillonia, Pterogaillonia, and Putoria are reduced to synonyms of Plocama based on the molecular analyses and morphological studies. The Mediterranean species of the re-circumscribed Plocama, previously segregated as the genus Putoria, are revised. Two species, Plocama calabrica and P. brevifolia, are recognized, their synonymics are established, and seven lectotypes are selected.
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Revision of the Mediterranean species of Plocama (Rubiaceae)
TAXON, 2007Co-Authors: Maria Backlund, Mats ThulinAbstract:This thesis deals with phylogenetic relationships at different taxonomic levels. All the plants studied are or have been included in the order Gentianales, which comprises about 17 200 species. The phylogenies are based on parsimony analyses of nucleotide sequence data (DNA) from different regions in the chloroplast genome, but morphological characteristics have also been studied. Analyses of sequence data from the genes rbcL and ndhF provide the interfamilial structure of the order Gentianales, shown to comprise the families Apocynaceae (incl. Asclepiadaceae), Gelsemiaceae, Gentianaceae, Loganiaceae, and Rubiaceae. Exclusion of certain genera from the Loganiaceae is confirmed and their phylogenetic positions are clarified. Some of these genera remain within the Gentianales, while others belong to other orders. Exclusion of the tribe Buddlejeae from the Loganiaceae is confirmed, and a monophyletic group formed by Buddleja, Emorya, Gomphostigma, and Nicodemia is recognized and placed in the Lamiales. The Loganiaceae s.str. forms, after these exclusions, a strongly supported monophyletic group comprising 13 genera. The tribe Paederieae in the family Rubiaceae is analysed using sequence data from the regions rbcL gene, rps16 intron, and the regions trnT-F, and is shown to be paraphyletic. These results lead to a new circumscription of Paederieae comprising the genera Leptodermis, Paederia, Serissa, and Spermadictyon. The tribe Putorieae is reestablished with the single genus Plocama, including 34 species. Aitchisonia, Choulettia, Crocyllis, Gaillonia, Jaubertia, Pseudogaillonia, Pterogaillonia, and Putoria are reduced to synonyms of Plocama based on the molecular analyses and morphological studies. The Mediterranean species of the re-circumscribed Plocama, previously segregated as the genus Putoria, are revised. Two species, Plocama calabrica and P. brevifolia, are recognized, their synonymics are established, and seven lectotypes are selected.
