Lontra felina

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Jeffrey C. Mangel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • nuevo registro de la nutria marina Lontra felina molina 1782 al norte de su distribucion actual
    Ecología Aplicada, 2011
    Co-Authors: Joanna Alfaroshigueto, Juan Valqui, Jeffrey C. Mangel
    Abstract:

    La nutria marina Lontra felina es una especie en peligro de extincion cuyo rango de distribucion es controversial, siendo considerada el area de Chimbote (9°10´S) como el limite norte de su distribucion actual. Aqui se documenta por primera vez su presencia a 115 km al norte de Chimbote, en el puerto artesanal de Huanchaco (08°04´S). La discusion de esta nota cientifica busca promover la generacion de investigaciones que esclarezcan tanto los factores que determinan la presencia de la nutria marina en un determinado lugar, asi como su rango de distribucion limite norte. Se sugieren medidas de conservacion a favor de la nutria marina y del habitat costero a nivel local (puertos y ciudades) y regional (departamentos y paises), aprovechando el caracter de especie bandera de L. felina.

  • NUEVO REGISTRO DE LA NUTRIA MARINA Lontra felina (MOLINA, 1782) AL NORTE DE SU DISTRIBUCIÓN ACTUAL NEW RECORD OF THE MARINE OTTER Lontra felina (MOLINA, 1782) NORTH TO ITS CURRENT DISTRIBUTION
    2011
    Co-Authors: Joanna Alfaro-shigueto, Juan Valqui, Jeffrey C. Mangel
    Abstract:

    The marine otter Lontra felina is an endangered species and uncertainty exists regarding the limits of its current range, which is considered to be Chimbote (9°10´S). Here we present the first documented evidence of the speciespresence 115 km to the north of Chimbote, in the artisanal port of Huanchaco (8°04´S). The note seeks to promote the generation of research to help clarify the factors that determine the presence of marine otters in a given location and which determine the northern limit to their range. Local (fishing ports and towns) and regional (provinces and countries) conservation measures safeguarding the species and the coastal marine habitat are recommended and should take advantage of the flagship species character of L. felina.

  • Latitudinal variation in diet and patterns of human interaction in the marine otter
    Marine Mammal Science, 2010
    Co-Authors: Jeffrey C. Mangel, Gonzalo Medina-vogel, Joanna Alfaro-shigueto, Tara Sayuri Whitty, C. Cáceres, Brendan J. Godley
    Abstract:

    The marine otter ( Lontra felina ) inhabits patches of rocky coastline from central Peru to southern Chile and is classified as Endangered by the IUCN. Given the limited information available about the species, we set out to assess marine otter diet with a view to detecting latitudinal differences, and to assess marine otter activity budgets and interspecific interactions (including anthropogenic) at Peruvian fishing villages and to compare results with similar Chilean studies. Nine study sites from central Chile to southern Peru were sampled for otter spraints to assess relative frequency of prey types and two fishing ports in southern Peru were monitored through focal and scan observations to assess activity patterns, interspecific interactions, habitat use patterns, and dive durations. Results indicate that toward the northern part of its range, crustaceans become less important and fish more important in the diet. Interactions were observed between marine otters and other species, including stray dogs and cats. The strong dependence of marine otters on the availability of safe rocky shelters, and the species' apparent tolerance to living alongside humans raise conservation concerns about vulnerability to anthropogenic threats. These factors, if not correctly managed, could turn some of these rocky seashore patches into population sinks.

  • Phylogeography of the Marine Otter (Lontra felina): Historical and Contemporary Factors Determining Its Distribution
    The Journal of heredity, 2010
    Co-Authors: Juliana A. Vianna, Paula Ayerdi, Gonzalo Medina-vogel, Jeffrey C. Mangel, Horacio Zeballos, Manuel Apaza, Sylvain Faugeron
    Abstract:

    The evolutionary history of a species can be revealed by phylogeographical analysis; nevertheless, not only historical but also contemporary processes can imprint on the distribution of genetic diversity. We report on the phylogeny of Lontra ssp. in South America, and the role of spatial heterogeneity in shaping the distribution and population structure of the endangered marine otter, Lontra felina. Analyzing a total of 2261 bp of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) revealed the recent divergence of L. felina from L. provocax. A strong population structure (Ust 5 0.83, P , 0.0001) and a significant pattern of isolation by distance were described for L. felina (n 5 168) across a wide geographical distribution (1353# St o 4336#S). Lontra felina mtDNA phylogeny is composed of 2 main clades: a clade from Peru and another composed of Chilean haplotypes. Northern populations show different divergent lineages and higher genetic diversity when compared with more recently colonized southern populations. Furthermore, long sandy beaches seem to act as barriers to dispersal, creating 2 evolutionary significant units in agreement with subspecies previous description, and at least 5 different management units (MUs). At a fine spatial scale, the size of rocky seashore patches, the distance between patches and anthropogenic factors also play important roles in species gene flow.

  • Phylogeography of the Marine Otter (Lontra felina): Historical and Contemporary Factors Determining Its Distribution
    2010
    Co-Authors: Juliana A. Vianna, Paula Ayerdi, Gonzalo Medina-vogel, Jeffrey C. Mangel, Horacio Zeballos, Manuel Apaza, Sylvain Faugeron, Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad Ecología, Recursos Naturales
    Abstract:

    The evolutionary history of a species can be revealed by phylogeographical analysis; nevertheless, not only historical but also contemporary processes can imprint on the distribution of genetic diversity. We report on the phylogeny of Lontra ssp. in South America, and the role of spatial heterogeneity in shaping the distribution and population structure of the endangered marine otter, Lontra felina. Analyzing a total of 2261 bp of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) revealed the recent divergence of L. felina from L. provocax. A strong population structure (Ust 5 0.83, P, 0.0001) and a significant pattern of isolation by distance were described for L. felina (n 5 168) across a wide geographical distribution (13°53#S to43°36#S). Lontra felina mtDNA phylogeny is composed of 2 main clades: a clade from Peru and another composed of Chilean haplotypes. Northern populations show different divergent lineages and higher genetic diversity when compared with more recentl

Gonzalo Medina-vogel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Exposure to Toxoplasma gondii in Marine Otters (Lontra felina) and Domestic Cats (Felis catus) in an Arid Environment in Chile
    Journal of wildlife diseases, 2020
    Co-Authors: Carlos Calvo-mac, Arno C. Gutleb, Servane Contal, Vannessa Ilukewitsch, Claudia A. Muñoz-zanzi, Gonzalo Medina-vogel
    Abstract:

    Toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide-distributed protozoon that infects warm-blooded animals. We determined T. gondii exposure in one marine otter (Lontra felina) and four domestic cats (Felis catus) along the northern and central coast of Chile, indicating a low seroprevalence of 5% (1/19) and 8% (4/50) respectively, likely related to arid environment.

  • Latitudinal variation in diet and patterns of human interaction in the marine otter
    Marine Mammal Science, 2010
    Co-Authors: Jeffrey C. Mangel, Gonzalo Medina-vogel, Joanna Alfaro-shigueto, Tara Sayuri Whitty, C. Cáceres, Brendan J. Godley
    Abstract:

    The marine otter ( Lontra felina ) inhabits patches of rocky coastline from central Peru to southern Chile and is classified as Endangered by the IUCN. Given the limited information available about the species, we set out to assess marine otter diet with a view to detecting latitudinal differences, and to assess marine otter activity budgets and interspecific interactions (including anthropogenic) at Peruvian fishing villages and to compare results with similar Chilean studies. Nine study sites from central Chile to southern Peru were sampled for otter spraints to assess relative frequency of prey types and two fishing ports in southern Peru were monitored through focal and scan observations to assess activity patterns, interspecific interactions, habitat use patterns, and dive durations. Results indicate that toward the northern part of its range, crustaceans become less important and fish more important in the diet. Interactions were observed between marine otters and other species, including stray dogs and cats. The strong dependence of marine otters on the availability of safe rocky shelters, and the species' apparent tolerance to living alongside humans raise conservation concerns about vulnerability to anthropogenic threats. These factors, if not correctly managed, could turn some of these rocky seashore patches into population sinks.

  • Phylogeography of the Marine Otter (Lontra felina): Historical and Contemporary Factors Determining Its Distribution
    The Journal of heredity, 2010
    Co-Authors: Juliana A. Vianna, Paula Ayerdi, Gonzalo Medina-vogel, Jeffrey C. Mangel, Horacio Zeballos, Manuel Apaza, Sylvain Faugeron
    Abstract:

    The evolutionary history of a species can be revealed by phylogeographical analysis; nevertheless, not only historical but also contemporary processes can imprint on the distribution of genetic diversity. We report on the phylogeny of Lontra ssp. in South America, and the role of spatial heterogeneity in shaping the distribution and population structure of the endangered marine otter, Lontra felina. Analyzing a total of 2261 bp of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) revealed the recent divergence of L. felina from L. provocax. A strong population structure (Ust 5 0.83, P , 0.0001) and a significant pattern of isolation by distance were described for L. felina (n 5 168) across a wide geographical distribution (1353# St o 4336#S). Lontra felina mtDNA phylogeny is composed of 2 main clades: a clade from Peru and another composed of Chilean haplotypes. Northern populations show different divergent lineages and higher genetic diversity when compared with more recently colonized southern populations. Furthermore, long sandy beaches seem to act as barriers to dispersal, creating 2 evolutionary significant units in agreement with subspecies previous description, and at least 5 different management units (MUs). At a fine spatial scale, the size of rocky seashore patches, the distance between patches and anthropogenic factors also play important roles in species gene flow.

  • Phylogeography of the Marine Otter (Lontra felina): Historical and Contemporary Factors Determining Its Distribution
    2010
    Co-Authors: Juliana A. Vianna, Paula Ayerdi, Gonzalo Medina-vogel, Jeffrey C. Mangel, Horacio Zeballos, Manuel Apaza, Sylvain Faugeron, Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad Ecología, Recursos Naturales
    Abstract:

    The evolutionary history of a species can be revealed by phylogeographical analysis; nevertheless, not only historical but also contemporary processes can imprint on the distribution of genetic diversity. We report on the phylogeny of Lontra ssp. in South America, and the role of spatial heterogeneity in shaping the distribution and population structure of the endangered marine otter, Lontra felina. Analyzing a total of 2261 bp of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) revealed the recent divergence of L. felina from L. provocax. A strong population structure (Ust 5 0.83, P, 0.0001) and a significant pattern of isolation by distance were described for L. felina (n 5 168) across a wide geographical distribution (13°53#S to43°36#S). Lontra felina mtDNA phylogeny is composed of 2 main clades: a clade from Peru and another composed of Chilean haplotypes. Northern populations show different divergent lineages and higher genetic diversity when compared with more recentl

  • Surgical implantation of intra-abdominal radiotransmitters in marine otters (Lontra felina) in central Chile.
    Journal of wildlife diseases, 2008
    Co-Authors: Claudio Soto-azat, Francisca Boher, Mauricio Fabry, Paulo Pascual, Gonzalo Medina-vogel
    Abstract:

    Six free-ranging marine otters (Lontra felina) were livetrapped on the central coast of Chile and implanted with specially designed radiotransmitters as part of a spatial ecology study. Marine otters frequent the rocky seashore, often squeezing their narrow bodies through cracks and crevices and grooming themselves on the rocks. They are also among the smallest of the otter species, weighing between 3.4 kg and 4.5 kg. For these reasons, the transmitter used was small, rectangular, and flat, measuring 3.5×3.2×1.0 cm. They were implanted using a ventral midline approach to minimize contact between the skin incision and sharp-edged rocks. Surgical incisions healed within 2 wk. The transmitters functioned well, but the duration varied from 62 days to 143 days instead of the 240 days predicted by the manufacturer. All six marine otters reestablished in their home ranges, and survey results suggest they survived well beyond the life of the transmitters.

Juan Valqui - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • population genetics and conservation of the marine otter Lontra felina at the peruvian coast
    2012
    Co-Authors: Juan Valqui
    Abstract:

    The marine otter Lontra felina is an endangered species living at the coast of Peru and Chile. Intensive hunting was the major threat to the world´s smallest marine mammal in the past while today urbanization, pollution and intensive fisheries have a great impact on its population. Between 2008 and 2011, non-invasive samples were collected to perform a population genetic analysis, revealing relatively high levels of genetic variability and a moderate gene flow for the Peruvian marine otter population. A Population Viability Analysis showed that extinction of all populations is predominantly related to habitat reduction, while inbreeding, catastrophes and diseases are decisive factors for smaller, more isolated populations. Further ecological and genetic studies, environmental education work, law enforcement and management plans that include a system of protected areas are recommended to compensate the loss of natural habitat and secure the survival of the species.

  • The marine otter Lontra felina (Molina, 1782): A review of its present status and implications for future conservation
    Mammalian Biology, 2012
    Co-Authors: Juan Valqui
    Abstract:

    The marine otter Lontra felina is an endangered and little known species living in a fragmented habitat: the coast of Peru and Chile. The smallest marine mammal’s presence is unclear in Argentina and southern Tierra del Fuego and the current limits of the distribution are still under discussion. Recent population genetic studies suggest certain levels of gene flow despite a disjunct population. In the 20th century intensive hunting was the major threat to L. felina . This top predator still faces an uncertain future due to the impactof human activities (urbanization, pollution, and intensive fisheries). There is a need of further studies deepening the knowledge on population genetics, population numbers and migration behavior. Environmental education work, law enforcement and monitoring of protected areas are suggested to secure the survival of the species.

  • nuevo registro de la nutria marina Lontra felina molina 1782 al norte de su distribucion actual
    Ecología Aplicada, 2011
    Co-Authors: Joanna Alfaroshigueto, Juan Valqui, Jeffrey C. Mangel
    Abstract:

    La nutria marina Lontra felina es una especie en peligro de extincion cuyo rango de distribucion es controversial, siendo considerada el area de Chimbote (9°10´S) como el limite norte de su distribucion actual. Aqui se documenta por primera vez su presencia a 115 km al norte de Chimbote, en el puerto artesanal de Huanchaco (08°04´S). La discusion de esta nota cientifica busca promover la generacion de investigaciones que esclarezcan tanto los factores que determinan la presencia de la nutria marina en un determinado lugar, asi como su rango de distribucion limite norte. Se sugieren medidas de conservacion a favor de la nutria marina y del habitat costero a nivel local (puertos y ciudades) y regional (departamentos y paises), aprovechando el caracter de especie bandera de L. felina.

  • NUEVO REGISTRO DE LA NUTRIA MARINA Lontra felina (MOLINA, 1782) AL NORTE DE SU DISTRIBUCIÓN ACTUAL NEW RECORD OF THE MARINE OTTER Lontra felina (MOLINA, 1782) NORTH TO ITS CURRENT DISTRIBUTION
    2011
    Co-Authors: Joanna Alfaro-shigueto, Juan Valqui, Jeffrey C. Mangel
    Abstract:

    The marine otter Lontra felina is an endangered species and uncertainty exists regarding the limits of its current range, which is considered to be Chimbote (9°10´S). Here we present the first documented evidence of the speciespresence 115 km to the north of Chimbote, in the artisanal port of Huanchaco (8°04´S). The note seeks to promote the generation of research to help clarify the factors that determine the presence of marine otters in a given location and which determine the northern limit to their range. Local (fishing ports and towns) and regional (provinces and countries) conservation measures safeguarding the species and the coastal marine habitat are recommended and should take advantage of the flagship species character of L. felina.

  • Non-invasive genetic analysis reveals high levels of mtDNA variability in the endangered South-American marine otter (Lontra felina)
    Conservation Genetics, 2010
    Co-Authors: Juan Valqui, Günther B. Hartl, Frank E Zachos
    Abstract:

    Scats from marine otters were collected from the entire Peruvian distribution range along the Pacific coast. Partial mtDNA control region sequences (265 bp) were successfully amplified and analysed in 37 out of 87 samples. Based on spatial distribution and home range information of marine otters we assumed our final data set to represent at least 24 different individuals, yielding surprisingly high genetic variability (11 haplotypes, h = 0.86, π = 0.0117). No unequivocal evidence of genetic substructuring, a bottleneck or isolation by distance could be detected. This study presents the first genetic data in this endangered species and highlights the significance of the Peruvian gene pool for the establishment of reserves, potential future expansion, recolonisation or translocations.

Ercoli, Marcos Darío - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Morfología del aparato músculo-esqueletario del postcráneo de los mustélidos (Carnivora, Mammalia) fósiles y vivientes de América del Sur: implicancias funcionales en un contexto filogenético
    2016
    Co-Authors: Ercoli, Marcos Darío
    Abstract:

    La familia Mustelidae es la más diversa del Orden Carnivora, representada por 22 géneros vivientes, que presentan una gran variación eco-morfológica. Los mustélidos de América del Sur están representados por 11 especies vivientes: el gulonino Eira barbara; los hurones ictoniquinos lincodontininos Lyncodon patagonicus, Galictis cuja y Ga. vittata; los lutrinos Lontra felina, Lo. longicaudis, Lo. provocax y Pteronura brasiliensis; y los hurones mustelinos Mustela frenata, Mu. felipei y Mu. africana. Los ictoniquinos son la subfamilia más antigua dentro del subcontinente (Plioceno Tardío-actualidad), representados por múltiples especies extintas de los dos géneros actuales y por Stipanicicia pettorutii, representante del único género extinto; otros linajes de mustélidos de América del Sur se registran a partir del Pleistoceno. La musculatura postcraneal de los mustélidos fue estudiada intensamente en el siglo XIX, aunque las especies de América del Sur permanecen prácticamente inexploradas. Estudios de la osteología postcraneal han demostrado correspondencias entre la morfología, los tipos locomotores y otras variables (e.g., tamaño corporal, filogenia, estrategia de caza). Sin embargo, varios tópicos permanecen pobremente explorados, especialmente en lo que respecta a las especies de América del Sur. Por otro lado, el postcráneo prácticamente no ha sido evaluado como fuente potencial de caracteres filogenéticos. El objetivo de esta Tesis fue analizar la diversidad morfológica postcraneal de los mustélidos extintos y vivientes de América del Sur, explorando su relación con distintos factores (e.g., locomoción, hábitos alimentarios, tamaño corporal, estructura filogenética), en un marco comparativo. Los materiales miológicos estudiados incluyen a tres especímenes de Galictis cuja. Se estudió exhaustivamente la musculatura craneal y postcraneal. Se describieron variantes intraespecíficas y se realizaron mapas musculares y pesado de cada músculo. Se realizó un estudio osteológico descriptivo detallado de siete especies de mustélidos de América del Sur. Se realizaron análisis morfo-funcionales cualitativos y cuantitativos en un marco comparativo a nivel Musteloidea. Se describieron en detalle siete especímenes fósiles con elementos postcraneales preservados, así como también materiales craneales de lincodontininos fósiles, incluyendo a S. pettorutii. Se construyeron 8 índices sintetizando las longitudes relativas de las principales regiones axiales y apendiculares. Se tomaron fotografías orientadas de cuatro elementos postcraneales (axis, penúltima vértebra lumbar, extremo distal del húmero y proximal del fémur), realizándose análisis de morfometría geométrica y análisis de componentes principales por grupos. Para evaluar el efecto de la locomoción y la dieta sobre las variables lineales y de forma se realizaron análisis de la varianza considerándose la estructura filogenética de los datos y la influencia del tamaño. Para evaluar el valor filogenético y obtener reconstrucciones de estados ancestrales de los principales rasgos miológicos y osteológicos, se diseñaron, codificaron y optimizaron caracteres osteológicos (83 caracteres x 31 taxones; cinco caracteres continuos y 78 discretos) y musculares (47 caracteres x 32 taxones). La descripción miológica de Ga. cuja reveló rasgos de importancia. La musculatura cervical es voluminosa y está muy subdividida (e.g., sternocephalicus, cleidocephalicus), incluyendo múltiples paquetes profundos de inserciones “lateralizadas” (mm. obliquus capitis, rectus capitis, multifidi cervicis). La región torácica presenta numerosos y amplios músculos rotadores. La musculatura epiaxial lumbar está dominada por el m. iliocostalis, mientras que la hipoaxial está compuesta de metámeros breves. Los extensores fuertes del miembro posterior (e.g., isquiotibiales, extensores del tobillo), son voluminosos y de inserciones relativamente distales. Los flexores rápidos (e.g., m. infraspinatus, m. gluteus) y estabilizadores articulares (e.g., m. anconeus, m. articularis coxae) de ambas extremidades están reducidos o ausentes. El m. brachioradialis presenta variantes intraespecíficas con un origen extendido proximalmente. Los protractores y extensores del miembro anterior (contrariamente a sus antagonistas), están marcadamente desarrollados y subdivididos, con un m. rhomboideus profundus y capitis separados. Existen múltiples fascículos biarticulares y aductores en ambos miembros. Los flexores del hombro (e.g., m. infraspinatus) y codo (e.g., m. biceps brachii, m. brachialis) y aductores de ambas extremidades están reducidos, mientras que el m. coracobrachialis se encuentra ausente. El análisis de la miología de Ga. cuja permitió reconocer rasgos relacionados con las estrategias de caza y locomoción en galerías y half-bound. A partir de las optimizaciones y análisis comparativo se determinaron rasgos miológicos potencialmente informativos respecto a la estructura filogenética. En las descripciones y análisis osteológicos se reconoce la presencia un cuello largo, con regiones de agarre muscular bien desarrolladas para todos los mustélidos de América del Sur. La región tóraco-lumbar es alargada en lutrinos y lincodontininos. Se registra una gran diversidad de variantes en la región lumbar y caudal (forma, fórmula vertebral, proporciones). En la región lumbar, los cuerpos y procesos son elongados en los hurones y Ei. barbara. En la región caudal, Ly. patagonicus y Galictis spp. presentan arcos neurales reducidos. Eira barbara presenta una cola elongada, móvil y de elementos distales delgados, mientras que Galictis spp. y lutrinos presentan colas amplias con numerosos procesos espinosos caudales, y en las nutrias, con procesos transversos en forma de "H". Los elementos apendiculares son relativamente largos y delgados en Ei. barbara, mientras que en las nutrias son robustos y con amplias áreas de agarres musculares. El plano isquio-púbico, la cabeza y la tróclea femoral de los lutrinos presentan una configuración particular. El ilion y los trocánteres del fémur se encuentran reducidos en los hurones. Las regiones articulares del hombro, codo, cadera y rodilla favorecen movimientos mayormente dentro del plano sagital en los hurones, mientras que las restricciones son menores en Ei. barbara y lutrinos. En la muñeca, carpo y tarso de Ei. barbara se registra el mayor grado de movilidad, mientras que en lutrinos existen mayores restricciones. En hurones y lutrinos, el zeugopodio es ancho. Los autopodios de Ly. patagonicus son gráciles y elongados, mientras que en Ei. barbara y especialmente en lutrinos son más robustos y amplios. Para el caso de los siete especímenes fósiles, se confirmaron las asignaciones previas o propusieron por primera vez asignaciones taxonómicas, todas a ellas correspondiendo a especies actuales. El estudio comparativo de la morfología postcraneal de los mustélidos mediante los diversos enfoques considerados, permitió relacionar un gran número de rasgos anatómicos a los diversos hábitos de vida y tamaños corporales, siendo también informativos de la historia evolutiva y afinidades filogenéticas. En los half-bounders, la musculatura epiaxial, extensora de la cadera y del tobillo, encargada de la propulsión en marchas a saltos, músculos que cuentan con importantes superficies de agarre muscular (e.g., plano isquio-púbico y zeugopodio posterior). El gran desarrollo de la musculatura extensora y protractora del miembro anterior y sus áreas de orígenes (e.g., fosa supraespinosa, proceso subhamatus) concuerdan con la especialización del miembro anterior en la amortiguación de los saltos. Los nadadores presentan un gran número de rasgos postcraneales únicos vinculados al nado. Desde la región cervical a caudal son capaces de realizar movimientos amplios y poderosos de flexo-extensión. La morfología de los miembros (e.g., húmero de curvatura sigmoidea, amplitud y posición "dorsalizada" del plano isquio-púbico, fémur breve) y gran desarrollo de áreas de agarre muscular (e.g., ala de la escápula, crestas del húmero, ilion) se relacionan a una posición caudal habitual de los miembros y a la generación de poderosos movimientos de propulsión. Los trepadores presentan regiones postdiafragmáticas largas, miembros largos y articulaciones con amplias libertades de movimientos. Los músculos estabilizadores, aductores y abductores, así como sus áreas de agarre (e.g., acromion, cresta pectoral, cresta epicondilar, ala del ilion) están bien desarrollados. En los trepadores ágiles como los guloninos, las colas largas y livianas son útiles durante el balance, pero sin permitir prensión. Las falanges ungueales, recurvadas y agudas, son el principal medio de sujeción sin existir grandes capacidades de manipulación (si presentes en muchos prociónidos y Ailurus). Los cavadores presentan músculos retractores, aductores y abductores del miembro anterior y flexores del hombro y muñeca voluminosos, con amplias áreas de agarre (e.g., crestas, tubérculos y epicóndilos del húmero, olécranon, tubérculo del carpal accesorio), similar a trepadores y nadadores. La musculatura extensora del codo desarrollada, miembro anterior relativamente elongado, restricciones articulares en el codo y carpo, y modificaciones en las proporciones del autopodio anterior, les permiten la penetración y remoción del sustrato. La características de la región lumbar (e.g., reducida en longitud y rígida), articulación sacro-ilíaca reforzada y miembros posteriores robustos permiten transmitir y resistir las fuerzas generadas en la región anterior del cuerpo. Se reconocen también características en la región axial y pelvis vinculadas al comportamiento aposemático de tipo battle-flag de ictoniquinos y mefítidos, así como características cervicales informativas del grado de carnivoría y estrategias de caza de distintos linajes. El plan corporal de los grisones puede considerarse generalizado, permitiéndoles depredar sobre un espectro variado de presas y moverse con facilidad sobre la superficie y en túneles subterráneos, lo que posiblemente permitió al linaje establecerse en variados ambientes de América del Sur. Las evidencias recabadas apoyan la posibilidad de una antigua vinculación a hábitos acuáticos para el linaje. Lyncodon patagonicus se encontraría altamente especializado en la caza de roedores fosoriales. Este taxón converge con los linajes de mustelinos más especializados en un tamaño corporal pequeño, cuello de movimientos amplios y poderosos, miembros y cola reducidos, una región axial muy larga y móvil. La anatomía mastoidea de S. pettorutii sugiere que habría poseído una musculatura mastoidea más marcadamente desarrollada y subdividida que otros lincodontininos, indicando poderosos y complejos movimientos cervicales lo que, junto con otros rasgos craneales, indicaría que fue capaz de depredar sobre presas de gran tamaño relativo. Eira barbara es posiblemente es el mustélido más especializado al sustrato arbóreo; presenta un gran número de rasgo intermedios entre musteloideos galopantes y mustélidos weasel-like aunque muchos rasgos (zeugopodios relativamente breves, zona axial flexible, y cuello elongado y musculoso) la vinculan a un plan ancestral weasel-like. Los representantes sudamericanos de Lontra difieren de la especie norteamericana Lo. canadensis en poseer los miembros anteriores y dígitos más largos, evidenciando una mayor capacidad de manipulación y/o propulsión braquial. Por otro lado, las nutrias de América del Sur, y especialmente Pt. brasiliensis, poseen regiones axiales, y específicamente colas, altamente especializadas al nado. Se sugiere un plan weasel-like ancestral para Mustelidae-Taxidea. Un gran número de rasgos postcraneales son propuestos como filogenéticamente informativos a diferentes niveles jerárquicos, e.g., osteológicos: presencia de foramen alar del atlas, abertura de foramen transverso de C7, morfología de arcos neurales de vértebras caudales, tipo de contactos entre carpales; miológicos: configuración de los mm. rhomboideus, sistemas epiaxial es y del m. semitendinosus, posición de origen del m. brachioradialis. Esta fuente de caracteres prácticamente inexplorada podría ser utilizada en futuros estudios filogenéticos.The Family Mustelidae is the most diverse one within the Order Canivora. Compound by 22 extant genera, it shows a wide ecomorphological variation. There are 11 extant South American mustelids species: the scansorial gulonine Eira barbara; the ictonychine lyncodontinine weasels Lyncodon patagonicus, Galictis cuja y Ga. vittata; the lutrines Lontra felina, Lo. longicaudis, Lo. Provocax, and Pteronura brasiliensis; and the musteline weasels Mustela frenata, Mu. felipei, and Mu. africana. The ictonychines are the oldest subfamily in the subcontinent (Late Pliocene-Recent), represented by numerous extinct species belonging to the extant genera and by the only extinct genus Stipanicicia, represented by S. pettorutii; other mustelid lineages of South America were recorded since the Pleistocene. Mustelid postcranial musculature was intensively studied during the XIX century, although South American species remained almost unexplored. Previous studies of postcranial osteology reported a close association between morphology and locomotor modes and other variables (e.g., body size, phylogeny, hunting behavior). Nevertheless, many topics remain scarcely explored, especially among South American species. Furthermore, postcranium has almost not been studied as a potential source of phylogenetic characters. The goal of this thesis was to study the postcranial morphological diversity of South American extinct and extant mustelids, exploring its relationship with different factors (e.g., locomotion, food habits, body size, phylogenetic structure), within a comparative framework. In this thesis, three myological specimens of Galictis cuja were studied by dissections; cranial and postcranial musculature was exhaustively described. Individual variation was described and each muscle was weighted. Muscular maps were constructed. Also, a detailed osteological description of seven South American mustelids was achieved. Morphofuctional qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed within a comparative framework at the Musteloidea level. Seven fossil specimens with preserved postcranial elements were described in detail, as well as cranial specimens of fossil lyncodontinines, including S. pettorutti. Eight indexes summarizing the relative length of axial and appendicular regions were constructed. Four postcranial elements (axis, penultimate lumbar vertebra, distal end of the humerus and proximal end of the femur) were analyzed using geometric morphometric approaches; betweengroups principal component analysis were performed in order to capture, summarize, and assess the diversity of shapes for each studied element. To evaluate the effect of the locomotion and diet on the linear and shape variables, variance analyses were performed considering the phylogenetic structure of the data and body size influence. Osteologic and myologic characters were designed, codified, and optimized (osteologic: 83 characters x 31 taxa; five continuous and 78 discrete characters; muscular: 47 characters x 32 taxa) in order to evaluate the phylogenetic value and to obtain reconstructions of ancestral states of those characters. vi The myological description of Ga. cuja revealed remarkable features. The cervical musculature is bulky and notably subdivided (e.g., sternocephalicus, cleidocephalicus), including numerous deep bundles with “lateralized” insertions (mm. obliquus capitis, rectus capitis, multifidi cervicis) associated to strong and complex movements. The thoracic region is elongated and narrow, with wide spinous processes and numerous and wide rotator muscles. The epaxial lumbar musculature is dominated by the m. iliocostalis, while the hipoaxial one is made of short metameres, evidence of a high intervertebral mobility. Strong extensors of the hind limb (e.g., hamstrings, ankle extensors) which dominate the propulsion forwards during half-bound, were massive and have relatively distal insertions. The fast flexors (e.g., mm. infraspinatus, m. gluteus) and joint stabilizers (e.g., m. anconeus, m. articularis coxae) of both limbs are reduced or absent. The m. brachioradialis has intraspecific variants with a proximally extended origin. Protractors and extensors of the forelimb (on the contrary to its antagonists) are markedly developed and subdivided, with separated m. rhomboideus profundus and capitis. Also, there are many biarticular fascicules and adductors in both limbs. The shoulder (e.g., m. infraspinatus) and elbow (e.g., m. biceps brachii, m. brachialis) flexors and adductors of both limbs are reduced, while the m. coracobrachialis is absent. The myological analysis of Ga. cuja allowed recognizing features related to hunting behavior, subterranean locomotion and halfbound gait employed by the species. From the optimizations and comparative analyses, many myological features were determined as potentially informative regarding to the phylogenetic structure. Osteologic descriptions and analyses documented a long neck, with very well developed muscular attachment surfaces in all South American mustelids. The thoraco-lumbar region is elongated in lutrines and lyncodontinines. There is a great diversity in the lumbar and caudal regions (shape, vertebral formula, proportions). In the former region, the vertebral body and processes are elongated in weasels and Ei. barbara. In the caudal region, Ly. patagonicus and Galictis spp. display reduced neural arches. Eira barbara has an elongated mobile tail, with thin distal elements, while Galictis spp. and lutrines have wide tails with numerous caudal spinous processes and, in otters, with H-shaped transverse processes. Appendicular elements are relatively long in Ei. barbara, while in otters are robust, with wide surfaces for muscular attachments. The ischio-pubic plane, the femoral head and the trochlea in lutrines have a particular configuration. The ilion and both femoral trochanters are reduced in weasels. The articular regions of the shoulder, elbow, hip and knee mostly favor parasagital movements in weasels, while restrictions are smaller in Ei. barbara and lutrines. The largest degree of mobility was found in the wrist, carpus and tarsus of Ei. barbara, while in lutrines there are more restrictions. In weasels and lutrines, the zeugopods are laterally expanded. The autopodium of Ly. patagonicus is slender and elongated, while in Ei. barbara and especially in vii lutrines is robust and wide. For the seven fossil specimens, previous taxonomic assignations were confirmed, or new ones were here suggested for the first time, all of them agreeing with extant species. The comparative study of the osteological morphology of the postcranium of mustelids, analyzed by diverse and complementary approaches, allowed relating a great number of anatomical features to different habits and body size, but was also found informative for the evolutionary history and phylogenetic affinities. In half-bounders, epaxial musculature, hip extensors and ankle extensors which are the main responsible of propulsion in jumping gaits, have large attachment surfaces (e.g., ischio-pubic plane and zeugopod of the hind limb). The great development of the extensor and protractor muscles of the forelimb and their origin surfaces (e.g., supraspinous fossa, subhamatus process) coincide with the specialization of the forelimb as a shock-absorber when jumping. Swimmers have a large number of unique postcranial features associated to their swimming capabilities. From the cervical to the caudal region, they are able to perform wide and powerful flexion-extension movements. Their limb morphology (e.g., sigmoid humerus, amplitude and “dorsalized” position of the ischio-pubic plane, short femur) and the great development of the muscular attachment areas (e.g., wing of the scapula, crest of the humerus, ilium) are related to a usual caudal position of the limbs, and to strong propulsive movements. Scansorial species have long postdiaphragmatic regions, long limbs and articulations with a wide freedom of movements. Stabilizers, adductors and abductors muscles, together with their attachment surfaces (e.g., acromion, pectoral crest, epicondylar crest and wing of the ilium respectively), are well developed. In agile scansorial species such as many gulonines, long and light tails are useful during balance, but do not allow prehension. The ungueal phalanges, that are curved and acute, are the primary means of clamping, given that these species do not present manipulation abilities (that are present in many procyonids and Ailurus). Fossorial species has bulky retractor, adductors and abductor muscles of the forelimb and flexors of the shoulder and wrist, with large attachment areas (e.g., crests, tubercles and epicondyles of the humerus, olecranon process, tubercle of the accessory carpal bone), similar to scansorial and swimmer species. A developed extensor musculature of the elbow joint, a relatively elongated forelimb, articular restrictions in the elbow and carpus, and some modifications of the anterior autopodium ratios facilitate penetration and removal of the substrate. The characteristics of the lumbar region (e.g., short and rigid), the reinforced sacroiliac articulation and the short and robust hind limbs allow transmitting and resisting the forces generated in the anterior region of the body. There are also axial and pelvic features associated to the aposematic battle-flag behavior of ictonychines and mephitids, as well as cervical characteristics informative about carnivore degree and hunting behavior in di

  • Morfología del aparato músculo-esqueletario del postcráneo de los mustélidos (Carnivora, Mammalia) fósiles y vivientes de América del Sur: implicancias funcionales en un contexto filogenético
    2015
    Co-Authors: Ercoli, Marcos Darío
    Abstract:

    La familia Mustelidae es la más diversa del Orden Carnivora, representada por 22 géneros vivientes, que presentan una gran variación eco-morfológica. Los mustélidos de América del Sur están representados por 11 especies vivientes: el gulonino Eira barbara; los hurones ictoniquinos lincodontininos Lyncodon patagonicus, Galictis cuja y Ga. vittata; los lutrinos Lontra felina, Lo. longicaudis, Lo. provocax y Pteronura brasiliensis; y los hurones mustelinos Mustela frenata, Mu. felipei y Mu. africana. Los ictoniquinos son la subfamilia más antigua dentro del subcontinente (Plioceno Tardío-actualidad), representados por múltiples especies extintas de los dos géneros actuales y por Stipanicicia pettorutii, representante del único género extinto; otros linajes de mustélidos de América del Sur se registran a partir del Pleistoceno. La musculatura postcraneal de los mustélidos fue estudiada intensamente en el siglo XIX, aunque las especies de América del Sur permanecen prácticamente inexploradas. Estudios de la osteología postcraneal han demostrado correspondencias entre la morfología, los tipos locomotores y otras variables (e.g., tamaño corporal, filogenia, estrategia de caza). Sin embargo, varios tópicos permanecen pobremente explorados, especialmente en lo que respecta a las especies de América del Sur. Por otro lado, el postcráneo prácticamente no ha sido evaluado como fuente potencial de caracteres filogenéticos. El objetivo de esta Tesis fue analizar la diversidad morfológica postcraneal de los mustélidos extintos y vivientes de América del Sur, explorando su relación con distintos factores (e.g., locomoción, hábitos alimentarios, tamaño corporal, estructura filogenética), en un marco comparativo. Los materiales miológicos estudiados incluyen a tres especímenes de Galictis cuja. Se estudió exhaustivamente la musculatura craneal y postcraneal. Se describieron variantes intraespecíficas y se realizaron mapas musculares y pesado de cada músculo. Se realizó un estudio osteológico descriptivo detallado de siete especies de mustélidos de América del Sur. Se realizaron análisis morfo-funcionales cualitativos y cuantitativos en un marco comparativo a nivel Musteloidea. Se describieron en detalle siete especímenes fósiles con elementos postcraneales preservados, así como también materiales craneales de lincodontininos fósiles, incluyendo a S. pettorutii. Se construyeron 8 índices sintetizando las longitudes relativas de las principales regiones axiales y apendiculares. Se tomaron fotografías orientadas de cuatro elementos postcraneales (axis, penúltima vértebra lumbar, extremo distal del húmero y proximal del fémur), realizándose análisis de morfometría geométrica y análisis de componentes principales por grupos. Para evaluar el efecto de la locomoción y la dieta sobre las variables lineales y de forma se realizaron análisis de la varianza considerándose la estructura filogenética de los datos y la influencia del tamaño. Para evaluar el valor filogenético y obtener reconstrucciones de estados ancestrales de los principales rasgos miológicos y osteológicos, se diseñaron, codificaron y optimizaron caracteres osteológicos (83 caracteres x 31 taxones; cinco caracteres continuos y 78 discretos) y musculares (47 caracteres x 32 taxones). La descripción miológica de Ga. cuja reveló rasgos de importancia. La musculatura cervical es voluminosa y está muy subdividida (e.g., sternocephalicus, cleidocephalicus), incluyendo múltiples paquetes profundos de inserciones “lateralizadas” (mm. obliquus capitis, rectus capitis, multifidi cervicis). La región torácica presenta numerosos y amplios músculos rotadores. La musculatura epiaxial lumbar está dominada por el m. iliocostalis, mientras que la hipoaxial está compuesta de metámeros breves. Los extensores fuertes del miembro posterior (e.g., isquiotibiales, extensores del tobillo), son voluminosos y de inserciones relativamente distales. Los flexores rápidos (e.g., m. infraspinatus, m. gluteus) y estabilizadores articulares (e.g., m. anconeus, m. articularis coxae) de ambas extremidades están reducidos o ausentes. El m. brachioradialis presenta variantes intraespecíficas con un origen extendido proximalmente. Los protractores y extensores del miembro anterior (contrariamente a sus antagonistas), están marcadamente desarrollados y subdivididos, con un m. rhomboideus profundus y capitis separados. Existen múltiples fascículos biarticulares y aductores en ambos miembros. Los flexores del hombro (e.g., m. infraspinatus) y codo (e.g., m. biceps brachii, m. brachialis) y aductores de ambas extremidades están reducidos, mientras que el m. coracobrachialis se encuentra ausente. El análisis de la miología de Ga. cuja permitió reconocer rasgos relacionados con las estrategias de caza y locomoción en galerías y half-bound. A partir de las optimizaciones y análisis comparativo se determinaron rasgos miológicos potencialmente informativos respecto a la estructura filogenética. En las descripciones y análisis osteológicos se reconoce la presencia un cuello largo, con regiones de agarre muscular bien desarrolladas para todos los mustélidos de América del Sur. La región tóraco-lumbar es alargada en lutrinos y lincodontininos. Se registra una gran diversidad de variantes en la región lumbar y caudal (forma, fórmula vertebral, proporciones). En la región lumbar, los cuerpos y procesos son elongados en los hurones y Ei. barbara. En la región caudal, Ly. patagonicus y Galictis spp. presentan arcos neurales reducidos. Eira barbara presenta una cola elongada, móvil y de elementos distales delgados, mientras que Galictis spp. y lutrinos presentan colas amplias con numerosos procesos espinosos caudales, y en las nutrias, con procesos transversos en forma de "H". Los elementos apendiculares son relativamente largos y delgados en Ei. barbara, mientras que en las nutrias son robustos y con amplias áreas de agarres musculares. El plano isquio-púbico, la cabeza y la tróclea femoral de los lutrinos presentan una configuración particular. El ilion y los trocánteres del fémur se encuentran reducidos en los hurones. Las regiones articulares del hombro, codo, cadera y rodilla favorecen movimientos mayormente dentro del plano sagital en los hurones, mientras que las restricciones son menores en Ei. barbara y lutrinos. En la muñeca, carpo y tarso de Ei. barbara se registra el mayor grado de movilidad, mientras que en lutrinos existen mayores restricciones. En hurones y lutrinos, el zeugopodio es ancho. Los autopodios de Ly. patagonicus son gráciles y elongados, mientras que en Ei. barbara y especialmente en lutrinos son más robustos y amplios. Para el caso de los siete especímenes fósiles, se confirmaron las asignaciones previas o propusieron por primera vez asignaciones taxonómicas, todas a ellas correspondiendo a especies actuales. El estudio comparativo de la morfología postcraneal de los mustélidos mediante los diversos enfoques considerados, permitió relacionar un gran número de rasgos anatómicos a los diversos hábitos de vida y tamaños corporales, siendo también informativos de la historia evolutiva y afinidades filogenéticas. En los half-bounders, la musculatura epiaxial, extensora de la cadera y del tobillo, encargada de la propulsión en marchas a saltos, músculos que cuentan con importantes superficies de agarre muscular (e.g., plano isquio-púbico y zeugopodio posterior). El gran desarrollo de la musculatura extensora y protractora del miembro anterior y sus áreas de orígenes (e.g., fosa supraespinosa, proceso subhamatus) concuerdan con la especialización del miembro anterior en la amortiguación de los saltos. Los nadadores presentan un gran número de rasgos postcraneales únicos vinculados al nado. Desde la región cervical a caudal son capaces de realizar movimientos amplios y poderosos de flexo-extensión. La morfología de los miembros (e.g., húmero de curvatura sigmoidea, amplitud y posición "dorsalizada" del plano isquio-púbico, fémur breve) y gran desarrollo de áreas de agarre muscular (e.g., ala de la escápula, crestas del húmero, ilion) se relacionan a una posición caudal habitual de los miembros y a la generación de poderosos movimientos de propulsión. Los trepadores presentan regiones postdiafragmáticas largas, miembros largos y articulaciones con amplias libertades de movimientos. Los músculos estabilizadores, aductores y abductores, así como sus áreas de agarre (e.g., acromion, cresta pectoral, cresta epicondilar, ala del ilion) están bien desarrollados. En los trepadores ágiles como los guloninos, las colas largas y livianas son útiles durante el balance, pero sin permitir prensión. Las falanges ungueales, recurvadas y agudas, son el principal medio de sujeción sin existir grandes capacidades de manipulación (si presentes en muchos prociónidos y Ailurus). Los cavadores presentan músculos retractores, aductores y abductores del miembro anterior y flexores del hombro y muñeca voluminosos, con amplias áreas de agarre (e.g., crestas, tubérculos y epicóndilos del húmero, olécranon, tubérculo del carpal accesorio), similar a trepadores y nadadores. La musculatura extensora del codo desarrollada, miembro anterior relativamente elongado, restricciones articulares en el codo y carpo, y modificaciones en las proporciones del autopodio anterior, les permiten la penetración y remoción del sustrato. La características de la región lumbar (e.g., reducida en longitud y rígida), articulación sacro-ilíaca reforzada y miembros posteriores robustos permiten transmitir y resistir las fuerzas generadas en la región anterior del cuerpo. Se reconocen también características en la región axial y pelvis vinculadas al comportamiento aposemático de tipo battle-flag de ictoniquinos y mefítidos, así como características cervicales informativas del grado de carnivoría y estrategias de caza de distintos linajes. El plan corporal de los grisones puede considerarse generalizado, permitiéndoles depredar sobre un espectro variado de presas y moverse con facilidad sobre la superficie y en túneles subterráneos, lo que posiblemente permitió al linaje establecerse en variados ambientes de América del Sur. Las evidencias recabadas apoyan la posibilidad de una antigua vinculación a hábitos acuáticos para el linaje. Lyncodon patagonicus se encontraría altamente especializado en la caza de roedores fosoriales. Este taxón converge con los linajes de mustelinos más especializados en un tamaño corporal pequeño, cuello de movimientos amplios y poderosos, miembros y cola reducidos, una región axial muy larga y móvil. La anatomía mastoidea de S. pettorutii sugiere que habría poseído una musculatura mastoidea más marcadamente desarrollada y subdividida que otros lincodontininos, indicando poderosos y complejos movimientos cervicales lo que, junto con otros rasgos craneales, indicaría que fue capaz de depredar sobre presas de gran tamaño relativo. Eira barbara es posiblemente es el mustélido más especializado al sustrato arbóreo; presenta un gran número de rasgo intermedios entre musteloideos galopantes y mustélidos weasel-like aunque muchos rasgos (zeugopodios relativamente breves, zona axial flexible, y cuello elongado y musculoso) la vinculan a un plan ancestral weasel-like. Los representantes sudamericanos de Lontra difieren de la especie norteamericana Lo. canadensis en poseer los miembros anteriores y dígitos más largos, evidenciando una mayor capacidad de manipulación y/o propulsión braquial. Por otro lado, las nutrias de América del Sur, y especialmente Pt. brasiliensis, poseen regiones axiales, y específicamente colas, altamente especializadas al nado. Se sugiere un plan weasel-like ancestral para Mustelidae-Taxidea. Un gran número de rasgos postcraneales son propuestos como filogenéticamente informativos a diferentes niveles jerárquicos, e.g., osteológicos: presencia de foramen alar del atlas, abertura de foramen transverso de C7, morfología de arcos neurales de vértebras caudales, tipo de contactos entre carpales; miológicos: configuración de los mm. rhomboideus, sistemas epiaxial es y del m. semitendinosus, posición de origen del m. brachioradialis. Esta fuente de caracteres prácticamente inexplorada podría ser utilizada en futuros estudios filogenéticos.The Family Mustelidae is the most diverse one within the Order Canivora. Compound by 22 extant genera, it shows a wide ecomorphological variation. There are 11 extant South American mustelids species: the scansorial gulonine Eira barbara; the ictonychine lyncodontinine weasels Lyncodon patagonicus, Galictis cuja y Ga. vittata; the lutrines Lontra felina, Lo. longicaudis, Lo. Provocax, and Pteronura brasiliensis; and the musteline weasels Mustela frenata, Mu. felipei, and Mu. africana. The ictonychines are the oldest subfamily in the subcontinent (Late Pliocene-Recent), represented by numerous extinct species belonging to the extant genera and by the only extinct genus Stipanicicia, represented by S. pettorutii; other mustelid lineages of South America were recorded since the Pleistocene. Mustelid postcranial musculature was intensively studied during the XIX century, although South American species remained almost unexplored. Previous studies of postcranial osteology reported a close association between morphology and locomotor modes and other variables (e.g., body size, phylogeny, hunting behavior). Nevertheless, many topics remain scarcely explored, especially among South American species. Furthermore, postcranium has almost not been studied as a potential source of phylogenetic characters. The goal of this thesis was to study the postcranial morphological diversity of South American extinct and extant mustelids, exploring its relationship with different factors (e.g., locomotion, food habits, body size, phylogenetic structure), within a comparative framework. In this thesis, three myological specimens of Galictis cuja were studied by dissections; cranial and postcranial musculature was exhaustively described. Individual variation was described and each muscle was weighted. Muscular maps were constructed. Also, a detailed osteological description of seven South American mustelids was achieved. Morphofuctional qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed within a comparative framework at the Musteloidea level. Seven fossil specimens with preserved postcranial elements were described in detail, as well as cranial specimens of fossil lyncodontinines, including S. pettorutti. Eight indexes summarizing the relative length of axial and appendicular regions were constructed. Four postcranial elements (axis, penultimate lumbar vertebra, distal end of the humerus and proximal end of the femur) were analyzed using geometric morphometric approaches; betweengroups principal component analysis were performed in order to capture, summarize, and assess the diversity of shapes for each studied element. To evaluate the effect of the locomotion and diet on the linear and shape variables, variance analyses were performed considering the phylogenetic structure of the data and body size influence. Osteologic and myologic characters were designed, codified, and optimized (osteologic: 83 characters x 31 taxa; five continuous and 78 discrete characters; muscular: 47 characters x 32 taxa) in order to evaluate the phylogenetic value and to obtain reconstructions of ancestral states of those characters. vi The myological description of Ga. cuja revealed remarkable features. The cervical musculature is bulky and notably subdivided (e.g., sternocephalicus, cleidocephalicus), including numerous deep bundles with “lateralized” insertions (mm. obliquus capitis, rectus capitis, multifidi cervicis) associated to strong and complex movements. The thoracic region is elongated and narrow, with wide spinous processes and numerous and wide rotator muscles. The epaxial lumbar musculature is dominated by the m. iliocostalis, while the hipoaxial one is made of short metameres, evidence of a high intervertebral mobility. Strong extensors of the hind limb (e.g., hamstrings, ankle extensors) which dominate the propulsion forwards during half-bound, were massive and have relatively distal insertions. The fast flexors (e.g., mm. infraspinatus, m. gluteus) and joint stabilizers (e.g., m. anconeus, m. articularis coxae) of both limbs are reduced or absent. The m. brachioradialis has intraspecific variants with a proximally extended origin. Protractors and extensors of the forelimb (on the contrary to its antagonists) are markedly developed and subdivided, with separated m. rhomboideus profundus and capitis. Also, there are many biarticular fascicules and adductors in both limbs. The shoulder (e.g., m. infraspinatus) and elbow (e.g., m. biceps brachii, m. brachialis) flexors and adductors of both limbs are reduced, while the m. coracobrachialis is absent. The myological analysis of Ga. cuja allowed recognizing features related to hunting behavior, subterranean locomotion and halfbound gait employed by the species. From the optimizations and comparative analyses, many myological features were determined as potentially informative regarding to the phylogenetic structure. Osteologic descriptions and analyses documented a long neck, with very well developed muscular attachment surfaces in all South American mustelids. The thoraco-lumbar region is elongated in lutrines and lyncodontinines. There is a great diversity in the lumbar and caudal regions (shape, vertebral formula, proportions). In the former region, the vertebral body and processes are elongated in weasels and Ei. barbara. In the caudal region, Ly. patagonicus and Galictis spp. display reduced neural arches. Eira barbara has an elongated mobile tail, with thin distal elements, while Galictis spp. and lutrines have wide tails with numerous caudal spinous processes and, in otters, with H-shaped transverse processes. Appendicular elements are relatively long in Ei. barbara, while in otters are robust, with wide surfaces for muscular attachments. The ischio-pubic plane, the femoral head and the trochlea in lutrines have a particular configuration. The ilion and both femoral trochanters are reduced in weasels. The articular regions of the shoulder, elbow, hip and knee mostly favor parasagital movements in weasels, while restrictions are smaller in Ei. barbara and lutrines. The largest degree of mobility was found in the wrist, carpus and tarsus of Ei. barbara, while in lutrines there are more restrictions. In weasels and lutrines, the zeugopods are laterally expanded. The autopodium of Ly. patagonicus is slender and elongated, while in Ei. barbara and especially in vii lutrines is robust and wide. For the seven fossil specimens, previous taxonomic assignations were confirmed, or new ones were here suggested for the first time, all of them agreeing with extant species. The comparative study of the osteological morphology of the postcranium of mustelids, analyzed by diverse and complementary approaches, allowed relating a great number of anatomical features to different habits and body size, but was also found informative for the evolutionary history and phylogenetic affinities. In half-bounders, epaxial musculature, hip extensors and ankle extensors which are the main responsible of propulsion in jumping gaits, have large attachment surfaces (e.g., ischio-pubic plane and zeugopod of the hind limb). The great development of the extensor and protractor muscles of the forelimb and their origin surfaces (e.g., supraspinous fossa, subhamatus process) coincide with the specialization of the forelimb as a shock-absorber when jumping. Swimmers have a large number of unique postcranial features associated to their swimming capabilities. From the cervical to the caudal region, they are able to perform wide and powerful flexion-extension movements. Their limb morphology (e.g., sigmoid humerus, amplitude and “dorsalized” position of the ischio-pubic plane, short femur) and the great development of the muscular attachment areas (e.g., wing of the scapula, crest of the humerus, ilium) are related to a usual caudal position of the limbs, and to strong propulsive movements. Scansorial species have long postdiaphragmatic regions, long limbs and articulations with a wide freedom of movements. Stabilizers, adductors and abductors muscles, together with their attachment surfaces (e.g., acromion, pectoral crest, epicondylar crest and wing of the ilium respectively), are well developed. In agile scansorial species such as many gulonines, long and light tails are useful during balance, but do not allow prehension. The ungueal phalanges, that are curved and acute, are the primary means of clamping, given that these species do not present manipulation abilities (that are present in many procyonids and Ailurus). Fossorial species has bulky retractor, adductors and abductor muscles of the forelimb and flexors of the shoulder and wrist, with large attachment areas (e.g., crests, tubercles and epicondyles of the humerus, olecranon process, tubercle of the accessory carpal bone), similar to scansorial and swimmer species. A developed extensor musculature of the elbow joint, a relatively elongated forelimb, articular restrictions in the elbow and carpus, and some modifications of the anterior autopodium ratios facilitate penetration and removal of the substrate. The characteristics of the lumbar region (e.g., short and rigid), the reinforced sacroiliac articulation and the short and robust hind limbs allow transmitting and resisting the forces generated in the anterior region of the body. There are also axial and pelvic features associated to the aposematic battle-flag behavior of ictonychines and

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