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Martin H Villet - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of temperature on development of the blowfly Lucilia cuprina wiedemann diptera calliphoridae
International Journal of Legal Medicine, 2015Co-Authors: Zanthe Kotze, Martin H Villet, Christopher W WeldonAbstract:The blowfly Lucilia cuprina is a primary colonizer of decaying vertebrate carrion, and its development provides a temperature-dependent clock that may be used to estimate the post-mortem interval of corpses and carcasses in medicolegal forensic investigations. This study uses the development of L. cuprina raised on a substrate of chicken liver at six constant temperatures from 18 to 33 °C to calibrate a thermal accumulation model of development for forensic applications. Development was optimal near 24 °C; above this temperature, survival of post-feeding life stages was increasingly compromised, while below it, development was increasingly retarded. The lower developmental threshold (~12 °C) and thermal summation constants of L. cuprina are distinct from those reported for Lucilia sericata, verifying that it is essential to identify African Lucilia specimens accurately when using them to estimate post-mortem intervals.
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predicting the geographic distribution of Lucilia sericata and Lucilia cuprina diptera calliphoridae in south africa
African Invertebrates, 2014Co-Authors: Kirstin A Williams, C S Richards, Martin H VilletAbstract:Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826) and Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Calliphoridae: Luciliinae) have medical, veterinary and forensic importance. Knowing their distribution in South Africa would allow more effective management and utilisation of these flies. Their predicted geographic distributions in South Africa were modelled using maximum entropy analysis of selected climatic variables. The most important environmental variables in modelling the distributions were the magnitude of monthly rainfall and the magnitude of the monthly maximum temperature for L. sericata and the seasonal variation in monthly mean humidity and magnitude of monthly rainfall for L. cuprina. A clear geographical bias was shown in museum records and supports the need for focused surveys. There was no correlation between the predicted distribution of L. cuprina and sheep farming in South Africa, nor between the predicted distribution of L. sericata and human population density. Although their patterns of occurrence differed, both species are widely distributed in South Africa and therefore one cannot identify these flies by locality alone — morphological or molecular identification is necessary.
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Morphological identification of Lucilia sericata, Lucilia cuprina and their hybrids (Diptera, Calliphoridae).
ZooKeys, 2014Co-Authors: Kirstin A Williams, Martin H VilletAbstract:Hybrids of Lucilia sericata and Lucilia cuprina have been shown to exist in previous studies using molecular methods, but no study has shown explicitly that these hybrids can be identified morphologically. Published morphological characters used to identify L. sericata and L. cuprina were reviewed, and then scored and tested using specimens of both species and known hybrids. Ordination by multi-dimensional scaling indicated that the species were separable, and that hybrids resembled L. cuprina, whatever their origin. Discriminant function analysis of the characters successfully separated the specimens into three unambiguous groups - L. sericata, L. cuprina and hybrids. The hybrids were morphologically similar irrespective of whether they were from an ancient introgressed lineage or more modern. This is the first evidence that hybrids of these two species can be identified from their morphology. The usefulness of the morphological characters is also discussed and photographs of several characters are included to facilitate their assessment.
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cutaneous myiasis is Lucilia cuprina safe and acceptable for maggot debridement therapy
Journal of Cosmetics Dermatological Sciences and Applications, 2012Co-Authors: Howard Joesphia Kingu, Simon Kamande Kuria, Jane Nthekeleng Mkhize, Adupa Dhaffala, Martin H Villet, John Michael IisaAbstract:Preservation of viable tissue is important in wound management. It is achieved by small, incremental removal of devitalised, necrotic and infected tissues. Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) is used in septic necrotic wounds that fail to respond to conventional modalities. MDT has relied on Lucilia cuprina, which consumes only necrotic tissues, as opposed to Lucilia cuprina, which devours both flesh and necrotic tissues. Recent findings have shown that L. cuprina consumes mainly necrotic and very small amounts of viable tissues and may be used in MDT where L. sericata is very rare or absent. Here we describe wound healing in a patient from rural South Africa with cutaneous myiasis. Our findings agree with workers who indicated that L. cuprina could be used in MDT.
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an accidental but safe and effective use of Lucilia cuprina diptera calliphoridae in maggot debridement therapy in alexandria egypt
Journal of Medical Entomology, 2010Co-Authors: Tarek I Tantawi, Kirstin A Williams, Martin H VilletAbstract:The calliphorid fly, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann), is known to cause serious malign myiasis in animals, whereas its sibling species Lucilia sericata (Meigen) is commonly a carrion breeder and is used in maggot debridement therapy (MDT). The current study reports an accidental involvement of L. cuprina in MDT in Alexandria, Egypt, that has proved to be safe and effective. In November 2008, the laboratory colonies of L. sericata (the species regularly used in MDT) at the Faculty of Science, Alexandria University were renewed by Lucilia flies collected as third instar larvae on exposed rabbit carcasses. Flies from the new colonies were successfully used to heal the diabetic foot wounds of two patients at Alexandria Main University Hospital. Analysis of DNA sequences and adult and larval morphology then revealed that these flies were and still are L. cuprina. Breeding of this species in carrion in Alexandria is a new record. Despite the safety of this strain of L. cuprina in MDT, entomologists rearing blow flies for the purpose of wound debridement should regularly maintain high quality assurance of their species' identity to avoid possible clinical complications that may result from the introduction of an unexpected and invasive species to their laboratory colonies.
Richard Wall - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ecological and geographical speciation in Lucilia bufonivora the evolution of amphibian obligate parasitism
International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife, 2019Co-Authors: Richard Wall, Ra King, Terry L Whitworth, G Ariasrobledo, Krzysztof Szpila, D Shpeley, T Stark, Jamie R StevensAbstract:Abstract Lucilia (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is a genus of blowflies comprised largely of saprophagous and facultative parasites of livestock. Lucilia bufonivora, however, exhibits a unique form of obligate parasitism of amphibians, typically affecting wild hosts. The evolutionary route by which amphibian myiasis arose, however, is not well understood due to the low phylogenetic resolution in existing nuclear DNA phylogenies. Furthermore, the timing of when specificity for amphibian hosts arose in L. bufonivora is also unknown. In addition, this species was recently reported for the first time in North America (Canada) and, to date, no molecular studies have analysed the evolutionary relationships between individuals from Eastern and Western hemispheres. To provide broader insights into the evolution of the amphibian parasitic life history trait and to estimate when the trait first arose, a time-scaled phylogeny was inferred from a concatenated data set comprising mtDNA, nDNA and non-coding rDNA (COX1, per and ITS2 respectively). Specimens from Canada, the UK, Poland, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Germany were analysed, as well as individuals from its sister taxa, the saprophage Lucilia silvarum and a Nearctic species also implicated in amphibian myiasis, Lucilia elongata. Obligate amphibian parasitism appears to have arisen ~4 mya, likely as a result of niche displacement of a saprophagous/facultative parasite ancestor. Consistent paraphyly of L. bufonivora with respect to L. elongata across single-gene phylogenies and high mtDNA genetic distances between Nearctic and Palearctic individuals suggest on-going cryptic speciation facilitated by geographical isolation. These findings suggest that recent reports of L. bufonivora in the Nearctic do not constitute a recent introduction, but instead suggest that it remained unrecorded due to taxonomic confusion and low abundance. This is the first study to confirm the involvement of L. bufonivora in amphibian myiasis in Canada using DNA-based identification methods.
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the toad fly Lucilia bufonivora its evolutionary status and molecular identification
Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 2019Co-Authors: Richard Wall, G Ariasrobledo, Tariq Stark, Jamie R StevensAbstract:The blow fly genus Lucilia is composed largely of saprophages and facultative myasis agents, including the economically important species Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Lucilia sericata (Meigen). Only one species is generally recognized as an obligate agent of myiasis, Lucilia bufonivora Moniez, and this is an obligate parasite of toads. Lucilia silvarum (Meigen), a sister species, behaves mainly as a carrion breeder; however, it has also been reported as a facultative parasite of amphibians. Morphologically, these species are almost identical, and historically this has led to misidentification, taxonomic ambiguity and a paucity of studies of L. bufonivora. In this study, dipterous larvae were analysed from toad myiasis cases from the U.K., The Netherlands and Switzerland, together with adult specimens of fly species implicated in amphibian parasitism: L. bufonivora, L. silvarum and Lucilia elongata Shannon (from North America). Partial sequences of two genes, cox1 and ef1α, were amplified. Seven additional blow fly species were analysed as outgroups. Bayesian inference trees of cox1, ef1α and a combined-gene dataset were constructed. All larvae isolated from toads were identified as L. bufonivora and no specimens of L. silvarum were implicated in amphibian myiasis. This study confirms L. silvarum and L. bufonivora as distinct sister species and provides unambiguous molecular identification of L. bufonivora.
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phylogenetic analysis of forensically important Lucilia flies based on cytochrome oxidase i sequence a cautionary tale for forensic species determination
International Journal of Legal Medicine, 2007Co-Authors: Jeffrey D Wells, Richard Wall, Jamie R StevensAbstract:Forensic scientists are increasingly using DNA to identify the species of a tissue sample. However, little attention has been paid to basic experimental design issues such as replication and the selection of taxa when designing a species diagnostic test. We present an example using the forensically important fly genus Lucilia in which an increasingly larger sample size revealed that species diagnosis based on the commonly used cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) was less straightforward than we initially thought. This locus may still be useful for diagnosing Lucilia specimens, but additional knowledge other than the genotype will be required to reduce the list of candidate species to include only forms that can be distinguished by COI. We believe that these results illustrate the importance of study design and biological knowledge of the study species when proposing a DNA-based identification test for any taxonomic group.
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species sub species and hybrid populations of the blowflies Lucilia cuprina and Lucilia sericata diptera calliphoridae
Proceedings of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 1996Co-Authors: Jamie R Stevens, Richard WallAbstract:The blowflies Lucilia cuprina Wiedmann and Lucilia sericata Meigen (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are facultative ectoparasites of warm blooded vertebrates, particularly domestic sheep. Despite being similar in morphology and ecology, the two species and different populations of each species, are known to vary in their importance as pests in different regions of the world. To elucidate the genetic basis of these species and population level differences, flies were collected from sites in Africa, Europe, Australasia, North America and the islands of Hawaii, and examined using a combination of morphology, the random amplified polymorphic DNA technique and a complementary mitochondrial DNA analysis. The results confirm the species integrity of L. sericata and L. cuprina and support the existence of intra-specific genetic variation in L. cuprina, but not L. sericata.
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Responses of the sheep blowflies Lucilia sericata and L. cuprina to odour and the development of semiochemical baits.
Medical and veterinary entomology, 1994Co-Authors: Jeremy R. Ashworth, Richard WallAbstract:The literature relating to the attraction of the sheep blowflies Lucilia sericata and Lucilia cuprina to their ovine hosts is reviewed. The responses of the two species are similar and different components of the behaviour leading to host location and oviposition appear to involve at least two distinct sets of semiochemical cues. Activation, upwind orientation and landing appear to occur in response to putrefactive sulphur-rich volatiles, originating from bacterial decomposition products. Oviposition is elicited primarily by the presence of decomposition products. Oviposition is elicited primarily by the presence of ammonia-rich compounds; moisture, pheromones and tactile stimuli may also act as oviposition stimuli. There is a pronounced sex difference in the response of Lucilia to semiochemicals with a higher proportion of females attracted than males and a higher proportion of gravid than non-gravid females. While the mechanisms of host location by Lucilia are of intrinsic interest, understanding the responses to semiochemicals is important in the attempt to develop powerful synthetic baits for deployment with the traps or targets used for population sampling or suppression. The literature is discussed with respect to the development of synthetic semiochemical baits.
Jamie R Stevens - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ecological and geographical speciation in Lucilia bufonivora the evolution of amphibian obligate parasitism
International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife, 2019Co-Authors: Richard Wall, Ra King, Terry L Whitworth, G Ariasrobledo, Krzysztof Szpila, D Shpeley, T Stark, Jamie R StevensAbstract:Abstract Lucilia (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is a genus of blowflies comprised largely of saprophagous and facultative parasites of livestock. Lucilia bufonivora, however, exhibits a unique form of obligate parasitism of amphibians, typically affecting wild hosts. The evolutionary route by which amphibian myiasis arose, however, is not well understood due to the low phylogenetic resolution in existing nuclear DNA phylogenies. Furthermore, the timing of when specificity for amphibian hosts arose in L. bufonivora is also unknown. In addition, this species was recently reported for the first time in North America (Canada) and, to date, no molecular studies have analysed the evolutionary relationships between individuals from Eastern and Western hemispheres. To provide broader insights into the evolution of the amphibian parasitic life history trait and to estimate when the trait first arose, a time-scaled phylogeny was inferred from a concatenated data set comprising mtDNA, nDNA and non-coding rDNA (COX1, per and ITS2 respectively). Specimens from Canada, the UK, Poland, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Germany were analysed, as well as individuals from its sister taxa, the saprophage Lucilia silvarum and a Nearctic species also implicated in amphibian myiasis, Lucilia elongata. Obligate amphibian parasitism appears to have arisen ~4 mya, likely as a result of niche displacement of a saprophagous/facultative parasite ancestor. Consistent paraphyly of L. bufonivora with respect to L. elongata across single-gene phylogenies and high mtDNA genetic distances between Nearctic and Palearctic individuals suggest on-going cryptic speciation facilitated by geographical isolation. These findings suggest that recent reports of L. bufonivora in the Nearctic do not constitute a recent introduction, but instead suggest that it remained unrecorded due to taxonomic confusion and low abundance. This is the first study to confirm the involvement of L. bufonivora in amphibian myiasis in Canada using DNA-based identification methods.
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the toad fly Lucilia bufonivora its evolutionary status and molecular identification
Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 2019Co-Authors: Richard Wall, G Ariasrobledo, Tariq Stark, Jamie R StevensAbstract:The blow fly genus Lucilia is composed largely of saprophages and facultative myasis agents, including the economically important species Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Lucilia sericata (Meigen). Only one species is generally recognized as an obligate agent of myiasis, Lucilia bufonivora Moniez, and this is an obligate parasite of toads. Lucilia silvarum (Meigen), a sister species, behaves mainly as a carrion breeder; however, it has also been reported as a facultative parasite of amphibians. Morphologically, these species are almost identical, and historically this has led to misidentification, taxonomic ambiguity and a paucity of studies of L. bufonivora. In this study, dipterous larvae were analysed from toad myiasis cases from the U.K., The Netherlands and Switzerland, together with adult specimens of fly species implicated in amphibian parasitism: L. bufonivora, L. silvarum and Lucilia elongata Shannon (from North America). Partial sequences of two genes, cox1 and ef1α, were amplified. Seven additional blow fly species were analysed as outgroups. Bayesian inference trees of cox1, ef1α and a combined-gene dataset were constructed. All larvae isolated from toads were identified as L. bufonivora and no specimens of L. silvarum were implicated in amphibian myiasis. This study confirms L. silvarum and L. bufonivora as distinct sister species and provides unambiguous molecular identification of L. bufonivora.
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phylogenetic analysis of forensically important Lucilia flies based on cytochrome oxidase i sequence a cautionary tale for forensic species determination
International Journal of Legal Medicine, 2007Co-Authors: Jeffrey D Wells, Richard Wall, Jamie R StevensAbstract:Forensic scientists are increasingly using DNA to identify the species of a tissue sample. However, little attention has been paid to basic experimental design issues such as replication and the selection of taxa when designing a species diagnostic test. We present an example using the forensically important fly genus Lucilia in which an increasingly larger sample size revealed that species diagnosis based on the commonly used cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) was less straightforward than we initially thought. This locus may still be useful for diagnosing Lucilia specimens, but additional knowledge other than the genotype will be required to reduce the list of candidate species to include only forms that can be distinguished by COI. We believe that these results illustrate the importance of study design and biological knowledge of the study species when proposing a DNA-based identification test for any taxonomic group.
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species sub species and hybrid populations of the blowflies Lucilia cuprina and Lucilia sericata diptera calliphoridae
Proceedings of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 1996Co-Authors: Jamie R Stevens, Richard WallAbstract:The blowflies Lucilia cuprina Wiedmann and Lucilia sericata Meigen (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are facultative ectoparasites of warm blooded vertebrates, particularly domestic sheep. Despite being similar in morphology and ecology, the two species and different populations of each species, are known to vary in their importance as pests in different regions of the world. To elucidate the genetic basis of these species and population level differences, flies were collected from sites in Africa, Europe, Australasia, North America and the islands of Hawaii, and examined using a combination of morphology, the random amplified polymorphic DNA technique and a complementary mitochondrial DNA analysis. The results confirm the species integrity of L. sericata and L. cuprina and support the existence of intra-specific genetic variation in L. cuprina, but not L. sericata.
Terry L Whitworth - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ecological and geographical speciation in Lucilia bufonivora the evolution of amphibian obligate parasitism
International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife, 2019Co-Authors: Richard Wall, Ra King, Terry L Whitworth, G Ariasrobledo, Krzysztof Szpila, D Shpeley, T Stark, Jamie R StevensAbstract:Abstract Lucilia (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is a genus of blowflies comprised largely of saprophagous and facultative parasites of livestock. Lucilia bufonivora, however, exhibits a unique form of obligate parasitism of amphibians, typically affecting wild hosts. The evolutionary route by which amphibian myiasis arose, however, is not well understood due to the low phylogenetic resolution in existing nuclear DNA phylogenies. Furthermore, the timing of when specificity for amphibian hosts arose in L. bufonivora is also unknown. In addition, this species was recently reported for the first time in North America (Canada) and, to date, no molecular studies have analysed the evolutionary relationships between individuals from Eastern and Western hemispheres. To provide broader insights into the evolution of the amphibian parasitic life history trait and to estimate when the trait first arose, a time-scaled phylogeny was inferred from a concatenated data set comprising mtDNA, nDNA and non-coding rDNA (COX1, per and ITS2 respectively). Specimens from Canada, the UK, Poland, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Germany were analysed, as well as individuals from its sister taxa, the saprophage Lucilia silvarum and a Nearctic species also implicated in amphibian myiasis, Lucilia elongata. Obligate amphibian parasitism appears to have arisen ~4 mya, likely as a result of niche displacement of a saprophagous/facultative parasite ancestor. Consistent paraphyly of L. bufonivora with respect to L. elongata across single-gene phylogenies and high mtDNA genetic distances between Nearctic and Palearctic individuals suggest on-going cryptic speciation facilitated by geographical isolation. These findings suggest that recent reports of L. bufonivora in the Nearctic do not constitute a recent introduction, but instead suggest that it remained unrecorded due to taxonomic confusion and low abundance. This is the first study to confirm the involvement of L. bufonivora in amphibian myiasis in Canada using DNA-based identification methods.
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a revision of the neotropical species of Lucilia robineau desvoidy diptera calliphoridae
Zootaxa, 2014Co-Authors: Terry L WhitworthAbstract:A key to 23 species of Neotropical Lucilia , including six new species is given. Information is provided on all known Lucilia species found in the region, including the West Indies, Galapagos Islands, and Central and South America. The following six new species are described based on the examination of over 2700 adult specimens from Central and South America: Lucilia albofusca sp. nov. from southern Central America and northern South America, Lucilia nitida sp. nov. from Brazil, Peru and Venezuela, Lucilia pulverulenta sp. nov. from Central America (Honduras south to Panama) and South America (Colombia and Ecuador), Lucilia rognesi sp. nov. from Costa Rica, Honduras and Panama, Lucilia vulgata sp. nov. from South America (widespread from Venezuela to Argentina), and Lucilia woodi sp. nov. from Central America (Honduras south to Panama). The status of Phaenicia japuhybensis Mello, 1961 is clarified; it is considered a valid species of Lucilia . Musca ochricornis Wiedemann, 1830 is removed from its current synonymy with Musca eximia Wiedemann, 1819 and considered a valid species of Lucilia . Lucilia mera Shannon & Del Ponte, 1926 and L. primaveris Shannon & Del Ponte, 1926 are synonymized with L. ochricornis , syn. nov. Lucilia littoralis Blanchard 1938 is synonymized with L. eximia (Wiedemann, 1819), syn. nov . Lectotypes are designated for L. mera , L. primaveris , and L. ochricornis .
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figures 26 30 Lucilia elongata male terminalia 26 lateral view 27 posterior view 28 aedeagus lateral view 29 in first record of Lucilia bufonivora moniez 1876 diptera calliphoridae from north america and key to north american species of the l bufoniv
2014Co-Authors: Tarek I Tantawi, Terry L WhitworthAbstract:FIGURES 26 – 30. Lucilia elongata. Male terminalia. 26. Lateral view. 27. Posterior view. 28. Aedeagus, lateral view. 29. Tip of paraphallus, lateral view. 30. Distiphallus, dorsal view.
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keys to the genera and species of blow flies diptera calliphoridae of the west indies and description of a new species of Lucilia robineau desvoidy
Zootaxa, 2010Co-Authors: Terry L WhitworthAbstract:Keys to 11 genera and 21 species of Calliphoridae found or likely to be found in the West Indies are given. Species distributions and key characters are discussed. Lucilia fayeae sp. nov. is described from numerous specimens from Dominica, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent. Calliphora maestrica Peris et al. is redescribed and the male of the species is described for the first time.
Trevor Stamper - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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dna based identification of forensically important Lucilia diptera calliphoridae in the continental united states
Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2013Co-Authors: Ronald W Debry, Alicia Timm, S Evan B S Wong, Trevor Stamper, B Clifford S Cookman, Gregory A DahlemAbstract:Correct species identification is critical when dipteran larvae are used for inference of the postmortem interval. To facilitate DNA-based identification of forensically important flies of the genus Lucilia in the continental United States, we develop a vouchered reference collection and DNA sequence database. A total of 122 specimens were collected for nine of the 10 species of Lucilia reported to occur in the continental United States. Using the polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing, data were obtained for an 1100-bp region of the mitochondrial gene encoding cytochrome oxidase I (COI). We consider a species suitable for DNA-based identification if it is exclusively monophyletic in >95% of bootstrap pseudoreplicate phylogenetic analyses. Seven of the nine species meet that criterion. Two species (Lucilia coeruleiviridis and Lucilia mexicana) share COI sequence and cannot be distinguished using our reference database. We conclude that DNA-based identification is likely to be successful for the other seven species.
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mtdna based identification of Lucilia cuprina wiedemann and Lucilia sericata meigen diptera calliphoridae in the continental united states
Forensic Science International, 2010Co-Authors: Ronald W Debry, Alicia Timm, Gregory A Dahlem, Trevor StamperAbstract:Existing data suggest that the forensically important dipteran species Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) and Lucilia sericata (Meigen) may be particularly difficult to discriminate using DNA sequence data. L. cuprina is paraphyletic with respect to L. sericata in mtDNA phylogenies, with some L. cuprina having mtDNA haplotypes that are very similar to those of L. sericata. We examine this problem by providing the first DNA data for L. cuprina from North America, including portions of both the mitochondrial COI gene and the nuclear 28S rRNA gene. With the new data, L. cuprina remains monophyletic for 28S but paraphyletic with respect to L. sericata for COI. However, we find that all flies that are identified as L. cuprina by morphology and have L. sericata-like mtDNA form a distinctly monophyletic mtDNA clade. This clade may possibly have originated by hybridization between L. cuprina and L. sericata, but its wide geographic distribution strongly suggests a singular origin as opposed to repeated incidents of hybridization. The phylogenetic results strongly support the hypothesis that L. cuprina and L. sericata can be discriminated using mtDNA sequence data. We find that a fragment of COI spanning approximately 1200 base pairs is sufficient to discriminate between the two species with greater than 95% bootstrap support.
