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Luana Giatti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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reliability of the Macarthur scale of subjective social status brazilian longitudinal study of adult health elsa brasil
BMC Public Health, 2012Co-Authors: Luana Giatti, Lidyane Do Valle Camelo, Josi Fernandes De Castro Rodrigues, Sandhi Maria BarretoAbstract:The Macarthur Scale of Subjective Social Status intend to measure the subjective social status using a numbered stepladder image. This study investigated the reliability of the Macarthur scale in a subsample of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Three scales were employed using different references: 1) the overall socioeconomic position; 2) the socioeconomic situation of the participant’s closer community; 3) the workplace as a whole. A total of 245 of the ELSA participants from six states were involved. They were interviewed twice by the same person within an interval of seven to fourteen days. The reliability of the scale was assessed with weighted Kappa statistics and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), with their respective 95% confidence interval (CI). Kappa values were 0.62(0.58 to 0.64) for the society ladder; 0.58(0.56 to 0.61) for the community-related ladder; and 0.67(0.66 to 0.72) for the work-related ladder. The ICC ranged from 0.75 for the work ladder to 0.64 for the community ladder. These values differed slightly according to the participants’ age, sex and education category. The three ladders showed good stability in the test-retest, except the community ladder that showed moderate stability. Because the social structure in Brazil is rapidly changing, future qualitative and longitudinal studies are needed to confirm and understand the construct underlying the Macarthur Scale in the country.
Sandhi Maria Barreto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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reliability of the Macarthur scale of subjective social status brazilian longitudinal study of adult health elsa brasil
BMC Public Health, 2012Co-Authors: Luana Giatti, Lidyane Do Valle Camelo, Josi Fernandes De Castro Rodrigues, Sandhi Maria BarretoAbstract:The Macarthur Scale of Subjective Social Status intend to measure the subjective social status using a numbered stepladder image. This study investigated the reliability of the Macarthur scale in a subsample of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Three scales were employed using different references: 1) the overall socioeconomic position; 2) the socioeconomic situation of the participant’s closer community; 3) the workplace as a whole. A total of 245 of the ELSA participants from six states were involved. They were interviewed twice by the same person within an interval of seven to fourteen days. The reliability of the scale was assessed with weighted Kappa statistics and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), with their respective 95% confidence interval (CI). Kappa values were 0.62(0.58 to 0.64) for the society ladder; 0.58(0.56 to 0.61) for the community-related ladder; and 0.67(0.66 to 0.72) for the work-related ladder. The ICC ranged from 0.75 for the work ladder to 0.64 for the community ladder. These values differed slightly according to the participants’ age, sex and education category. The three ladders showed good stability in the test-retest, except the community ladder that showed moderate stability. Because the social structure in Brazil is rapidly changing, future qualitative and longitudinal studies are needed to confirm and understand the construct underlying the Macarthur Scale in the country.
John Monahan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the Macarthur violence risk assessment study revisited two views ten years after its initial publication
Psychiatric Services, 2008Co-Authors: Fuller E Torrey, John Monahan, Jonathan Stanley, Henry J SteadmanAbstract:This article presents two views of the results of the Macarthur Violence Risk Assessment Study, which was conducted between 1992 and 1995 in order to ascertain the prevalence of community violence in a sample of people discharged from acute psychiatric facilities. The initial findings, which were published in 1998 in the Archives of General Psychiatry, have been cited by some advocates as proof that discharged psychiatric patients are not more dangerous than other persons in the general population. For the article presented here, Dr. Torrey and Mr. Stanley examined additional articles, book chapters, and a book about the Macarthur Study that have appeared since 1998 in order to ascertain whether the study's original conclusion should be modified and whether additional conclusions can be drawn from the subsequently published data. They present six points on which they disagree with the findings or fault the design of the Macarthur Study. After each point, Dr. Monahan, Dr. Steadman, and other authors of the Macarthur Study Group respond.
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rethinking risk assessment the Macarthur study of mental disorder and violence
2001Co-Authors: John Monahan, Henry J Steadman, Paul S Appelbaum, Thomas Grisso, Eric Silver, Pamela Clark Robbins, Edward P Mulvey, Loren H Roth, Steven M BanksAbstract:Rethinking Risk Assessment tells the story of a pioneering investigation that challenges preconceptions about the frequency and nature of violence among persons with mental disorders, and suggests an innovative approach to predicting its occurrence.
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violence and delusions data from the Macarthur violence risk assessment study
American Journal of Psychiatry, 2000Co-Authors: Paul S Appelbaum, Pamela Clark Robbins, John MonahanAbstract:OBJECTIVE: Previous work has suggested that delusions are associated with a higher risk of violence, particularly delusions in which patients believe that people are seeking to harm them or that outside forces are controlling their minds (denoted as “threat/control override” delusions). This study explores the relationship between delusions and violence among patients recently discharged from acute psychiatric hospitalization. METHOD: Data were drawn from the Macarthur Violence Risk Assessment Study, a study of violence in the community that followed 1,136 recently discharged psychiatric patients for 1 year. Interviews at discharge and at five 10-week intervals gathered clinical, historical, situational, and dispositional information, including the presence and nature of delusional thoughts. Violence was ascertained from reports of subjects, collateral informants, and official records. RESULTS: Neither delusions in general nor threat/control override delusions in particular were associated with a higher r...
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psychometric properties of the Macarthur competence assessment tool criminal adjudication
Psychological Assessment, 1998Co-Authors: Randy K. Otto, Richard J. Bonnie, Norman G. Poythress, John Monahan, Steven K. Hoge, Robert A Nicholson, John F Edens, Marlene M EisenbergAbstract:University of VirginiaThis article describes the development of a new clinical instrument for use in assessments of adultcriminal defendants' competence to proceed to adjudication, the Macarthur Competence AssessmentTool-Criminal Adjudication (MacCAT-CA). The MacCAT-CA was derived from a more comprehen-sive research instrument (Macarthur Structured Assessment of Competencies of Criminal Defendants;Hoge, Bonnie, Poythress, Monahan, & Eisenberg, 1997) on the basis of considerations efface validityfor use in legal contexts, psychometric analyses, and advice from mental health experts who reviewedan earlier prototype. This article presents the results from an National Institute of Mental Health-sponsored validation study that investigated the psychometric properties of the MacCAT-CA.At least 25,000 criminal defendants are referred annually forevaluation of their competence to participate in legal proceed-ings (Steadman & Hartstone, 1983). Although a number ofmeasures have been specifically designed to assess defendants'capacities in this area (e.g., Competence Screening Test [CST],Lipsitt, Lelos, & McGarry, 1971; Georgia Court CompetencyTest [GCCT], Wildman et al., 1980; CADCOMP, Barnard etal., 1991; Competency Assessment Instrument [CAI], Labora-tory of Community Psychiatry, 1974; Interdisciplinary FitnessInterview [IFI], Golding, Roesch, & Schreiber, 1984; Fitnessto Stand Trial Interview, Menzies, Webster, Roesch, Jensen, R RobertA. Nicholson, Department of Psychology, University of Tulsa; JohnMonahan and Richard J. Bonnie, School of Law, University of Virginia;Steven K. Hoge, School of Law and School of Medicine, University ofVirginia; Marlene Eisenberg, Institute of Law, Psychiatry, and PublicPolicy, University of Virginia.John F. Edens is now at the Department of Psychology, Sam HoustonState University.This research was supported by the Macarthur Foundation ResearchNetwork on Mental Health and the Law, and by Grant RO1MH54517-O1A1 from the National Institute of Mental Health. We are grateful toTom Feucht-Haviar for his assistance on a pilot test of this measure.Norman G. Poythress, John Monahan, Richard J. Bonnie, and StevenK. Hoge are authors of the Macarthur Competence Assessment Tool-Criminal Adjudication (MacCAT-CA) published by Psychological As-sessment Resources. Randy K. Otto, Norman G. Poythress, Robert A.Nicholson, John F. Edens, John Monahan, Richard J. Bonnie, and StevenK. Hoge are authors of the MacCAT-CA manual, also published byPsychological Assessment Resources.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to RandyK. Otto, Department of Mental Health Law and Policy, Florida MentalHealth Institute, University of South Florida, 13301 Bruce B. DownsBoulevard, Tampa, Florida 33612-3899. Electronic mail may be sent toorto@hal.fmhi.usf.edu.Eaves, 1984), each exhibits various limitations (Grisso, 1991;Melton, Petrila, Poythress, & Slobogin, 1997; Nicholson, 1992).Briefly, some measures were designed to serve primarily asscreening instruments (e.g., CST and GCCT) and appear mainlyto be collections of items having various legal content but littleor no underlying conceptual structure. Others (e.g., CAI and IFI)lack standardized administration and criterion-based scoring,relying instead on the judgment of the clinician to determine,on a case-by-case basis, which questions to pose to the defendantand how to rate the responses received. None is designed toprovide quantitative indexes of discrete competence-related abil-ities, nor have interpretative norms based on large, nationalsamples been developed for any of these measures.Given the pivotal role of a defendant's competence, one of themajor research initiatives of the Macarthur Foundation ResearchNetwork on Mental Health and the Law was the developmentof a standardized research instrument for evaluating criminaldefendants' psycholegal abilities related to competence to pro-ceed to adjudication. The Macarthur Structured Assessmentof Competencies of Criminal Defendants (MacSAC-CD; Hoge,Bonnie, Poythress, Monahan, & Eisenberg, 1997) was based onBonnie's (1992, 1993) comprehensive theory of legal compe-tence, and it contains measures of discrete competence-relatedabilities. Items in the MacSAC-CD were modeled after thosecreated by Grisso, Appelbaum, Mulvey, and Fletcher (1995) forthe assessment of competence to consent to treatment (see, moregenerally, Grisso & Appelbaum, 1998). Each measure in theMacSAC-CD involves standardize d administration an crite-rion-based scoring, thus reducing much of the discretionary(and potentially idiosyncratic) scoring that plagues existingmeasures.Hoge et al. (1997) recently described the MacSAC-CDand presented the primary findings from a field study that in-volved both incompetent and competent defendants as researchparticipants. The results of this field study indicated that the
Ben H Warren - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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islands as model systems in ecology and evolution prospects fifty years after Macarthur wilson
Ecology Letters, 2015Co-Authors: Ben H Warren, Daniel Simberloff, Robert E Ricklefs, Robin Aguilee, Fabien L Condamine, Dominique Gravel, Helene Morlon, Nicolas MouquetAbstract:The study of islands as model systems has played an important role in the development of evolutionary and ecological theory. The 50th anniversary of Macarthur and Wilson’s (December 1963) article, ‘An equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography’, was a recent milestone for this theme. Since 1963, island systems have provided new insights into the formation of ecological communities. Here, building on such developments, we highlight prospects for research on islands to improve our understanding of the ecology and evolution of communities in general. Throughout, we emphasise how attributes of islands combine to provide unusual research opportunities, the implications of which stretch far beyond islands. Molecular tools and increasing data acquisition now permit reassessment of some fundamental issues that interested Macarthur and Wilson. These include the formation of ecological networks, species abundance distributions, and the contribution of evolution to community assembly. We also extend our prospects to other fields of ecology and evolution – understanding ecosystem functioning, speciation and diversification – frequently employing assets of oceanic islands in inferring the geographic area within which evolution has occurred, and potential barriers to gene flow. Although island-based theory is continually being enriched, incorporating non-equilibrium dynamics is identified as a major challenge for the future.
Paul S Appelbaum - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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rethinking risk assessment the Macarthur study of mental disorder and violence
2001Co-Authors: John Monahan, Henry J Steadman, Paul S Appelbaum, Thomas Grisso, Eric Silver, Pamela Clark Robbins, Edward P Mulvey, Loren H Roth, Steven M BanksAbstract:Rethinking Risk Assessment tells the story of a pioneering investigation that challenges preconceptions about the frequency and nature of violence among persons with mental disorders, and suggests an innovative approach to predicting its occurrence.
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violence and delusions data from the Macarthur violence risk assessment study
American Journal of Psychiatry, 2000Co-Authors: Paul S Appelbaum, Pamela Clark Robbins, John MonahanAbstract:OBJECTIVE: Previous work has suggested that delusions are associated with a higher risk of violence, particularly delusions in which patients believe that people are seeking to harm them or that outside forces are controlling their minds (denoted as “threat/control override” delusions). This study explores the relationship between delusions and violence among patients recently discharged from acute psychiatric hospitalization. METHOD: Data were drawn from the Macarthur Violence Risk Assessment Study, a study of violence in the community that followed 1,136 recently discharged psychiatric patients for 1 year. Interviews at discharge and at five 10-week intervals gathered clinical, historical, situational, and dispositional information, including the presence and nature of delusional thoughts. Violence was ascertained from reports of subjects, collateral informants, and official records. RESULTS: Neither delusions in general nor threat/control override delusions in particular were associated with a higher r...
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assessing competence to consent to treatment a guide for physicians and other health professionals
1998Co-Authors: Thomas Grisso, Paul S AppelbaumAbstract:1. Why Competence is Important - The Doctrine of Informed Concent 2. Thinking About Competence 3. Abilities Related to Competence 4. When Patients' Decision Making Should be Assessed 5. Assessing Patients' Capacities to Consent to Treatment 6. Using the Macarthur Competence Assessment Tool - Treatment 7. Making Judgements About Patients' Competence 8. Substitute Decision-Making
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the Macarthur treatment competence study i mental illness and competence to consent to treatment
Law and Human Behavior, 1995Co-Authors: Paul S Appelbaum, Thomas GrissoAbstract:This is the first of three papers reporting the results of the Macarthur Treatment Competence Study, a project designed to develop reliable and valid information with which to address clinical and policy questions regarding the abilities of persons with mental illness to make decisions about psychiatric treatment. Four commonly applied legal standards for determin'ing decision-making competence are described: abilities to communicate a choice, understand relevant information, appreciate the nature of the situation and its likely consequences, and rationally manipulate information. Previous research related to the capacities of persons with mental illness in relation to these standards is reviewed and critiqued. The principles underlying the design of the Macarthur Treatment Competence Study are described.