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Seralynne Denise Vann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The importance of Mammillary Body efferents for recency memory: towards a better understanding of diencephalic amnesia
Brain Structure and Function, 2017Co-Authors: Andrew J. D. Nelson, Seralynne Denise VannAbstract:Despite being historically one of the first brain regions linked to memory loss, there remains controversy over the core features of diencephalic amnesia as well as the critical site for amnesia to occur. The Mammillary bodies and thalamus appear to be the primary locus of pathology in the cases of diencephalic amnesia, but the picture is complicated by the lack of patients with circumscribed damage. Impaired temporal memory is a consistent neuropsychological finding in Korsakoff syndrome patients, but again, it is unclear whether this deficit is attributable to pathology within the diencephalon or concomitant frontal lobe dysfunction. To address these issues, we used an animal model of diencephalic amnesia and examined the effect of mammillothalamic tract lesions on tests of recency memory. The mammillothalamic tract lesions severely disrupted recency judgements involving multiple items but left intact both recency and familiarity judgements for single items. Subsequently, we used disconnection procedures to assess whether this deficit reflects the indirect involvement of the prefrontal cortex. Crossed-lesion rats, with unilateral lesions of the mammillothalamic tract and medial prefrontal cortex in contralateral hemispheres, were unimpaired on the same recency tests. These results provide the first evidence for the selective importance of Mammillary Body efferents for recency memory. Moreover, this contribution to recency memory is independent of the prefrontal cortex. More broadly, these findings identify how specific diencephalic structures are vital for key elements of event memory.
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dismantling the papez circuit for memory in rats
eLife, 2013Co-Authors: Seralynne Denise VannAbstract:Over the last 50 years, anatomical models of memory have repeatedly highlighted the hippocampal inputs to the Mammillary bodies via the postcommissural fornix. Such models downplay other projections to the Mammillary bodies, leaving them largely ignored. The present study challenged this dominant view by removing, in rats, the two principal inputs reaching the Mammillary bodies: the postcommissural fornix from the hippocampal formation and Gudden's ventral tegmental nucleus. The principal Mammillary Body output pathway, the mammillothalamic tract, was disconnected in a third group. Only mammillothalamic tract and Gudden's ventral tegmental nucleus lesions impaired behavioral tests of spatial working memory and, in particular, disrupted the use of extramaze spatial landmarks. The same lesions also produced widespread reductions in immediate-early gene (c-fos) expression in a network of memory-related regions, not seen after postcommissural fornix lesions. These findings are inconsistent with previous models of Mammillary Body function (those dominated by hippocampal inputs) and herald a new understanding of why specific diencephalic structures are vital for memory.
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projections from gudden s tegmental nuclei to the Mammillary Body region in the cynomolgus monkey macaca fascicularis
The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 2012Co-Authors: Richard C Saunders, Seralynne Denise Vann, John Patrick AggletonAbstract:Gudden's tegmental nuclei provide major inputs to the rodent Mammillary bodies, where they are thought to be important for learning and navigation. Comparable projections have yet to be described in the primate brain, where part of the problem has been in effectively delineating these nuclei. Immunohistochemical staining of tissue from a series of macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta) showed that cells in the region of both the ventral and dorsal tegmental nuclei selectively stain for parvalbumin, thus helping to reveal these nuclei. These same tegmental nuclei were not selectively revealed when tissue was stained for SMI32, acetylcholinesterase, calbindin, or calretinin. In a parallel study, horseradish peroxidase was injected into the Mammillary bodies of five cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Retrogradely labeled neurons were consistently found in the three subdivisions of the ventral tegmental nucleus of Gudden, which are located immediately below, within, and above the medial longitudinal fasciculus. Further projections to the Mammillary Body region arose from cells in the anterior tegmental nucleus, which appears to be a rostral continuation of the infrafascicular part of the ventral tegmental nucleus. In the dorsal tegmental nucleus of Gudden, labeled cells were most evident when the tracer injection was more laterally placed in the Mammillary bodies, consistent with a projection to the lateral Mammillary nucleus. The present study not only demonstrates that the primate Mammillary bodies receive parallel inputs from the dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei of Gudden, but also helps to confirm the extent of these poorly distinguished nuclei in the monkey brain.
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the frequency and extent of Mammillary Body atrophy associated with surgical removal of a colloid cyst
American Journal of Neuroradiology, 2009Co-Authors: Christine Denby, Seralynne Denise Vann, D Tsivilis, John Patrick Aggleton, Daniela Montaldi, N Roberts, Andrew R MayesAbstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients who have had a colloid cyst removed from the third ventricle sometimes experience some difficulty with day-to-day memory. This study provided quantitative MR imaging volume measures of 1 structure potentially responsible for mnemonic problems, the Mammillary bodies. Additional volume estimates in structures connected to the Mammillary bodies sought to determine the specificity of any atrophy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Volume estimates of the Mammillary bodies were performed on 38 patients after surgical removal of colloid cysts and 20 control subjects by the application of stereologic volume-estimation techniques. For the Mammillary Body measures, 2 groups of MR images were assessed (0.8- and 1.0-mm section thickness) to compare the sensitivity of each imaging sequence for detecting any atrophy. Other structures associated with memory processes, such as the hippocampus and fornix, were also assessed quantitatively to determine whether there was a correlation between Mammillary Body damage and atrophy in connecting structures. RESULTS: Our investigations established the superiority of 0.8-mm-volume scans over standard isotropic 1.0-mm-thick-volume scans for Mammillary Body assessments. Comparisons with 20 age-matched controls revealed that patients with colloid cysts frequently showed significant Mammillary Body atrophy (mean volume of colloid cysts, 0.037 cm 3 right and 0.038 cm 3 left; control subjects, 0.069 cm 3 right and 0.067 cm 3 left). In fact, every patient had a Mammillary Body volume below the control mean, and the majority of patients had a volume decrease of >1 SD (82% right, 74% left). Mammillary Body volumes correlated with fornix volumes in the same patient group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results reveal the frequent presence of Mammillary Body atrophy in patients with surgical removal of colloid cysts and indicate that this atrophy is partly due to a loss of temporal lobe projections in the fornix.
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a disproportionate role for the fornix and Mammillary bodies in recall versus recognition memory
Nature Neuroscience, 2008Co-Authors: D Tsivilis, Seralynne Denise Vann, Christine Denby, Daniela Montaldi, Andrew R Mayes, Neil Roberts, John Patrick AggletonAbstract:Uncovering the functional relationship between temporal lobe amnesia and diencephalic amnesia depends on determining the role of the fornix, the major interlinking fiber tract. In this study relating fornix volume with memory, we made magnetic resonance imaging-based volume estimates of 13 brain structures in 38 individuals with surgically removed colloid cysts. Fornix status was assessed directly by overall volume and indirectly by Mammillary Body volume (which atrophies after fornix damage). Mammillary Body volume significantly correlated with 13 out of 14 tests of episodic memory recall, but correlated poorly with recognition memory. Furthermore, as the volumes of the left fornix and the left Mammillary bodies decreased, the difference between recall and recognition scores increased. No other structure was consistently associated with memory. These findings support models of diencephalic memory mechanisms that require hippocampal inputs for recall, but not for key elements of recognition.
John Patrick Aggleton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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projections from gudden s tegmental nuclei to the Mammillary Body region in the cynomolgus monkey macaca fascicularis
The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 2012Co-Authors: Richard C Saunders, Seralynne Denise Vann, John Patrick AggletonAbstract:Gudden's tegmental nuclei provide major inputs to the rodent Mammillary bodies, where they are thought to be important for learning and navigation. Comparable projections have yet to be described in the primate brain, where part of the problem has been in effectively delineating these nuclei. Immunohistochemical staining of tissue from a series of macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta) showed that cells in the region of both the ventral and dorsal tegmental nuclei selectively stain for parvalbumin, thus helping to reveal these nuclei. These same tegmental nuclei were not selectively revealed when tissue was stained for SMI32, acetylcholinesterase, calbindin, or calretinin. In a parallel study, horseradish peroxidase was injected into the Mammillary bodies of five cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Retrogradely labeled neurons were consistently found in the three subdivisions of the ventral tegmental nucleus of Gudden, which are located immediately below, within, and above the medial longitudinal fasciculus. Further projections to the Mammillary Body region arose from cells in the anterior tegmental nucleus, which appears to be a rostral continuation of the infrafascicular part of the ventral tegmental nucleus. In the dorsal tegmental nucleus of Gudden, labeled cells were most evident when the tracer injection was more laterally placed in the Mammillary bodies, consistent with a projection to the lateral Mammillary nucleus. The present study not only demonstrates that the primate Mammillary bodies receive parallel inputs from the dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei of Gudden, but also helps to confirm the extent of these poorly distinguished nuclei in the monkey brain.
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the frequency and extent of Mammillary Body atrophy associated with surgical removal of a colloid cyst
American Journal of Neuroradiology, 2009Co-Authors: Christine Denby, Seralynne Denise Vann, D Tsivilis, John Patrick Aggleton, Daniela Montaldi, N Roberts, Andrew R MayesAbstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients who have had a colloid cyst removed from the third ventricle sometimes experience some difficulty with day-to-day memory. This study provided quantitative MR imaging volume measures of 1 structure potentially responsible for mnemonic problems, the Mammillary bodies. Additional volume estimates in structures connected to the Mammillary bodies sought to determine the specificity of any atrophy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Volume estimates of the Mammillary bodies were performed on 38 patients after surgical removal of colloid cysts and 20 control subjects by the application of stereologic volume-estimation techniques. For the Mammillary Body measures, 2 groups of MR images were assessed (0.8- and 1.0-mm section thickness) to compare the sensitivity of each imaging sequence for detecting any atrophy. Other structures associated with memory processes, such as the hippocampus and fornix, were also assessed quantitatively to determine whether there was a correlation between Mammillary Body damage and atrophy in connecting structures. RESULTS: Our investigations established the superiority of 0.8-mm-volume scans over standard isotropic 1.0-mm-thick-volume scans for Mammillary Body assessments. Comparisons with 20 age-matched controls revealed that patients with colloid cysts frequently showed significant Mammillary Body atrophy (mean volume of colloid cysts, 0.037 cm 3 right and 0.038 cm 3 left; control subjects, 0.069 cm 3 right and 0.067 cm 3 left). In fact, every patient had a Mammillary Body volume below the control mean, and the majority of patients had a volume decrease of >1 SD (82% right, 74% left). Mammillary Body volumes correlated with fornix volumes in the same patient group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results reveal the frequent presence of Mammillary Body atrophy in patients with surgical removal of colloid cysts and indicate that this atrophy is partly due to a loss of temporal lobe projections in the fornix.
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The frequency and extent of Mammillary Body atrophy associated with surgical removal of a colloid cyst
2009Co-Authors: Christine Denby, D Tsivilis, John Patrick Aggleton, Daniela Montaldi, N Roberts, S. D. Vann, Andrew R MayesAbstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients who have had a colloid cyst removed from the third ventricle sometimes experience some difficulty with day-to-day memory. This study provided quantitative MR imaging volume measures of 1 structure potentially responsible for mnemonic problems, the mam-millary bodies. Additional volume estimates in structures connected to the Mammillary bodies sought to determine the specificity of any atrophy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Volume estimates of the Mammillary bodies were performed on 38 patients after surgical removal of colloid cysts and 20 control subjects by the application of stereologic volume-estimation techniques. For the Mammillary Body measures, 2 groups of MR images were assessed (0.8- and 1.0-mm section thickness) to compare the sensitivity of each imaging sequence for detecting any atrophy. Other structures associated with memory processes, such as the hippocampus and fornix, were also assessed quantitatively to determine whether there was a correlation between Mammillary Body damage and atrophy in connecting structures. RESULTS: Our investigations established the superiority of 0.8-mm-volume scans over standard iso-tropic 1.0-mm-thick-volume scans for Mammillary Body assessments. Comparisons with 20 age-matched controls revealed that patients with colloid cysts frequently showed significant mammillar
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understanding anterograde amnesia disconnections and hidden lesions
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2008Co-Authors: John Patrick AggletonAbstract:Three emerging strands of evidence are helping to resolve the causes of the anterograde amnesia associated with damage to the diencephalon. First, new anatomical studies have refined our understanding of the links between diencephalic and temporal brain regions associated with amnesia. These studies direct attention to the limited numbers of routes linking the two regions. Second, neuropsychological studies of patients with colloid cysts confirm the importance of at least one of these routes, the fornix, for episodic memory. By combining these anatomical and neuropsychological data strong evidence emerges for the view that damage to hippocampal—Mammillary Body—anterior thalamic interactions is sufficient to induce amnesia. A third development is the possibility that the retrosplenial cortex provides an integrating link in this functional system. Furthermore, recent evidence indicates that the retrosplenial cortex may suffer “covert” pathology (i.e., it is functionally lesioned) following damage to the ant...
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a disproportionate role for the fornix and Mammillary bodies in recall versus recognition memory
Nature Neuroscience, 2008Co-Authors: D Tsivilis, Seralynne Denise Vann, Christine Denby, Daniela Montaldi, Andrew R Mayes, Neil Roberts, John Patrick AggletonAbstract:Uncovering the functional relationship between temporal lobe amnesia and diencephalic amnesia depends on determining the role of the fornix, the major interlinking fiber tract. In this study relating fornix volume with memory, we made magnetic resonance imaging-based volume estimates of 13 brain structures in 38 individuals with surgically removed colloid cysts. Fornix status was assessed directly by overall volume and indirectly by Mammillary Body volume (which atrophies after fornix damage). Mammillary Body volume significantly correlated with 13 out of 14 tests of episodic memory recall, but correlated poorly with recognition memory. Furthermore, as the volumes of the left fornix and the left Mammillary bodies decreased, the difference between recall and recognition scores increased. No other structure was consistently associated with memory. These findings support models of diencephalic memory mechanisms that require hippocampal inputs for recall, but not for key elements of recognition.
Andrew R Mayes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the frequency and extent of Mammillary Body atrophy associated with surgical removal of a colloid cyst
American Journal of Neuroradiology, 2009Co-Authors: Christine Denby, Seralynne Denise Vann, D Tsivilis, John Patrick Aggleton, Daniela Montaldi, N Roberts, Andrew R MayesAbstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients who have had a colloid cyst removed from the third ventricle sometimes experience some difficulty with day-to-day memory. This study provided quantitative MR imaging volume measures of 1 structure potentially responsible for mnemonic problems, the Mammillary bodies. Additional volume estimates in structures connected to the Mammillary bodies sought to determine the specificity of any atrophy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Volume estimates of the Mammillary bodies were performed on 38 patients after surgical removal of colloid cysts and 20 control subjects by the application of stereologic volume-estimation techniques. For the Mammillary Body measures, 2 groups of MR images were assessed (0.8- and 1.0-mm section thickness) to compare the sensitivity of each imaging sequence for detecting any atrophy. Other structures associated with memory processes, such as the hippocampus and fornix, were also assessed quantitatively to determine whether there was a correlation between Mammillary Body damage and atrophy in connecting structures. RESULTS: Our investigations established the superiority of 0.8-mm-volume scans over standard isotropic 1.0-mm-thick-volume scans for Mammillary Body assessments. Comparisons with 20 age-matched controls revealed that patients with colloid cysts frequently showed significant Mammillary Body atrophy (mean volume of colloid cysts, 0.037 cm 3 right and 0.038 cm 3 left; control subjects, 0.069 cm 3 right and 0.067 cm 3 left). In fact, every patient had a Mammillary Body volume below the control mean, and the majority of patients had a volume decrease of >1 SD (82% right, 74% left). Mammillary Body volumes correlated with fornix volumes in the same patient group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results reveal the frequent presence of Mammillary Body atrophy in patients with surgical removal of colloid cysts and indicate that this atrophy is partly due to a loss of temporal lobe projections in the fornix.
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The frequency and extent of Mammillary Body atrophy associated with surgical removal of a colloid cyst
2009Co-Authors: Christine Denby, D Tsivilis, John Patrick Aggleton, Daniela Montaldi, N Roberts, S. D. Vann, Andrew R MayesAbstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients who have had a colloid cyst removed from the third ventricle sometimes experience some difficulty with day-to-day memory. This study provided quantitative MR imaging volume measures of 1 structure potentially responsible for mnemonic problems, the mam-millary bodies. Additional volume estimates in structures connected to the Mammillary bodies sought to determine the specificity of any atrophy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Volume estimates of the Mammillary bodies were performed on 38 patients after surgical removal of colloid cysts and 20 control subjects by the application of stereologic volume-estimation techniques. For the Mammillary Body measures, 2 groups of MR images were assessed (0.8- and 1.0-mm section thickness) to compare the sensitivity of each imaging sequence for detecting any atrophy. Other structures associated with memory processes, such as the hippocampus and fornix, were also assessed quantitatively to determine whether there was a correlation between Mammillary Body damage and atrophy in connecting structures. RESULTS: Our investigations established the superiority of 0.8-mm-volume scans over standard iso-tropic 1.0-mm-thick-volume scans for Mammillary Body assessments. Comparisons with 20 age-matched controls revealed that patients with colloid cysts frequently showed significant mammillar
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a disproportionate role for the fornix and Mammillary bodies in recall versus recognition memory
Nature Neuroscience, 2008Co-Authors: D Tsivilis, Seralynne Denise Vann, Christine Denby, Daniela Montaldi, Andrew R Mayes, Neil Roberts, John Patrick AggletonAbstract:Uncovering the functional relationship between temporal lobe amnesia and diencephalic amnesia depends on determining the role of the fornix, the major interlinking fiber tract. In this study relating fornix volume with memory, we made magnetic resonance imaging-based volume estimates of 13 brain structures in 38 individuals with surgically removed colloid cysts. Fornix status was assessed directly by overall volume and indirectly by Mammillary Body volume (which atrophies after fornix damage). Mammillary Body volume significantly correlated with 13 out of 14 tests of episodic memory recall, but correlated poorly with recognition memory. Furthermore, as the volumes of the left fornix and the left Mammillary bodies decreased, the difference between recall and recognition scores increased. No other structure was consistently associated with memory. These findings support models of diencephalic memory mechanisms that require hippocampal inputs for recall, but not for key elements of recognition.
Peggy Bosch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A study of the effects of 8-week acupuncture treatment on patients with Parkinson's disease
Medicine, 2018Co-Authors: Maurits Van Den Noort, Peggy BoschAbstract:Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a degenerative brain disorder, resulting in decreased neural responses in the supplementary motor area, putamen, and thalamus. Previous research showed that acupuncture was able to improve the motor dysfunction. The primary aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of longer acupuncture treatment for preventing brain degeneration in patients with PD. Methods: Ten outpatients with PD were recruited from Kyung Hee Medical Hospital. Behavioral and neural responses were examined before and after 8 weeks of acupuncture treatment. A semi-individualized treatment approach was used; patients were treated for 15 minutes with 120-Hz electro-acupuncture at the right GB34 and Taechung (LR3), followed by manual acupuncture based on the individual symptoms of the patient. Results: Immediately after 8 weeks of acupuncture treatment, the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) sub-scores and the depression scores for the patients had statistically decreased compared to the scores before acupuncture treatment; moreover, 8 weeks later, these scores remained stable. Compared to the neural responses before the acupuncture stimulation, those after the acupuncture treatment were significantly higher in the thalamus, cingulate gyrus, anterior cingulate, lingual gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, lateral globus pallidus, Mammillary Body, middle temporal gyrus, cuneus, and fusiform gyrus. Finally, a positive correlation was found between the UPDRS and the mean magnetic resonance signal change for the thalamus. Conclusion: This study found beneficial clinical effects of 8-week acupuncture treatment in the brains of patients with PD.
Christine Denby - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the frequency and extent of Mammillary Body atrophy associated with surgical removal of a colloid cyst
American Journal of Neuroradiology, 2009Co-Authors: Christine Denby, Seralynne Denise Vann, D Tsivilis, John Patrick Aggleton, Daniela Montaldi, N Roberts, Andrew R MayesAbstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients who have had a colloid cyst removed from the third ventricle sometimes experience some difficulty with day-to-day memory. This study provided quantitative MR imaging volume measures of 1 structure potentially responsible for mnemonic problems, the Mammillary bodies. Additional volume estimates in structures connected to the Mammillary bodies sought to determine the specificity of any atrophy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Volume estimates of the Mammillary bodies were performed on 38 patients after surgical removal of colloid cysts and 20 control subjects by the application of stereologic volume-estimation techniques. For the Mammillary Body measures, 2 groups of MR images were assessed (0.8- and 1.0-mm section thickness) to compare the sensitivity of each imaging sequence for detecting any atrophy. Other structures associated with memory processes, such as the hippocampus and fornix, were also assessed quantitatively to determine whether there was a correlation between Mammillary Body damage and atrophy in connecting structures. RESULTS: Our investigations established the superiority of 0.8-mm-volume scans over standard isotropic 1.0-mm-thick-volume scans for Mammillary Body assessments. Comparisons with 20 age-matched controls revealed that patients with colloid cysts frequently showed significant Mammillary Body atrophy (mean volume of colloid cysts, 0.037 cm 3 right and 0.038 cm 3 left; control subjects, 0.069 cm 3 right and 0.067 cm 3 left). In fact, every patient had a Mammillary Body volume below the control mean, and the majority of patients had a volume decrease of >1 SD (82% right, 74% left). Mammillary Body volumes correlated with fornix volumes in the same patient group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results reveal the frequent presence of Mammillary Body atrophy in patients with surgical removal of colloid cysts and indicate that this atrophy is partly due to a loss of temporal lobe projections in the fornix.
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The frequency and extent of Mammillary Body atrophy associated with surgical removal of a colloid cyst
2009Co-Authors: Christine Denby, D Tsivilis, John Patrick Aggleton, Daniela Montaldi, N Roberts, S. D. Vann, Andrew R MayesAbstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients who have had a colloid cyst removed from the third ventricle sometimes experience some difficulty with day-to-day memory. This study provided quantitative MR imaging volume measures of 1 structure potentially responsible for mnemonic problems, the mam-millary bodies. Additional volume estimates in structures connected to the Mammillary bodies sought to determine the specificity of any atrophy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Volume estimates of the Mammillary bodies were performed on 38 patients after surgical removal of colloid cysts and 20 control subjects by the application of stereologic volume-estimation techniques. For the Mammillary Body measures, 2 groups of MR images were assessed (0.8- and 1.0-mm section thickness) to compare the sensitivity of each imaging sequence for detecting any atrophy. Other structures associated with memory processes, such as the hippocampus and fornix, were also assessed quantitatively to determine whether there was a correlation between Mammillary Body damage and atrophy in connecting structures. RESULTS: Our investigations established the superiority of 0.8-mm-volume scans over standard iso-tropic 1.0-mm-thick-volume scans for Mammillary Body assessments. Comparisons with 20 age-matched controls revealed that patients with colloid cysts frequently showed significant mammillar
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a disproportionate role for the fornix and Mammillary bodies in recall versus recognition memory
Nature Neuroscience, 2008Co-Authors: D Tsivilis, Seralynne Denise Vann, Christine Denby, Daniela Montaldi, Andrew R Mayes, Neil Roberts, John Patrick AggletonAbstract:Uncovering the functional relationship between temporal lobe amnesia and diencephalic amnesia depends on determining the role of the fornix, the major interlinking fiber tract. In this study relating fornix volume with memory, we made magnetic resonance imaging-based volume estimates of 13 brain structures in 38 individuals with surgically removed colloid cysts. Fornix status was assessed directly by overall volume and indirectly by Mammillary Body volume (which atrophies after fornix damage). Mammillary Body volume significantly correlated with 13 out of 14 tests of episodic memory recall, but correlated poorly with recognition memory. Furthermore, as the volumes of the left fornix and the left Mammillary bodies decreased, the difference between recall and recognition scores increased. No other structure was consistently associated with memory. These findings support models of diencephalic memory mechanisms that require hippocampal inputs for recall, but not for key elements of recognition.
