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Chaoyuan Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Effects of neoprene mat on diarrhea, mortality and foreleg abrasion of pre-weaning piglets.
    Preventive veterinary medicine, 2010
    Co-Authors: Hongwei Xin, Baozhong Lin, Zuohua Liu, Chaoyuan Wang, Zhengxiang Shi, Feiyun Yang, Chao Wang
    Abstract:

    Modern commercial swine farrowing crates are typically equipped with slatted iron floor to improve management efficiency (e.g., ease of Manure Handling, cleanliness of the farrowing crates and hence improved animal hygiene). However, the bare and hard floor surface can impair the welfare of the sow-litter because of some undesirable impacts on the pigs, such as foreleg abrasion, large temperature gradients between the cold floor surface and the abdomen of the piglets (hence higher susceptibility to diarrhea), and higher pre-weaning mortality or morbidity. Although straw bedding has been shown to be conducive to providing better environment for the sow-litter, use of straw creates challenges in terms of economics, hygiene and Manure Handling. This study investigates the use of neoprene mat (NM) in key areas of the farrowing crates - underneath the sow and in the piglet suckling area to improve the microenvironment and hence welfare of the sow-litter. Two experiments were conducted, each involving 12 sow-litters. The first experiment was to evaluate the thickness of a rectangular-shaped NM (7, 10 or 13 mm) vs. the slatted iron floor (control or Ctrl) and collect the corresponding animal response data; while the second follow-up experiment was to verify the benefits of supplying an improved, double concave (or H)-shaped NM with 10mm thick (CNM10) vs. Ctrl for the farrowing operation. Results of both experiments demonstrated considerable benefits of the NM placement in the farrowing crates. Specifically, the NM reduced the piglet foreleg lesion area and joint swellings (0% for NM vs. 8-10% for Ctrl during suckling periods in both Expts 1 and 2, P

  • emission of ammonia and other contaminant gases from naturally ventilated dairy cattle buildings
    Biosystems Engineering, 2005
    Co-Authors: Guoqiang Zhang, J S Strom, Baoming Li, S Morsing, Preben Jensen Dahl, Chaoyuan Wang
    Abstract:

    Emission of contaminant gases from livestock buildings is a major source of pollution within agriculture. Much research has been performed to find technical solutions that may be used to reduce these emissions. However, information and data on emissions from open cattle buildings are still needed in order to establish reliable emission models. Data related to different floor types and Manure-Handling methods are also crucial for the evaluation and improvement of housing equipment and production management. An investigation was carried out to provide fundamental knowledge on gas emissions from naturally ventilated dairy cattle buildings with different floor types and Manure-Handling systems. Emission rates of NH 3 , N 2 O and CH 4 were determined from measured values of gas concentrations and calculated values of air exchange rates. In this paper, the methods to determine the air exchange rates in the naturally ventilated buildings are presented and discussed on the basis of the tracer gas method and the CO 2 production model for the animals. In all cases, the NH 3 emission rate increased with temperature, but the increase was highly dependent on floor type and Manure system. In this article the emission rate is given as g HPU −1  d −1 where HPU is defined as 1000 W total heat produced by the livestock at an environmental temperature of 20 °C. In most buildings, the emission level increased from about 10 to 30 g HPU −1  d −1 as the temperature increased from 2 to 20 °C with a standard deviation from 0·5 to 9 g HPU −1  d −1 . The highest emission rate measured was 75 g HPU −1  d −1 at 22 °C with a standard deviation of 15 g HPU −1  d −1 . The emission rates were dependent on floor type and Manure-Handling method. The lowest ammonia emission was found for buildings with solid floors with smooth surface, scraper and drain. For buildings with slatted floors, Manure treatment with acid, scraper on the slatted floor surface or channel scraper are potential alternative methods for reduction of the ammonia emission.

  • Emission of Ammonia and Other Contaminant Gases from Naturally Ventilated Dairy Cattle Buildings
    Biosystems Engineering, 2005
    Co-Authors: Guoqiang Zhang, J S Strom, S Morsing, Preben Jensen Dahl, Hans Benny Rom, Chaoyuan Wang
    Abstract:

    Emission of contaminant gases from livestock buildings is a major source of pollution within agriculture. Much research has been performed to find technical solutions that may be used to reduce these emissions. However, information and data on emissions from open cattle buildings are still needed in order to establish reliable emission models. Data related to different floor types and Manure-Handling methods are also crucial for the evaluation and improvement of housing equipment and production management. An investigation was carried out to provide fundamental knowledge on gas emissions from naturally ventilated dairy cattle buildings with different floor types and Manure-Handling systems. Emission rates of NH 3 , N 2 O and CH 4 were determined from measured values of gas concentrations and calculated values of air exchange rates. In this paper, the methods to determine the air exchange rates in the naturally ventilated buildings are presented and discussed on the basis of the tracer gas method and the CO 2 production model for the animals. In all cases, the NH 3 emission rate increased with temperature, but the increase was highly dependent on floor type and Manure system. In this article the emission rate is given as g HPU −1  d −1 where HPU is defined as 1000 W total heat produced by the livestock at an environmental temperature of 20 °C. In most buildings, the emission level increased from about 10 to 30 g HPU −1  d −1 as the temperature increased from 2 to 20 °C with a standard deviation from 0·5 to 9 g HPU −1  d −1 . The highest emission rate measured was 75 g HPU −1  d −1 at 22 °C with a standard deviation of 15 g HPU −1  d −1 . The emission rates were dependent on floor type and Manure-Handling method. The lowest ammonia emission was found for buildings with solid floors with smooth surface, scraper and drain. For buildings with slatted floors, Manure treatment with acid, scraper on the slatted floor surface or channel scraper are potential alternative methods for reduction of the ammonia emission.

Chungsik Yoon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Evaluation of Short-Term Exposure Levels on Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide During Manure-Handling Processes at Livestock Farms.
    Safety and health at work, 2019
    Co-Authors: Jihoon Park, Tae-sun Kang, Yong Heo, Kiyoung Lee, Kyung-ran Kim, Kyung-suk Lee, Chungsik Yoon
    Abstract:

    Abstract Background Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are harmful gases generated during aerobic/anaerobic bacterial decomposition of livestock Manure. We evaluated ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentrations generated from workplaces at livestock farms and determined environmental factors influencing the gas concentrations. Methods Five commercial swine farms and five poultry farms were selected for monitoring. Real-time monitors were used to measure the ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentrations and environmental conditions during the Manure-Handling processes. Monitoring was conducted in the Manure storage facility and composting facility. Information on the farm conditions was also collected through interview and walk-through survey. Results The ammonia concentrations were significantly higher at the swine composting facilities (9.5–43.2 ppm) than at other Manure-Handling facilities at the swine and poultry farms, and high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide were identified during the Manure agitation and mixing process at the swine Manure storage facilities (6.9–19.5 ppm). At the poultry Manure-Handling facilities, the ammonia concentration was higher during the Manure-Handling processes (2.6–57.9 ppm), and very low hydrogen sulfide concentrations (0–3.4 ppm) were detected. The air temperature and relative humidity, volume of the facility, duration of Manure storage, and the number of animals influenced the gas concentrations. Conclusion A high level of hazardous gases was generated during Manure Handling, and some levels increased up to risk levels that can threaten workers' health and safety. Some of the farm operational factors were also found to influence the gas levels. By controlling and improving these factors, it would be possible to protect workers' safety and health from occupational risks.

  • Asphyxiation Incidents by Hydrogen Sulfide at Manure Storage Facilities of Swine Livestock Farms in Korea
    Journal of agromedicine, 2016
    Co-Authors: Jihoon Park, Tae-sun Kang, Yong Heo, Kyung-ran Kim, Kyung-suk Lee, Suhyun Jin, Perng-jy Tsai, Chungsik Yoon
    Abstract:

    Livestock workers are involved in a variety of tasks, such as caring for animals, maintaining the breeding facilities, cleaning, and Manure Handling, and are exposed to health and safety risks. Hydrogen sulfide is considered the most toxic by-product of the Manure Handling process at livestock facilities. Except for several reports in developed countries, the statistics and cause of asphyxiation incidents in farms have not been collected and reported systematically, although the number of these incidents is expected to increase in developing and underdeveloped countries. In this study, the authors compiled the cases of work-related asphyxiation incidents at livestock Manure storage facilities and analyzed the main causes. In this survey, a total of 17 incidents were identified through newspapers or online searches and public reports. Thirty workers died and eight were injured due to work-related tasks and rescue attempts from 1998 to 2013 in Korea. Of the 30 fatalities, 18 occurred during Manure Handling/maintenance tasks and 12 during rescue attempts. All incidents except for one case occurred during the warm season from the late spring (April) to early autumn (September) when Manure is likely to decompose rapidly. It is important to train employees involved in the operation of the facilities (i.e., owners, managers, employees) regarding the appropriate prevention strategies for confined space management, such as hazard identification before entry, periodical facility inspection, restriction of unnecessary access, proper ventilation, and health and safety. Sharing information or case reports on previous incidents could also help prevent similar cases from occurring and reduce the number of fatalities and injuries.

J.m. Hart - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Manure Management System Design Strategies: How and Why
    Journal of Dairy Science, 1997
    Co-Authors: J.a. Moore, J.m. Hart
    Abstract:

    The most limiting component of a Manure management system is the spreading of Manure and Manure slurries on cropland. Successful strategies must account for hydraulic limitations to prevent runoff. Those strategies must also recognize nutrient concentrations and match crop uptake requirements with applications. Equipment development offers the necessary tools for successful Manure Handling, but management needs to use this technology. The development of successful spreading strategies that acknowledge the limits of hydraulics and nutrient loading are discussed.

  • Manure Management System Design Strategies: How and Why
    Journal of Dairy Science, 1997
    Co-Authors: J.a. Moore, J.m. Hart
    Abstract:

    The most limiting component of a Manure management system is the spreading of Manure and Manure slurries on cropland. Successful strategies must account for hydraulic limitations to prevent runoff. Those strategies must also recognize nutrient concentrations and match crop uptake requirements with applications. Equipment development offers the necessary tools for successful Manure Handling, but management needs to use this technology. The development of successful spreading strategies that acknowledge the limits of hydraulics and nutrient loading are discussed.

J.a. Nienaber - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Electromagnetic induction methods applied to an abandoned Manure Handling site to determine nutrient buildup.
    Journal of environmental quality, 2003
    Co-Authors: R.a. Eigenberg, J.a. Nienaber
    Abstract:

    Movement of nutrients from livestock Manure Handling sites has the potential to negatively impact the environment. This study was conducted using electromagnetic induction (EMI) measurements to develop apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC(a)) maps to identify regions of nutrient buildup beneath an abandoned compost site. A trailer-mounted EM-38 coupled with a global positioning satellite system was towed across an area used for composting of feedlot Manure. The resulting EC(a) maps were compared with known locations of compost rows confirming the alignment of row locations with high EC(a) regions. The identified rows were cored and compared with the region between the rows. The identified rows with a compost history demonstrated significant (P < 0.05) increases in soluble salts (1.6 times greater), NO3 (6.0 times greater), and Cl (2.0 times greater) compared with the area between the rows at a 1.5-m depth. Image processing techniques were used to display yearly changes that were associated with nutrient movement and transformations in the soil beneath the site. Correlations between EMI measurements and soil core analyses for NO3-N, Cl, and EC provided ancillary support for the EMI methods. The use of EMI for mapping of sites having a history of livestock waste application was effective in delineating high nutrient buildup areas and for observing spatial EC(a) changes over time.

  • Identification of Nutrient Distribution at Abandoned Livestock Manure Handling Site Using Electromagnetic Induction
    2001 Sacramento CA July 29-August 1 2001, 2001
    Co-Authors: R.a. Eigenberg, J.a. Nienaber
    Abstract:

    Movement of nutrients from livestock Manure Handling sites has the potential to negatively impact the environment. This study was conducted to determine whether electromagnetic induction (EMI) could be used to identify regions of nutrient build-up beneath an abandoned compost site. A trailer mounted EM-38, coupled with a global positioning satellite system, was towed across an area used for composting of feedlot Manure. The resulting maps gave clear indication of the location of the composting rows. The identified rows were cored and compared with the region between the rows. The rows demonstrated significantly greater soluble salts (1.6 times greater), NO3 (6.0 times greater), and Cl (2.0 times greater) compared to the area between the rows to a 1.5m depth (P

  • identification of nutrient distribution at abandoned livestock Manure Handling site using electromagnetic induction
    2001 Sacramento CA July 29-August 1 2001, 2001
    Co-Authors: R.a. Eigenberg, J.a. Nienaber
    Abstract:

    Movement of nutrients from livestock Manure Handling sites has the potential to negatively impact the environment. This study was conducted to determine whether electromagnetic induction (EMI) could be used to identify regions of nutrient build-up beneath an abandoned compost site. A trailer mounted EM-38, coupled with a global positioning satellite system, was towed across an area used for composting of feedlot Manure. The resulting maps gave clear indication of the location of the composting rows. The identified rows were cored and compared with the region between the rows. The rows demonstrated significantly greater soluble salts (1.6 times greater), NO3 (6.0 times greater), and Cl (2.0 times greater) compared to the area between the rows to a 1.5m depth (P<0.05). The use of EMI for mapping of sites having a history of livestock waste application was effective in locating high nutrient buildup areas.

Christian Swensson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • effect of Manure Handling system n fertilizer use and area of sugar beet on n surpluses from dairy farms in southern sweden
    The Journal of Agricultural Science, 2002
    Co-Authors: Christian Swensson
    Abstract:

    Nitrogen balances from 283 conventional dairy farms situated in southern Sweden were investigated using the farm gate method. Nitrogen balances were determined for 1997 and 1998. Three N balances were calculated; for the whole farm, for crop production and for milk production. The aims of the investigation were to study if factors such as Manure Handling system, the amount of N obtained from mineral fertilizer per hectare and the proportion of sugar beet have an influence on the N balance. There was no significant effect of Manure Handling system on the N surplus per hectare or on N efficiency. The results showed that N efficiency was significantly improved by including sugar beet in the crop rotation and was negatively correlated with milk yield per hectare and fertilizer N per hectare. The N surplus per hectare was positively correlated with milk yield per hectare and fertilizer N per hectare. The comparison did not find a strong relationship between the amounts of N obtained from mineral fertilizer per hectare and supplied as Manure. The latter was calculated theoretically. There was a weak, but significant, negative correlation between N from Manure in 1997 and N from mineral fertilizer in 1998.

  • Characterization of Influence of Manure Handling System and Feeding on the Level of Ammonia Release Using a Simple Method in Cow Houses
    Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A - Animal Science, 2002
    Co-Authors: Christian Swensson, G. Gustafsson
    Abstract:

    The effects of Manure Handling system and feeding of dairy cows were studied using a simple method to analyse the level of ammonia release in cow stables. Two ratios based on the balances of ammonia and sensible heat, and ammonia and carbon dioxide, respectively, in animal houses were determined and considered to give characteristic levels of the release of ammonia in relation to the animal density independently of the ventilation rate. This required measurements of ammonia, carbon dioxide and temperature with hand-held instruments in the buildings and in outside air. In total, 34 dairy herds were investigated in the south of Sweden. The results clearly demonstrated higher release of ammonia from free stall barn with liquid Manure than from conventional tie stall barn with solid Manure. There was a clear effect of the content of crude protein, gram per kg dry matter, in the total feed ration on ammonia release in tie stall barn with liquid Manure.

  • Ammonia Release and Nitrogen Balances on South Swedish Dairy Farms 1997 - 1999
    2002
    Co-Authors: Christian Swensson
    Abstract:

    The thesis summerisees and discusses studies concerning factors influencing ammonia release in cow houses and factors influencing nitrogen surplus and nitrogen efficiency on dairy farms. The first investigation was carried out at the Animal Experimental Station at Anarp. The aims were to investigate if a lower content of crude protein in the diet for higli-yielding dairy cows will decrease the ammonia release from Manure. The ammonia release was significantly decreased for cows fed with lower protein levels compared with high protein diets. The effects of Manure-Handling system, type of cow houses and feeding of dairy cows on ammonia release were studied in a field investigation. Results demonstrated a higher release of ammonia in free stall barns with liquid Manure Handling systems compared with tie stall barns with solid Manure Handling systems. There was a higher ammonia release from cow diets with a higher content of crude protein. A theoretical calculation or the nitrogen efficiency and nitrogen surplus at cow level and farm level was carried out. The assumptions for the calculations were for a farm located in central Skane (south Sweden) with 50 dairy cows arid 50 hectares of arable land. The nitrogen efficiency at farm level was 28% on an average. Nitrogen surplus per hectare varied between 135 - 145 kg when the intensity was 8600 kg milk/ha. Nitrogen balances from conventional dairy farms situated in southern Sweden were investigated using the farm gate method. Neither nitrogen surplus per hectare nor nitrogen efficiency showed significant effects of the Manure-Handling system. The results showed that nitrogen efficiency was significantly improved by including sugar beet in the crop rotation and was negatively correlated with milk yield per hectare and nitrogen fertiliser per hectare. Analysis of dairy farms with balances from three consecutive years 1997, 1998 and 1999 showed that these dairy farms decreased their nitrogen surplus by 25 kg N/ha between 1997 and 1998. This decrease was not repeated in the following year. Input of N from artificial fertiliser decreased significantly from the first year.