The Experts below are selected from a list of 117633 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Loreen A Herwaldt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus mrsa strain st398 is present in midwestern u s Swine and Swine workers
PLOS ONE, 2009Co-Authors: Tara C Smith, Ana W Capuano, Michael J Male, Abby L Harper, J Kroeger, Gregory P Tinkler, Erin D Moritz, Loreen A HerwaldtAbstract:Background Recent research has demonstrated that many Swine and Swine farmers in the Netherlands and Canada are colonized with MRSA. However, no studies to date have investigated carriage of MRSA among Swine and Swine farmers in the United States (U.S.).
-
methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus mrsa strain st398 is present in midwestern u s Swine and Swine workers
PLOS ONE, 2009Co-Authors: Tara C Smith, Ana W Capuano, Michael J Male, Abby L Harper, J Kroeger, Gregory P Tinkler, Erin D Moritz, Loreen A HerwaldtAbstract:Background Recent research has demonstrated that many Swine and Swine farmers in the Netherlands and Canada are colonized with MRSA. However, no studies to date have investigated carriage of MRSA among Swine and Swine farmers in the United States (U.S.). Methods We sampled the nares of 299 Swine and 20 workers from two different production systems in Iowa and Illinois, comprising approximately 87,000 live animals. MRSA isolates were typed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using SmaI and EagI restriction enzymes, and by multi locus sequence typing (MLST). PCR was used to determine SCCmec type and presence of the pvl gene. Results In this pilot study, overall MRSA prevalence in Swine was 49% (147/299) and 45% (9/20) in workers. The prevalence of MRSA carriage among production system A's Swine varied by age, ranging from 36% (11/30) in adult Swine to 100% (60/60) of animals aged 9 and 12 weeks. The prevalence among production system A's workers was 64% (9/14). MRSA was not isolated from production system B's Swine or workers. Isolates examined were not typeable by PFGE when SmaI was used, but digestion with EagI revealed that the isolates were clonal and were not related to common human types in Iowa (USA100, USA300, and USA400). MLST documented that the isolates were ST398. Conclusions These results show that colonization of Swine by MRSA was very common on one Swine production system in the midwestern U.S., suggesting that agricultural animals could become an important reservoir for this bacterium. MRSA strain ST398 was the only strain documented on this farm. Further studies are examining carriage rates on additional farms.
Amy L Vincent - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
reassortment between Swine h3n2 and 2009 pandemic h1n1 in the united states resulted in influenza a viruses with diverse genetic constellations with variable virulence in pigs
Journal of Virology, 2017Co-Authors: Daniela S Rajao, Phillip C Gauger, Mary Lea Killian, Alicia Janasmartindale, Rasna R Walia, Brian Campbell, Amy L VincentAbstract:Repeated spillovers of the H1N1 pandemic virus (H1N1pdm09) from humans to pigs resulted in substantial evolution of influenza A viruses infecting Swine, contributing to the genetic and antigenic diversity of influenza A viruses (IAV) currently circulating in Swine. The reassortment with endemic Swine viruses and maintenance of some of the H1N1pdm09 internal genes resulted in the circulation of different genomic constellations in pigs. Here, we performed a whole-genome phylogenetic analysis of 368 IAV circulating in Swine from 2009 to 2016 in the United States. We identified 44 different genotypes, with the most common genotype (32.33%) containing a clade IV-A HA gene, a 2002-lineage NA gene, an M-pdm09 gene, and remaining gene segments of triple reassortant internal gene (TRIG) origin. To understand how different genetic constellations may relate to viral fitness, we compared the pathogenesis and transmission in pigs of six representative genotypes. Although all six genotypes efficiently infected pigs, they resulted in different degrees of pathology and viral shedding. These results highlight the vast H3N2 genetic diversity circulating in U.S. Swine after 2009. This diversity has important implications in the control of this disease by the Swine industry, as well as a potential risk for public health if Swine-adapted viruses with H1N1pdm09 genes have an increased risk to humans, as occurred in the 2011-2012 and 2016 human variant H3N2v cases associated with exhibition Swine. IMPORTANCE People continue to spread the 2009 H1N1 pandemic (H1N1pdm09) IAV to pigs, allowing H1N1pdm09 to reassort with endemic Swine IAV. In this study, we determined the 8 gene combinations of Swine H3N2 IAV detected from 2009 to 2016. We identified 44 different genotypes of H3N2, the majority of which contained at least one H1N1pdm09 gene segment. We compared six representative genotypes of H3N2 in pigs. All six genotypes efficiently infected pigs, but they resulted in different degrees of lung damage and viral shedding. These results highlight the vast genetic diversity of H3N2 circulating in U.S. Swine after 2009, with important implications for the control of IAV for the Swine industry. Because H1N1pdm09 is also highly adapted to humans, these Swine viruses pose a potential risk to public health if Swine-adapted viruses with H1N1pdm09 genes also have an increased risk for human infection.
-
novel reassortant human like h3n2 and h3n1 influenza a viruses detected in pigs are virulent and antigenically distinct from Swine viruses endemic to the united states
Journal of Virology, 2015Co-Authors: Daniela S Rajao, Phillip C Gauger, Tavis K Anderson, Nicola S Lewis, Eugenio J Abente, Mary Lea Killian, Daniel R Perez, Troy C Sutton, Jianqiang Zhang, Amy L VincentAbstract:ABSTRACT Human-like Swine H3 influenza A viruses (IAV) were detected by the USDA surveillance system. We characterized two novel Swine human-like H3N2 and H3N1 viruses with hemagglutinin (HA) genes similar to those in human seasonal H3 strains and internal genes closely related to those of 2009 H1N1 pandemic viruses. The H3N2 neuraminidase (NA) was of the contemporary human N2 lineage, while the H3N1 NA was of the classical Swine N1 lineage. Both viruses were antigenically distant from Swine H3 viruses that circulate in the United States and from Swine vaccine strains and also showed antigenic drift from human seasonal H3N2 viruses. Their pathogenicity and transmission in pigs were compared to those of a human H3N2 virus with a common HA ancestry. Both Swine human-like H3 viruses efficiently infected pigs and were transmitted to indirect contacts, whereas the human H3N2 virus did so much less efficiently. To evaluate the role of genes from the Swine isolates in their pathogenesis, reverse genetics-generated reassortants between the Swine human-like H3N1 virus and the seasonal human H3N2 virus were tested in pigs. The contribution of the gene segments to virulence was complex, with the Swine HA and internal genes showing effects in vivo . The experimental infections indicate that these novel H3 viruses are virulent and can sustain onward transmission in pigs, and the naturally occurring mutations in the HA were associated with antigenic divergence from H3 IAV from humans and Swine. Consequently, these viruses could have a significant impact on the Swine industry if they were to cause more widespread outbreaks, and the potential risk of these emerging Swine IAV to humans should be considered. IMPORTANCE Pigs are important hosts in the evolution of influenza A viruses (IAV). Human-to-Swine transmissions of IAV have resulted in the circulation of reassortant viruses containing human-origin genes in pigs, greatly contributing to the diversity of IAV in Swine worldwide. New human-like H3N2 and H3N1 viruses that contain a mix of human and Swine gene segments were recently detected by the USDA surveillance system. The human-like viruses efficiently infected pigs and resulted in onward airborne transmission, likely due to the multiple changes identified between human and Swine H3 viruses. The human-like Swine viruses are distinct from contemporary U.S. H3 Swine viruses and from the strains used in Swine vaccines, which could have a significant impact on the Swine industry due to a lack of population immunity. Additionally, public health experts should consider an appropriate assessment of the risk of these emerging Swine H3 viruses for the human population.
-
continual reintroduction of human pandemic h1n1 influenza a viruses into Swine in the united states 2009 to 2014
Journal of Virology, 2015Co-Authors: Martha I Nelson, Mary Lea Killian, Jered Stratton, Alicia Janasmartindale, Amy L VincentAbstract:ABSTRACT The diversity of influenza A viruses in Swine (swIAVs) presents an important pandemic threat. Knowledge of the human-Swine interface is particularly important for understanding how viruses with pandemic potential evolve in Swine hosts. Through phylogenetic analysis of contemporary swIAVs in the United States, we demonstrate that human-to-Swine transmission of pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) viruses has occurred continuously in the years following the 2009 H1N1 pandemic and has been an important contributor to the genetic diversity of U.S. swIAVs. Although pandemic H1 and N1 segments had been largely removed from the U.S. Swine population by 2013 via reassortment with other swIAVs, these antigens reemerged following multiple human-to-Swine transmission events during the 2013-2014 seasonal epidemic. These findings indicate that the six internal gene segments from pH1N1 viruses are likely to be sustained long term in the U.S. Swine population, with periodic reemergence of pandemic hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) segments in association with seasonal pH1N1 epidemics in humans. Vaccinating U.S. Swine workers may reduce infection of both humans and Swine and in turn limit the role of humans as sources of influenza virus diversity in pigs. IMPORTANCE Swine are important hosts in the evolution of influenza A viruses with pandemic potential. Here, we analyze influenza virus sequence data generated by the U.S. Department of Agriculture9s national surveillance system to identify the central role of humans in the reemergence of pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) influenza viruses in U.S. Swine herds in 2014. These findings emphasize the important role of humans as continuous sources of influenza virus diversity in Swine and indicate that influenza viruses with pandemic HA and NA segments are likely to continue to reemerge in U.S. Swine in association with seasonal pH1N1 epidemics in humans.
-
reverse zoonosis of influenza to Swine new perspectives on the human animal interface
Trends in Microbiology, 2015Co-Authors: Martha I Nelson, Amy L VincentAbstract:The origins of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in Swine are unknown, highlighting gaps in our understanding of influenza A virus (IAV) ecology and evolution. We review how recently strengthened influenza virus surveillance in pigs has revealed that influenza virus transmission from humans to Swine is far more frequent than Swine-to-human zoonosis, and is central in seeding Swine globally with new viral diversity. The scale of global human-to-Swine transmission represents the largest ‘reverse zoonosis' of a pathogen documented to date. Overcoming the bias towards perceiving Swine as sources of human viruses, rather than recipients, is key to understanding how the bidirectional nature of the human–animal interface produces influenza threats to both hosts. Video Abstract
-
spatial dynamics of human origin h1 influenza a virus in north american Swine
PLOS Pathogens, 2011Co-Authors: Martha I Nelson, Amy L Vincent, Philippe Lemey, Yi Tan, Tommy Tsanyuk Lam, Susan E Detmer, Cecile Viboud, Marc A Suchard, Andrew Rambaut, Edward C HolmesAbstract:The emergence and rapid global spread of the Swine-origin H1N1/09 pandemic influenza A virus in humans underscores the importance of Swine populations as reservoirs for genetically diverse influenza viruses with the potential to infect humans. However, despite their significance for animal and human health, relatively little is known about the phylogeography of Swine influenza viruses in the United States. This study utilizes an expansive data set of hemagglutinin (HA1) sequences (n = 1516) from Swine influenza viruses collected in North America during the period 2003-2010. With these data we investigate the spatial dissemination of a novel influenza virus of the H1 subtype that was introduced into the North American Swine population via two separate human-to-Swine transmission events around 2003. Bayesian phylogeographic analysis reveals that the spatial dissemination of this influenza virus in the US Swine population follows long-distance Swine movements from the Southern US to the Midwest, a corn-rich commercial center that imports millions of Swine annually. Hence, multiple genetically diverse influenza viruses are introduced and co-circulate in the Midwest, providing the opportunity for genomic reassortment. Overall, the Midwest serves primarily as an ecological sink for Swine influenza in the US, with sources of virus genetic diversity instead located in the Southeast (mainly North Carolina) and South-central (mainly Oklahoma) regions. Understanding the importance of long-distance pig transportation in the evolution and spatial dissemination of the influenza virus in Swine may inform future strategies for the surveillance and control of influenza, and perhaps other Swine pathogens.
Ana W Capuano - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus mrsa strain st398 is present in midwestern u s Swine and Swine workers
PLOS ONE, 2009Co-Authors: Tara C Smith, Ana W Capuano, Michael J Male, Abby L Harper, J Kroeger, Gregory P Tinkler, Erin D Moritz, Loreen A HerwaldtAbstract:Background Recent research has demonstrated that many Swine and Swine farmers in the Netherlands and Canada are colonized with MRSA. However, no studies to date have investigated carriage of MRSA among Swine and Swine farmers in the United States (U.S.). Methods We sampled the nares of 299 Swine and 20 workers from two different production systems in Iowa and Illinois, comprising approximately 87,000 live animals. MRSA isolates were typed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using SmaI and EagI restriction enzymes, and by multi locus sequence typing (MLST). PCR was used to determine SCCmec type and presence of the pvl gene. Results In this pilot study, overall MRSA prevalence in Swine was 49% (147/299) and 45% (9/20) in workers. The prevalence of MRSA carriage among production system A's Swine varied by age, ranging from 36% (11/30) in adult Swine to 100% (60/60) of animals aged 9 and 12 weeks. The prevalence among production system A's workers was 64% (9/14). MRSA was not isolated from production system B's Swine or workers. Isolates examined were not typeable by PFGE when SmaI was used, but digestion with EagI revealed that the isolates were clonal and were not related to common human types in Iowa (USA100, USA300, and USA400). MLST documented that the isolates were ST398. Conclusions These results show that colonization of Swine by MRSA was very common on one Swine production system in the midwestern U.S., suggesting that agricultural animals could become an important reservoir for this bacterium. MRSA strain ST398 was the only strain documented on this farm. Further studies are examining carriage rates on additional farms.
-
methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus mrsa strain st398 is present in midwestern u s Swine and Swine workers
PLOS ONE, 2009Co-Authors: Tara C Smith, Ana W Capuano, Michael J Male, Abby L Harper, J Kroeger, Gregory P Tinkler, Erin D Moritz, Loreen A HerwaldtAbstract:Background Recent research has demonstrated that many Swine and Swine farmers in the Netherlands and Canada are colonized with MRSA. However, no studies to date have investigated carriage of MRSA among Swine and Swine farmers in the United States (U.S.).
-
Swine workers and Swine influenza virus infections
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2007Co-Authors: Gregory C Gray, Michael C.r. Alavanja, Troy A Mccarthy, Ana W Capuano, Sharon F Setterquist, Christopher W Olsen, Charles F LynchAbstract:In 2004, 803 rural Iowans from the Agricultural Health Study were enrolled in a 2-year prospective study of zoonotic influenza transmission. Demographic and occupational exposure data from enrollment, 12-month, and 24-month follow-up encounters were examined for association with evidence of previous and incident influenza virus infections. When proportional odds modeling with multivariable adjustment was used, upon enrollment, Swine-exposed participants (odds ratio [OR] 54.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 13.0–232.6) and their nonSwine-exposed spouses (OR 28.2, 95% CI 6.1–130.1) were found to have an increased odds of elevated antibody level to Swine influenza (H1N1) virus compared with 79 nonexposed University of Iowa personnel. Further evidence of occupational Swine influenza virus infections was observed through self-reported influenza-like illness data, comparisons of enrollment and follow-up serum samples, and the isolation of a reassortant Swine influenza (H1N1) virus from an ill Swine farmer. Study data suggest that Swine workers and their nonSwine-exposed spouses are at increased risk of zoonotic influenza virus infections.
Tara C Smith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus mrsa strain st398 is present in midwestern u s Swine and Swine workers
PLOS ONE, 2009Co-Authors: Tara C Smith, Ana W Capuano, Michael J Male, Abby L Harper, J Kroeger, Gregory P Tinkler, Erin D Moritz, Loreen A HerwaldtAbstract:Background Recent research has demonstrated that many Swine and Swine farmers in the Netherlands and Canada are colonized with MRSA. However, no studies to date have investigated carriage of MRSA among Swine and Swine farmers in the United States (U.S.).
-
methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus mrsa strain st398 is present in midwestern u s Swine and Swine workers
PLOS ONE, 2009Co-Authors: Tara C Smith, Ana W Capuano, Michael J Male, Abby L Harper, J Kroeger, Gregory P Tinkler, Erin D Moritz, Loreen A HerwaldtAbstract:Background Recent research has demonstrated that many Swine and Swine farmers in the Netherlands and Canada are colonized with MRSA. However, no studies to date have investigated carriage of MRSA among Swine and Swine farmers in the United States (U.S.). Methods We sampled the nares of 299 Swine and 20 workers from two different production systems in Iowa and Illinois, comprising approximately 87,000 live animals. MRSA isolates were typed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using SmaI and EagI restriction enzymes, and by multi locus sequence typing (MLST). PCR was used to determine SCCmec type and presence of the pvl gene. Results In this pilot study, overall MRSA prevalence in Swine was 49% (147/299) and 45% (9/20) in workers. The prevalence of MRSA carriage among production system A's Swine varied by age, ranging from 36% (11/30) in adult Swine to 100% (60/60) of animals aged 9 and 12 weeks. The prevalence among production system A's workers was 64% (9/14). MRSA was not isolated from production system B's Swine or workers. Isolates examined were not typeable by PFGE when SmaI was used, but digestion with EagI revealed that the isolates were clonal and were not related to common human types in Iowa (USA100, USA300, and USA400). MLST documented that the isolates were ST398. Conclusions These results show that colonization of Swine by MRSA was very common on one Swine production system in the midwestern U.S., suggesting that agricultural animals could become an important reservoir for this bacterium. MRSA strain ST398 was the only strain documented on this farm. Further studies are examining carriage rates on additional farms.
Igor Lavrov - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
the role of functional neuroanatomy of the lumbar spinal cord in effect of epidural stimulation
Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, 2017Co-Authors: Carlos A Cuellar, Aldo A Mendez, Riazul Islam, Jonathan S Calvert, Peter J Grahn, Bruce E Knudsen, Tuan Pham, Kendall H Lee, Igor LavrovAbstract:In this study, the neuroanatomy of the Swine lumbar spinal cord, particularly the spatial orientation of dorsal roots was correlated to the anatomical landmarks of the lumbar spine and to the magnitude of motor evoked potentials during epidural electrical stimulation (EES). We found that the proximity of the stimulating electrode to the dorsal roots entry zone across spinal segments was a critical factor to evoke higher peak-to-peak motor responses. Positioning the electrode close to the dorsal roots produced a significantly higher impact on motor evoked responses than rostro-caudal shift of electrode from segment to segment. Based on anatomical measurements of the lumbar spine and spinal cord, significant differences were found between L1-L4 to L5-L6 segments in terms of spinal cord gross anatomy, dorsal roots and spine landmarks. Linear regression analysis between intersegmental landmarks was performed and L2 intervertebral spinous process length was selected as the anatomical reference in order to correlate vertebral landmarks and the spinal cord structures. These findings present for the first time, the influence of spinal cord anatomy on the effects of epidural stimulation and the role of specific orientation of electrodes on the dorsal surface of the dura mater in relation to the dorsal roots. These results are critical to consider as spinal cord neuromodulation strategies continue to evolve and novel spinal interfaces translate into clinical practice.
