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Miguel A. Figliozzi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Marginal Costs of freeway traffic congestion with on road pollution exposure externality
Transportation Research Part A-policy and Practice, 2013Co-Authors: Alexander Y. Bigazzi, Miguel A. FigliozziAbstract:The health cost of on-road air pollution exposure is a component of traffic Marginal Costs that has not previously been assessed. The main objective of this paper is to introduce on-road pollution exposure as an externality of traffic, particularly important during traffic congestion when on-road pollution exposure is highest. Marginal private and external cost equations are developed that include on-road pollution exposure in addition to time, fuel, and pollution emissions components. The Marginal external cost of on-road exposure includes terms for the Marginal vehicle’s emissions, the increased emissions from all vehicles caused by additional congestion from the Marginal vehicle, and the additional exposure duration for all travelers caused by additional congestion from the Marginal vehicle. A sensitivity analysis shows that on-road pollution exposure can be a large portion (18%) of Marginal social Costs of traffic flow near freeway capacity, ranging from 4% to 38% with different exposure parameters. In an optimal pricing scenario, excluding the on-road exposure externality can lead to 6% residual welfare loss because of sub-optimal tolls. While regional pollution generates greater Costs in uncongested conditions, on-road exposure comes to dominate health Costs on congested freeways because of increased duration and intensity of exposure. The estimated Marginal cost and benefit curves indicate a theoretical preference for price controls to address the externality problem. The inclusion of on-road exposure Costs reduces the magnitudes of projects required to cover implementation Costs for intelligent transportation system (ITS) improvements; the net benefits of road-pricing ITS systems are increased more than the net benefits of ITS traffic flow improvements. When considering distinct vehicle classes, inclusion of on-road exposure Costs greatly increases heavy-duty vehicle Marginal Costs because of their higher emissions rates and greater roadway capacity utilization. Lastly, there are large uncertainties associated with the parameters utilized in the estimation of health outcomes that are a function of travel pollution intensity and duration. More research is needed to develop on-road exposure modeling tools that link repeated short-duration exposure and health outcomes.
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Marginal Costs of Freeway Traffic Congestion with On-Road Pollution Exposure Externality
2013Co-Authors: Alexander Y. Bigazzi, Miguel A. FigliozziAbstract:The health cost of on-road air pollution exposure is a component of Marginal Costs in congested traffic that has not previously been assessed. The main objective of this paper is to introduce on-road pollution exposure as an externality of traffic congestion. Marginal private and external cost equations are developed that include on-road pollution exposure in addition to time, fuel, and regional pollution emissions components. Applying a set of parameter values based on the literature shows that on-road pollution exposure can be a large portion (18%) of Marginal Costs near freeway capacity. In an optimal pricing scenario, excluding the on-road exposure externality can lead to 6% residual welfare losses because of sub-optimal tolls. Time is the dominant cost component, but on-road exposure Costs increase dramatically in congestion. The estimated Marginal cost and benefit curves indicate a theoretical preference for price controls to address the externality problem. The inclusion of on-road exposure reduces the sizes of projects required to cover implementation Costs for intelligent transportation system improvements, with more of an effect on the estimated benefits of road-pricing systems than traffic flow improvements. When considering distinct vehicle classes, inclusion of on-road exposure Costs disproportionately affects heavy-duty vehicle Marginal Costs because of higher emissions rates and greater occupation of roadway capacity. Lastly, there are large uncertainties in the parameter estimates and more research is needed for on-road exposure modeling tools and linkages between repeated short-duration pollution exposure and health outcomes.
Alexander Y. Bigazzi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Marginal Costs of freeway traffic congestion with on road pollution exposure externality
Transportation Research Part A-policy and Practice, 2013Co-Authors: Alexander Y. Bigazzi, Miguel A. FigliozziAbstract:The health cost of on-road air pollution exposure is a component of traffic Marginal Costs that has not previously been assessed. The main objective of this paper is to introduce on-road pollution exposure as an externality of traffic, particularly important during traffic congestion when on-road pollution exposure is highest. Marginal private and external cost equations are developed that include on-road pollution exposure in addition to time, fuel, and pollution emissions components. The Marginal external cost of on-road exposure includes terms for the Marginal vehicle’s emissions, the increased emissions from all vehicles caused by additional congestion from the Marginal vehicle, and the additional exposure duration for all travelers caused by additional congestion from the Marginal vehicle. A sensitivity analysis shows that on-road pollution exposure can be a large portion (18%) of Marginal social Costs of traffic flow near freeway capacity, ranging from 4% to 38% with different exposure parameters. In an optimal pricing scenario, excluding the on-road exposure externality can lead to 6% residual welfare loss because of sub-optimal tolls. While regional pollution generates greater Costs in uncongested conditions, on-road exposure comes to dominate health Costs on congested freeways because of increased duration and intensity of exposure. The estimated Marginal cost and benefit curves indicate a theoretical preference for price controls to address the externality problem. The inclusion of on-road exposure Costs reduces the magnitudes of projects required to cover implementation Costs for intelligent transportation system (ITS) improvements; the net benefits of road-pricing ITS systems are increased more than the net benefits of ITS traffic flow improvements. When considering distinct vehicle classes, inclusion of on-road exposure Costs greatly increases heavy-duty vehicle Marginal Costs because of their higher emissions rates and greater roadway capacity utilization. Lastly, there are large uncertainties associated with the parameters utilized in the estimation of health outcomes that are a function of travel pollution intensity and duration. More research is needed to develop on-road exposure modeling tools that link repeated short-duration exposure and health outcomes.
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Marginal Costs of Freeway Traffic Congestion with On-Road Pollution Exposure Externality
2013Co-Authors: Alexander Y. Bigazzi, Miguel A. FigliozziAbstract:The health cost of on-road air pollution exposure is a component of Marginal Costs in congested traffic that has not previously been assessed. The main objective of this paper is to introduce on-road pollution exposure as an externality of traffic congestion. Marginal private and external cost equations are developed that include on-road pollution exposure in addition to time, fuel, and regional pollution emissions components. Applying a set of parameter values based on the literature shows that on-road pollution exposure can be a large portion (18%) of Marginal Costs near freeway capacity. In an optimal pricing scenario, excluding the on-road exposure externality can lead to 6% residual welfare losses because of sub-optimal tolls. Time is the dominant cost component, but on-road exposure Costs increase dramatically in congestion. The estimated Marginal cost and benefit curves indicate a theoretical preference for price controls to address the externality problem. The inclusion of on-road exposure reduces the sizes of projects required to cover implementation Costs for intelligent transportation system improvements, with more of an effect on the estimated benefits of road-pricing systems than traffic flow improvements. When considering distinct vehicle classes, inclusion of on-road exposure Costs disproportionately affects heavy-duty vehicle Marginal Costs because of higher emissions rates and greater occupation of roadway capacity. Lastly, there are large uncertainties in the parameter estimates and more research is needed for on-road exposure modeling tools and linkages between repeated short-duration pollution exposure and health outcomes.
Augusto Voltes-dorta - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Scale economies and Marginal Costs in Spanish airports
Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 2011Co-Authors: Juan Carlos Martín, Concepción Román, Augusto Voltes-dortaAbstract:In this paper, we estimate alternative specifications of the Spanish airports' cost function with the objective to provide a comparative analysis on several technological features such as output-specific Marginal Costs, economies of scale, and the Allen elasticities of substitution. We found evidence of significant and unexhausted scale economies as well as technological development in the Spanish airport industry. The results suggest that traffic consolidation in multi-airport areas such as the Basque Country or Catalonia will result in lower Costs for the public operator.
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International Airports: Economies of Scale and Marginal Costs
Journal of the Transportation Research Forum, 2010Co-Authors: Juan Carlos Martín, Augusto Voltes-dortaAbstract:Regarding some regulation fields, such as optimal investments and pricing policies, Marginal cost estimations for infrastructure-intensive transport services is always a challenging task. The lack of comparable data among airports is one of the causes which could explain the relative scarcity of this literature in the past. In this paper, the returns to scale and Marginal Costs are estimated using single-and multi-product translog specifications of a long-run cost function. A pooled database of financial data on 41 airports across Europe, North America, Asia, and Australia for the period 1991-2005 was used. Significant economies of scale and little degree of technological progress are found using Work Load Units (WLU) and Air Traffic Movements (ATM) as output measures. Additionally, individual long-run Marginal cost estimates are provided for each output measure, and for every airport under study.
Jan-eric Nilsson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Estimating the Marginal Costs of road wear
Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 2020Co-Authors: Jan-eric Nilsson, Kristin Svensson, Mattias HaraldssonAbstract:Using a large set of data, including age, pavement type, traffic etc., on sections of the road network, this paper sets out to assess the Marginal cost of using the road infrastructure. It suggests a strategy for identifying major differences in Marginal Costs across the road network, and provides evidence that not only heavy vehicles but also cars contribute to road quality deterioration. The hypothesis is that this is due to the widespread use of studded tires in countries with regular freeze-thaw cycles. No indication of deterioration due to time per se is found.
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The efficient use of infrastructure – is Sweden pricing traffic on its roads, railways, waters and airways at Marginal Costs?
2018Co-Authors: Jan-eric Nilsson, Jan-erik Swärdh, Mattias Haraldsson, Gunnar Isacsson, Lena Nerhagen, Kristofer Odolinski, Inge Vierth, Sherzod Yarmukhamedov, Johannes ÖsterströmAbstract:This review summarizes recent information about the Marginal Costs for using Sweden’s infrastructure and the relationship between the sum of Marginal Costs and charges for each mode. It is demonstrated that the tax on petrol used by private cars is higher than the Marginal Costs for emissions, accident risk and road wear and tear. The diesel tax is, on the other hand, not sufficient for internalization of heavy vehicles’ externalities. Neither trains nor aircraft or ships pay for their Marginal Costs. For railways, this confirms previous observations that Swedish track user charges are low in an international context. Except for a low level of charges, several examples are given of the strong motives for differentiation of charges in time and geography. The rapid technical development makes the cost motive for not differentiating the charges increasingly irrelevant.
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Pricing the use of Sweden’s railways. Are charges in line with Marginal Costs? : Marginal Costs pricing of airport use. The case for using a market mechanism for slot pricing
2003Co-Authors: Jan-eric NilssonAbstract:Pricing the use of Sweden’s railways. Are charges in line with Marginal Costs? : Marginal Costs pricing of airport use. The case for using a market mechanism for slot pricing
Juan Carlos Martín - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Scale economies and Marginal Costs in Spanish airports
Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 2011Co-Authors: Juan Carlos Martín, Concepción Román, Augusto Voltes-dortaAbstract:In this paper, we estimate alternative specifications of the Spanish airports' cost function with the objective to provide a comparative analysis on several technological features such as output-specific Marginal Costs, economies of scale, and the Allen elasticities of substitution. We found evidence of significant and unexhausted scale economies as well as technological development in the Spanish airport industry. The results suggest that traffic consolidation in multi-airport areas such as the Basque Country or Catalonia will result in lower Costs for the public operator.
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International Airports: Economies of Scale and Marginal Costs
Journal of the Transportation Research Forum, 2010Co-Authors: Juan Carlos Martín, Augusto Voltes-dortaAbstract:Regarding some regulation fields, such as optimal investments and pricing policies, Marginal cost estimations for infrastructure-intensive transport services is always a challenging task. The lack of comparable data among airports is one of the causes which could explain the relative scarcity of this literature in the past. In this paper, the returns to scale and Marginal Costs are estimated using single-and multi-product translog specifications of a long-run cost function. A pooled database of financial data on 41 airports across Europe, North America, Asia, and Australia for the period 1991-2005 was used. Significant economies of scale and little degree of technological progress are found using Work Load Units (WLU) and Air Traffic Movements (ATM) as output measures. Additionally, individual long-run Marginal cost estimates are provided for each output measure, and for every airport under study.
