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Margaret Haney - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • comparison of subjective pharmacokinetic and physiological effects of Marijuana smoked as joints and blunts
    Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2009
    Co-Authors: Ziva D Cooper, Margaret Haney
    Abstract:

    Recent increases in Marijuana smoking among the young adult population have been accompanied by the popularization of smoking Marijuana as blunts instead of as joints. Blunts consist of Marijuana wrapped in tobacco leaves, whereas joints consist of Marijuana wrapped in cigarette paper. To date, the effects of Marijuana smoked as joints and blunts have not been systematically compared. The current within-subject, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study sought to directly compare the subjective, physiologic, and pharmacokinetic effects of Marijuana smoked by these two methods. Marijuana blunt smokers (12 women; 12 men) were recruited and participated in a 6-session outpatient study. Participants were blindfolded and smoked three puffs from either a blunt or a joint containing Marijuana with varying delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentrations (0.0, 1.8, and 3.6%). Subjective, physiological (heart rate, blood pressure, carbon monoxide levels) and pharmacokinetic effects (plasma THC concentration) were monitored before and at specified time points for three hours after smoking. Joints produced greater increases in plasma THC and subjective ratings of Marijuana intoxication, strength, and quality compared to blunts, and these effects were more pronounced in women compared to men. However, blunts produced equivalent increases in heart rate and higher carbon monoxide levels than joints, despite producing lower levels of plasma THC. These findings demonstrate that smoking Marijuana in a tobacco leaf may increase the risks of Marijuana use by enhancing carbon monoxide exposure and increasing heart rate compared to joints.

  • cannabis reinforcement and dependence role of the cannabinoid cb1 receptor
    Addiction Biology, 2008
    Co-Authors: Ziva D Cooper, Margaret Haney
    Abstract:

    Awareness of cannabis dependence as a clinically relevant issue has grown in recent years. Clinical and laboratory studies demonstrate that chronic Marijuana smokers can experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of Marijuana smoking and have difficulty abstaining from Marijuana use. This paper will review data implicating the cannabinoid CB1 receptor in regulating the behavioral effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannobinol (THC), the primary psychoactive component of cannabis, across a range of species. The behavioral effects that will be discussed include those that directly contribute to the maintenance of chronic Marijuana smoking, such as reward, subjective effects, and the positive and negative reinforcing effects of Marijuana, THC and synthetic cannabinoids. The role of the CB1 receptor in the development of Marijuana dependence and expression of withdrawal will also be discussed. Lastly, treatment options that may alleviate withdrawal symptoms and promote Marijuana abstinence will be considered.

  • effects of thc and lofexidine in a human laboratory model of Marijuana withdrawal and relapse
    Psychopharmacology, 2008
    Co-Authors: Margaret Haney, Sandra D Comer, Carl L Hart, Suzanne K Vosburg, Stephanie Collins Reed, Richard W Foltin
    Abstract:

    Individuals seeking treatment for their Marijuana use rarely achieve sustained abstinence. The objectives of the study are to determine if THC, a cannabinoid agonist, and lofexidine, an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist, given alone and in combination, decreased symptoms of Marijuana withdrawal and relapse, defined as a return to Marijuana use after a period of abstinence. Nontreatment-seeking, male volunteers (n = 8), averaging 12 Marijuana cigarettes/day, were maintained on each of four medication conditions for 7 days: placebo, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (60 mg/day), lofexidine (2.4 mg/day), and THC (60 mg/day) combined with lofexidine (2.4 mg/day); each inpatient phase was separated by an outpatient washout phase. During the first three inpatient days, placebo Marijuana was available for self-administration (withdrawal). For the next 4 days, active Marijuana was available for self-administration (relapse). Participants paid for self-administered Marijuana using study earnings. Self-administration, mood, task performance, food intake, and sleep were measured. THC reversed the anorexia and weight loss associated with Marijuana withdrawal, and decreased a subset of withdrawal symptoms, but increased sleep onset latency, and did not decrease Marijuana relapse. Lofexidine was sedating, worsened abstinence-related anorexia, and did not robustly attenuate withdrawal, but improved sleep and decreased Marijuana relapse. The combination of lofexidine and THC produced the most robust improvements in sleep and decreased Marijuana withdrawal, craving, and relapse in daily Marijuana smokers relative to either medication alone. These data suggest the combination of lofexidine and THC warrant further testing as a potential treatment for Marijuana dependence.

  • dronabinol and Marijuana in hiv positive Marijuana smokers caloric intake mood and sleep
    Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2007
    Co-Authors: Margaret Haney, Sandra D Comer, Carl L Hart, Suzanne K Vosburg, Erik W Gunderson, Judith G Rabkin, Richard W Foltin
    Abstract:

    Objectives: Individuals with HIV constitute the largest group using cannabinoids for medicinal reasons; yet, no studies have directly compared the tolerability and efficacy of smoked Marijuana and oral dronabinol maintenance in HIV-positive Marijuana smokers. This placebo-controlled within-subjects study evaluated Marijuana and dronabinol across a range of behaviors: eating topography, mood, cognitive performance, physiologic measures, and sleep. Methods: HIV-positive Marijuana smokers (n = 10) completed 2 16-day inpatient phases. Each dronabinol (5 and 10 mg) and Marijuana (2.0% and 3.9% D 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]) dosewas administered 4 times daily for 4 days, but only 1 drug was active per day, thereby maintaining double-blind dosing. Four days of placebo washout separated each active cannabinoid condition. Results: As compared with placebo, Marijuana and dronabinol dose dependently increased daily caloric intake and body weight in HIVpositive Marijuana smokers. All cannabinoid conditions produced significant intoxication, except for low-dose dronabinol (5 mg); the intoxication was rated positively (eg, ‘‘good drug effect’’) with little evidence of discomfort and no impairment of cognitive performance. Effects of Marijuana and dronabinol were comparable, except that only Marijuana (3.9% THC) improved ratings of sleep. Conclusions: These data suggest that for HIV-positive Marijuana smokers, both dronabinol (at doses 8 times current recommendations) and Marijuana were well tolerated and produced substantial and comparable increases in food intake.

  • dronabinol and Marijuana in hiv positive Marijuana smokers caloric intake mood and sleep
    Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2007
    Co-Authors: Margaret Haney, Sandra D Comer, Carl L Hart, Suzanne K Vosburg, Erik W Gunderson, Judith G Rabkin, Richard W Foltin
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVES: Individuals with HIV constitute the largest group using cannabinoids for medicinal reasons; yet, no studies have directly compared the tolerability and efficacy of smoked Marijuana and oral dronabinol maintenance in HIV-positive Marijuana smokers. This placebo-controlled within-subjects study evaluated Marijuana and dronabinol across a range of behaviors: eating topography, mood, cognitive performance, physiologic measures, and sleep. METHODS: HIV-positive Marijuana smokers (n = 10) completed 2 16-day inpatient phases. Each dronabinol (5 and 10 mg) and Marijuana (2.0% and 3.9% Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]) dose was administered 4 times daily for 4 days, but only 1 drug was active per day, thereby maintaining double-blind dosing. Four days of placebo washout separated each active cannabinoid condition. RESULTS: As compared with placebo, Marijuana and dronabinol dose dependently increased daily caloric intake and body weight in HIV-positive Marijuana smokers. All cannabinoid conditions produced significant intoxication, except for low-dose dronabinol (5 mg); the intoxication was rated positively (eg, "good drug effect") with little evidence of discomfort and no impairment of cognitive performance. Effects of Marijuana and dronabinol were comparable, except that only Marijuana (3.9% THC) improved ratings of sleep. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that for HIV-positive Marijuana smokers, both dronabinol (at doses 8 times current recommendations) and Marijuana were well tolerated and produced substantial and comparable increases in food intake.

Richard W Foltin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • effects of thc and lofexidine in a human laboratory model of Marijuana withdrawal and relapse
    Psychopharmacology, 2008
    Co-Authors: Margaret Haney, Sandra D Comer, Carl L Hart, Suzanne K Vosburg, Stephanie Collins Reed, Richard W Foltin
    Abstract:

    Individuals seeking treatment for their Marijuana use rarely achieve sustained abstinence. The objectives of the study are to determine if THC, a cannabinoid agonist, and lofexidine, an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist, given alone and in combination, decreased symptoms of Marijuana withdrawal and relapse, defined as a return to Marijuana use after a period of abstinence. Nontreatment-seeking, male volunteers (n = 8), averaging 12 Marijuana cigarettes/day, were maintained on each of four medication conditions for 7 days: placebo, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (60 mg/day), lofexidine (2.4 mg/day), and THC (60 mg/day) combined with lofexidine (2.4 mg/day); each inpatient phase was separated by an outpatient washout phase. During the first three inpatient days, placebo Marijuana was available for self-administration (withdrawal). For the next 4 days, active Marijuana was available for self-administration (relapse). Participants paid for self-administered Marijuana using study earnings. Self-administration, mood, task performance, food intake, and sleep were measured. THC reversed the anorexia and weight loss associated with Marijuana withdrawal, and decreased a subset of withdrawal symptoms, but increased sleep onset latency, and did not decrease Marijuana relapse. Lofexidine was sedating, worsened abstinence-related anorexia, and did not robustly attenuate withdrawal, but improved sleep and decreased Marijuana relapse. The combination of lofexidine and THC produced the most robust improvements in sleep and decreased Marijuana withdrawal, craving, and relapse in daily Marijuana smokers relative to either medication alone. These data suggest the combination of lofexidine and THC warrant further testing as a potential treatment for Marijuana dependence.

  • dronabinol and Marijuana in hiv positive Marijuana smokers caloric intake mood and sleep
    Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2007
    Co-Authors: Margaret Haney, Sandra D Comer, Carl L Hart, Suzanne K Vosburg, Erik W Gunderson, Judith G Rabkin, Richard W Foltin
    Abstract:

    Objectives: Individuals with HIV constitute the largest group using cannabinoids for medicinal reasons; yet, no studies have directly compared the tolerability and efficacy of smoked Marijuana and oral dronabinol maintenance in HIV-positive Marijuana smokers. This placebo-controlled within-subjects study evaluated Marijuana and dronabinol across a range of behaviors: eating topography, mood, cognitive performance, physiologic measures, and sleep. Methods: HIV-positive Marijuana smokers (n = 10) completed 2 16-day inpatient phases. Each dronabinol (5 and 10 mg) and Marijuana (2.0% and 3.9% D 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]) dosewas administered 4 times daily for 4 days, but only 1 drug was active per day, thereby maintaining double-blind dosing. Four days of placebo washout separated each active cannabinoid condition. Results: As compared with placebo, Marijuana and dronabinol dose dependently increased daily caloric intake and body weight in HIVpositive Marijuana smokers. All cannabinoid conditions produced significant intoxication, except for low-dose dronabinol (5 mg); the intoxication was rated positively (eg, ‘‘good drug effect’’) with little evidence of discomfort and no impairment of cognitive performance. Effects of Marijuana and dronabinol were comparable, except that only Marijuana (3.9% THC) improved ratings of sleep. Conclusions: These data suggest that for HIV-positive Marijuana smokers, both dronabinol (at doses 8 times current recommendations) and Marijuana were well tolerated and produced substantial and comparable increases in food intake.

  • dronabinol and Marijuana in hiv positive Marijuana smokers caloric intake mood and sleep
    Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2007
    Co-Authors: Margaret Haney, Sandra D Comer, Carl L Hart, Suzanne K Vosburg, Erik W Gunderson, Judith G Rabkin, Richard W Foltin
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVES: Individuals with HIV constitute the largest group using cannabinoids for medicinal reasons; yet, no studies have directly compared the tolerability and efficacy of smoked Marijuana and oral dronabinol maintenance in HIV-positive Marijuana smokers. This placebo-controlled within-subjects study evaluated Marijuana and dronabinol across a range of behaviors: eating topography, mood, cognitive performance, physiologic measures, and sleep. METHODS: HIV-positive Marijuana smokers (n = 10) completed 2 16-day inpatient phases. Each dronabinol (5 and 10 mg) and Marijuana (2.0% and 3.9% Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]) dose was administered 4 times daily for 4 days, but only 1 drug was active per day, thereby maintaining double-blind dosing. Four days of placebo washout separated each active cannabinoid condition. RESULTS: As compared with placebo, Marijuana and dronabinol dose dependently increased daily caloric intake and body weight in HIV-positive Marijuana smokers. All cannabinoid conditions produced significant intoxication, except for low-dose dronabinol (5 mg); the intoxication was rated positively (eg, "good drug effect") with little evidence of discomfort and no impairment of cognitive performance. Effects of Marijuana and dronabinol were comparable, except that only Marijuana (3.9% THC) improved ratings of sleep. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that for HIV-positive Marijuana smokers, both dronabinol (at doses 8 times current recommendations) and Marijuana were well tolerated and produced substantial and comparable increases in food intake.

  • Marijuana withdrawal in humans effects of oral thc or divalproex
    Neuropsychopharmacology, 2004
    Co-Authors: Margaret Haney, Carl L Hart, Suzanne K Vosburg, Jennifer A Nasser, Andrew S Bennett, Carlos Zubaran, Richard W Foltin
    Abstract:

    Abstinence following daily Marijuana use can produce a withdrawal syndrome characterized by negative mood (eg irritability, anxiety, misery), muscle pain, chills, and decreased food intake. Two placebo-controlled, within-subject studies investigated the effects of a cannabinoid agonist, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC: Study 1), and a mood stabilizer, divalproex (Study 2), on symptoms of Marijuana withdrawal. Participants (n=7/study), who were not seeking treatment for their Marijuana use, reported smoking 6-10 Marijuana cigarettes/day, 6-7 days/week. Study 1 was a 15-day in-patient, 5-day outpatient, 15-day in-patient design. During the in-patient phases, participants took oral THC capsules (0, 10 mg) five times/day, 1 h prior to smoking Marijuana (0.00, 3.04% THC). Active and placebo Marijuana were smoked on in-patient days 1-8, while only placebo Marijuana was smoked on days 9-14, that is, Marijuana abstinence. Placebo THC was administered each day, except during one of the abstinence phases (days 9-14), when active THC was given. Mood, psychomotor task performance, food intake, and sleep were measured. Oral THC administered during Marijuana abstinence decreased ratings of 'anxious', 'miserable', 'trouble sleeping', 'chills', and Marijuana craving, and reversed large decreases in food intake as compared to placebo, while producing no intoxication. Study 2 was a 58-day, outpatient/in-patient design. Participants were maintained on each divalproex dose (0, 1500 mg/day) for 29 days each. Each maintenance condition began with a 14-day outpatient phase for medication induction or clearance and continued with a 15-day in-patient phase. Divalproex decreased Marijuana craving during abstinence, yet increased ratings of 'anxious', 'irritable', 'bad effect', and 'tired.' Divalproex worsened performance on psychomotor tasks, and increased food intake regardless of Marijuana condition. Thus, oral THC decreased Marijuana craving and withdrawal symptoms at a dose that was subjectively indistinguishable from placebo. Divalproex worsened mood and cognitive performance during Marijuana abstinence. These data suggest that oral THC, but not divalproex, may be useful in the treatment of Marijuana dependence.

  • abstinence symptoms following smoked Marijuana in humans
    Psychopharmacology, 1999
    Co-Authors: Margaret Haney, Amie S Ward, Sandra D Comer, Richard W Foltin, Marian W Fischman
    Abstract:

    Symptoms of withdrawal after oral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administration have been reported, yet little is known about the development of dependence on smoked Marijuana in humans. In a 21-day residential study, Marijuana smokers (n = 12) worked on five psychomotor tasks during the day (0915–1700 hours), and in the evening engaged in recreational activities (1700–2330 hours); subjective-effects measures were completed 10 times/day. Food and beverages were available ad libitum from 0830 to 2330 hours. Marijuana cigarettes (0.0, 1.8, 3.1% THC) were smoked at 1000, 1400, 1800, and 2200 hours. Placebo Marijuana was administered on days 1–4 . One of the active Marijuana doses was administered on days 5–8, followed by 4 days of placebo Marijuana (days 9–12). The other concentration of active Marijuana cigarettes was administered on days 13–16, followed by 4 days of placebo Marijuana (days 17–20); the order in which the high and low THC-concentration Marijuana cigarettes were administered was counter-balanced between groups. Both active doses of Marijuana increased ratings of “High,” and “Good Drug Effect,” and increased food intake, while decreasing verbal interaction compared to the placebo baseline (days 1–4). Abstinence from active Marijuana increased ratings such as “Anxious,”“Irritable,” and “Stomach pain,” and significantly decreased food intake compared to baseline. This empirical demonstration of withdrawal from smoked Marijuana may suggest that daily Marijuana use may be maintained, at least in part, by the alleviation of abstinence symptoms.

Carl L Hart - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • frequent Marijuana use binge drinking and mental health problems among undergraduates
    American Journal on Addictions, 2015
    Co-Authors: Diana R Keith, Carl L Hart, Michael P Mcneil, Rae Silver, Renee D Goodwin
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In light of the rapidly changing legal status of Marijuana in the U.S., there has been increased interest in the potentially adverse outcomes of heavy Marijuana use among young persons. The goal of this study was to investigate frequent Marijuana use among undergraduates, and its association with the use of illicit substances, mental health problems, and stress. METHODS: Undergraduates from one university in the Northeast were surveyed using a questionnaire derived from the American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment (N = 1,776). Logistic regression analyses were used to examine relationships between frequency of Marijuana use and other substance use, binge drinking, negative consequences of drinking, mental health problems, and perceived stress. Analyses were adjusted for demographics differences such as gender, race, year in school, and sorority/fraternity membership. RESULTS: Approximately 1 in 12 undergraduates (8.5%) reported using Marijuana more than 10 days in the past month. Frequent Marijuana use was associated with increased likelihood of other substance use and alcohol-related negative outcomes. Marijuana use was associated with increased reports of anxiety, and frequent use was associated with depression and substance use problems. Perceived stress was not associated with Marijuana use. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: These findings, indicating that frequent use is related to depression, other substance use and negative outcomes, contribute to our understanding of Marijuana use among undergraduates. Given the relatively high prevalence of Marijuana use among young persons, future studies should seek to uncover potentially causal relationships between frequent Marijuana use and a variety of negative outcomes. (Am J Addict 2015;XX:XX -XX). Language: en

  • effects of thc and lofexidine in a human laboratory model of Marijuana withdrawal and relapse
    Psychopharmacology, 2008
    Co-Authors: Margaret Haney, Sandra D Comer, Carl L Hart, Suzanne K Vosburg, Stephanie Collins Reed, Richard W Foltin
    Abstract:

    Individuals seeking treatment for their Marijuana use rarely achieve sustained abstinence. The objectives of the study are to determine if THC, a cannabinoid agonist, and lofexidine, an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist, given alone and in combination, decreased symptoms of Marijuana withdrawal and relapse, defined as a return to Marijuana use after a period of abstinence. Nontreatment-seeking, male volunteers (n = 8), averaging 12 Marijuana cigarettes/day, were maintained on each of four medication conditions for 7 days: placebo, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (60 mg/day), lofexidine (2.4 mg/day), and THC (60 mg/day) combined with lofexidine (2.4 mg/day); each inpatient phase was separated by an outpatient washout phase. During the first three inpatient days, placebo Marijuana was available for self-administration (withdrawal). For the next 4 days, active Marijuana was available for self-administration (relapse). Participants paid for self-administered Marijuana using study earnings. Self-administration, mood, task performance, food intake, and sleep were measured. THC reversed the anorexia and weight loss associated with Marijuana withdrawal, and decreased a subset of withdrawal symptoms, but increased sleep onset latency, and did not decrease Marijuana relapse. Lofexidine was sedating, worsened abstinence-related anorexia, and did not robustly attenuate withdrawal, but improved sleep and decreased Marijuana relapse. The combination of lofexidine and THC produced the most robust improvements in sleep and decreased Marijuana withdrawal, craving, and relapse in daily Marijuana smokers relative to either medication alone. These data suggest the combination of lofexidine and THC warrant further testing as a potential treatment for Marijuana dependence.

  • dronabinol and Marijuana in hiv positive Marijuana smokers caloric intake mood and sleep
    Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2007
    Co-Authors: Margaret Haney, Sandra D Comer, Carl L Hart, Suzanne K Vosburg, Erik W Gunderson, Judith G Rabkin, Richard W Foltin
    Abstract:

    Objectives: Individuals with HIV constitute the largest group using cannabinoids for medicinal reasons; yet, no studies have directly compared the tolerability and efficacy of smoked Marijuana and oral dronabinol maintenance in HIV-positive Marijuana smokers. This placebo-controlled within-subjects study evaluated Marijuana and dronabinol across a range of behaviors: eating topography, mood, cognitive performance, physiologic measures, and sleep. Methods: HIV-positive Marijuana smokers (n = 10) completed 2 16-day inpatient phases. Each dronabinol (5 and 10 mg) and Marijuana (2.0% and 3.9% D 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]) dosewas administered 4 times daily for 4 days, but only 1 drug was active per day, thereby maintaining double-blind dosing. Four days of placebo washout separated each active cannabinoid condition. Results: As compared with placebo, Marijuana and dronabinol dose dependently increased daily caloric intake and body weight in HIVpositive Marijuana smokers. All cannabinoid conditions produced significant intoxication, except for low-dose dronabinol (5 mg); the intoxication was rated positively (eg, ‘‘good drug effect’’) with little evidence of discomfort and no impairment of cognitive performance. Effects of Marijuana and dronabinol were comparable, except that only Marijuana (3.9% THC) improved ratings of sleep. Conclusions: These data suggest that for HIV-positive Marijuana smokers, both dronabinol (at doses 8 times current recommendations) and Marijuana were well tolerated and produced substantial and comparable increases in food intake.

  • dronabinol and Marijuana in hiv positive Marijuana smokers caloric intake mood and sleep
    Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2007
    Co-Authors: Margaret Haney, Sandra D Comer, Carl L Hart, Suzanne K Vosburg, Erik W Gunderson, Judith G Rabkin, Richard W Foltin
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVES: Individuals with HIV constitute the largest group using cannabinoids for medicinal reasons; yet, no studies have directly compared the tolerability and efficacy of smoked Marijuana and oral dronabinol maintenance in HIV-positive Marijuana smokers. This placebo-controlled within-subjects study evaluated Marijuana and dronabinol across a range of behaviors: eating topography, mood, cognitive performance, physiologic measures, and sleep. METHODS: HIV-positive Marijuana smokers (n = 10) completed 2 16-day inpatient phases. Each dronabinol (5 and 10 mg) and Marijuana (2.0% and 3.9% Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]) dose was administered 4 times daily for 4 days, but only 1 drug was active per day, thereby maintaining double-blind dosing. Four days of placebo washout separated each active cannabinoid condition. RESULTS: As compared with placebo, Marijuana and dronabinol dose dependently increased daily caloric intake and body weight in HIV-positive Marijuana smokers. All cannabinoid conditions produced significant intoxication, except for low-dose dronabinol (5 mg); the intoxication was rated positively (eg, "good drug effect") with little evidence of discomfort and no impairment of cognitive performance. Effects of Marijuana and dronabinol were comparable, except that only Marijuana (3.9% THC) improved ratings of sleep. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that for HIV-positive Marijuana smokers, both dronabinol (at doses 8 times current recommendations) and Marijuana were well tolerated and produced substantial and comparable increases in food intake.

  • Marijuana withdrawal in humans effects of oral thc or divalproex
    Neuropsychopharmacology, 2004
    Co-Authors: Margaret Haney, Carl L Hart, Suzanne K Vosburg, Jennifer A Nasser, Andrew S Bennett, Carlos Zubaran, Richard W Foltin
    Abstract:

    Abstinence following daily Marijuana use can produce a withdrawal syndrome characterized by negative mood (eg irritability, anxiety, misery), muscle pain, chills, and decreased food intake. Two placebo-controlled, within-subject studies investigated the effects of a cannabinoid agonist, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC: Study 1), and a mood stabilizer, divalproex (Study 2), on symptoms of Marijuana withdrawal. Participants (n=7/study), who were not seeking treatment for their Marijuana use, reported smoking 6-10 Marijuana cigarettes/day, 6-7 days/week. Study 1 was a 15-day in-patient, 5-day outpatient, 15-day in-patient design. During the in-patient phases, participants took oral THC capsules (0, 10 mg) five times/day, 1 h prior to smoking Marijuana (0.00, 3.04% THC). Active and placebo Marijuana were smoked on in-patient days 1-8, while only placebo Marijuana was smoked on days 9-14, that is, Marijuana abstinence. Placebo THC was administered each day, except during one of the abstinence phases (days 9-14), when active THC was given. Mood, psychomotor task performance, food intake, and sleep were measured. Oral THC administered during Marijuana abstinence decreased ratings of 'anxious', 'miserable', 'trouble sleeping', 'chills', and Marijuana craving, and reversed large decreases in food intake as compared to placebo, while producing no intoxication. Study 2 was a 58-day, outpatient/in-patient design. Participants were maintained on each divalproex dose (0, 1500 mg/day) for 29 days each. Each maintenance condition began with a 14-day outpatient phase for medication induction or clearance and continued with a 15-day in-patient phase. Divalproex decreased Marijuana craving during abstinence, yet increased ratings of 'anxious', 'irritable', 'bad effect', and 'tired.' Divalproex worsened performance on psychomotor tasks, and increased food intake regardless of Marijuana condition. Thus, oral THC decreased Marijuana craving and withdrawal symptoms at a dose that was subjectively indistinguishable from placebo. Divalproex worsened mood and cognitive performance during Marijuana abstinence. These data suggest that oral THC, but not divalproex, may be useful in the treatment of Marijuana dependence.

Deborah S. Hasin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • association of state recreational Marijuana laws with adolescent Marijuana use
    JAMA Pediatrics, 2017
    Co-Authors: Magdalena Cerda, Tianshu Feng, Katherine M. Keyes, Sandro Galea, Melanie M Wall, Aaron L Sarvet, John E Schulenberg, Patrick M Omalley, Rosalie Liccardo Pacula, Deborah S. Hasin
    Abstract:

    Importance Historical shifts are occurring in Marijuana policy. The effect of legalizing Marijuana for recreational use on rates of adolescent Marijuana use is a topic of considerable debate. Objective To examine the association between the legalization of recreational Marijuana use in Washington and Colorado in 2012 and the subsequent perceived harmfulness and use of Marijuana by adolescents. Design, Setting, and Participants We used data of 253 902 students in eighth, 10th, and 12th grades from 2010 to 2015 from Monitoring the Future, a national, annual, cross-sectional survey of students in secondary schools in the contiguous United States. Difference-in-difference estimates compared changes in perceived harmfulness of Marijuana use and in past-month Marijuana use in Washington and Colorado prior to recreational Marijuana legalization (2010-2012) with postlegalization (2013-2015) vs the contemporaneous trends in other states that did not legalize recreational Marijuana use in this period. Main Outcomes and Measures Perceived harmfulness of Marijuana use (great or moderate risk to health from smoking Marijuana occasionally) and Marijuana use (past 30 days). Results Of the 253 902 participants, 120 590 of 245 065(49.2%) were male, and the mean (SD) age was 15.6 (1.7) years. In Washington, perceived harmfulness declined 14.2% and 16.1% among eighth and 10th graders, respectively, while Marijuana use increased 2.0% and 4.1% from 2010-2012 to 2013-2015. In contrast, among states that did not legalize recreational Marijuana use, perceived harmfulness decreased by 4.9% and 7.2% among eighth and 10th graders, respectively, and Marijuana use decreased by 1.3% and 0.9% over the same period. Difference-in-difference estimates comparing Washington vs states that did not legalize recreational drug use indicated that these differences were significant for perceived harmfulness (eighth graders: % [SD], −9.3 [3.5]; P  = .01; 10th graders: % [SD], −9.0 [3.8]; P  = .02) and Marijuana use (eighth graders: % [SD], 5.0 [1.9]; P  = .03; 10th graders: % [SD], 3.2 [1.5]; P  = .007). No significant differences were found in perceived harmfulness or Marijuana use among 12th graders in Washington or for any of the 3 grades in Colorado. Conclusions and Relevance Among eighth and 10th graders in Washington, perceived harmfulness of Marijuana use decreased and Marijuana use increased following legalization of recreational Marijuana use. In contrast, Colorado did not exhibit any differential change in perceived harmfulness or past-month adolescent Marijuana use following legalization. A cautious interpretation of the findings suggests investment in evidence-based adolescent substance use prevention programs in any additional states that may legalize recreational Marijuana use.

  • how does state Marijuana policy affect us youth medical Marijuana laws Marijuana use and perceived harmfulness 1991 2014
    Addiction, 2016
    Co-Authors: Katherine M. Keyes, Tianshu Feng, Magdalena Cerda, Deborah S. Hasin, Sandro Galea, Melanie M Wall, John E Schulenberg, Patrick M Omalley
    Abstract:

    Aims To test, among US students: (1) whether perceived harmfulness of Marijuana has changed over time, (2) whether perceived harmfulness of Marijuana changed post-passage of state medical Marijuana laws (MML) compared with pre-passage; and (3) whether perceived harmfulness of Marijuana statistically mediates and/or modifies the relation between MML and Marijuana use as a function of grade level. Design Cross-sectional nationally representative surveys of US students, conducted annually, 1991–2014, in the Monitoring the Future study. Setting Surveys conducted in schools in all coterminous states; 21 states passed MML between 1996 and 2014. Participants The sample included 1 134 734 adolescents in 8th, 10th and 12th grades. Measurements State passage of MML; perceived harmfulness of Marijuana use (perceiving great or moderate risk to health from smoking Marijuana occasionally versus slight or no risk); and Marijuana use (prior 30 days). Data were analyzed using time-varying multi-level regression modeling. Findings The perceived harmfulness of Marijuana has decreased significantly since 1991 (from an estimated 84.0% in 1991 to 53.8% in 2014, P < 0.01) and, across time, perceived harmfulness was lower in states that passed MML [odds ratio (OR) = 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.75–0.97]. In states with MML, perceived harmfulness of Marijuana increased among 8th graders after MML passage (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.08–1.36), while Marijuana use decreased (OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.72–0.92). Results were null for other grades, and for all grades combined. Increases in perceived harmfulness among 8th graders after MML passage was associated with ~33% of the decrease in use. When adolescents were stratified by perceived harmfulness, use in 8th graders decreased to a greater extent among those who perceived Marijuana as harmful. Conclusions While perceived harmfulness of Marijuana use appears to be decreasing nationally among adolescents in the United States, the passage of medical Marijuana laws (MML) is associated with increases in perceived harmfulness among young adolescents and Marijuana use has decreased among those who perceive Marijuana to be harmful after passage of MML.

  • state level medical Marijuana laws Marijuana use and perceived availability of Marijuana among the general u s population
    Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2016
    Co-Authors: Silvia S Martins, Magdalena Cerda, Katherine M. Keyes, Deborah S. Hasin, Sandro Galea, Christine Mauro, Julian Santaellatenorio, June H Kim, Melanie M Wall
    Abstract:

    Abstract Background Little is known on how perceived availability of Marijuana is associated with medical Marijuana laws. We examined the relationship between medical Marijuana laws (MML) and the prevalence of past-month Marijuana use, with perceived availability of Marijuana. Methods Data were from respondents included in the National Survey of Drug Use and Health restricted use data portal 2004–2013. Multilevel logistic regression of individual-level data was used to test differences between MML and non-MML states and changes in prevalence of past-month Marijuana use and perceived availability from before to after passage of MML among adolescents, young adults and older adults controlling for demographics. Results Among adults 26+, past-month prevalence of Marijuana use increased from 5.87% to 7.15% after MML passage (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 1.24 [1.16–1.31]), but no change in prevalence of use was found for 12–17 or 18–25 year-olds. Perceived availability of Marijuana increased after MML was enacted among those 26+ but not in younger groups. Among all age groups, prevalence of Marijuana use and perception of it being easily available was higher in states that would eventually pass MML by 2013 compared to those that had not. Perceived availability was significantly associated with increased risk of past-month Marijuana use in all age groups. Conclusion Evidence suggests perceived availability as a driver of change in use of Marijuana due to MML. To date, this has only occurred in adults 26+ and different scenarios that could explain this change need to be further explored.

  • prevalence of Marijuana use disorders in the united states between 2001 2002 and 2012 2013
    JAMA Psychiatry, 2015
    Co-Authors: Deborah S. Hasin, Tulshi D Saha, Bradley T Kerridge, Rise B Goldstein, Patricia S Chou, Haitao Zhang, Jeesun Jung, Roger P Pickering, June W Ruan
    Abstract:

    Importance Laws and attitudes toward Marijuana in the United States are becoming more permissive but little is known about whether the prevalence rates of Marijuana use and Marijuana use disorders have changed in the 21st century. Objective To present nationally representative information on the past-year prevalence rates of Marijuana use, Marijuana use disorder, and Marijuana use disorder among Marijuana users in the US adult general population and whether this has changed between 2001-2002 and 2012-2013. Design, Setting, and Participants Face-to-face interviews conducted in surveys of 2 nationally representative samples of US adults: the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (data collected April 2001-April 2002; N = 43 093) and the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions–III (data collected April 2012-June 2013; N = 36 309). Data were analyzed March through May 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures Past-year Marijuana use and DSM-IV Marijuana use disorder (abuse or dependence). Results The past-year prevalence of Marijuana use was 4.1% (SE, 0.15) in 2001-2002 and 9.5% (SE, 0.27) in 2012-2013, a significant increase ( P DSM-IV Marijuana use disorder was 1.5% (0.08) in 2001-2002 and 2.9% (SE, 0.13) in 2012-2013 ( P P Conclusions and Relevance The prevalence of Marijuana use more than doubled between 2001-2002 and 2012-2013, and there was a large increase in Marijuana use disorders during that time. While not all Marijuana users experience problems, nearly 3 of 10 Marijuana users manifested a Marijuana use disorder in 2012-2013. Because the risk for Marijuana use disorder did not increase among users, the increase in prevalence of Marijuana use disorder is owing to an increase in prevalence of users in the US adult population. Given changing laws and attitudes toward Marijuana, a balanced presentation of the likelihood of adverse consequences of Marijuana use to policy makers, professionals, and the public is needed.

  • Medical Marijuana laws and adolescent Marijuana use in the USA from 1991 to 2014: Results from annual, repeated cross-sectional surveys
    The Lancet Psychiatry, 2015
    Co-Authors: Deborah S. Hasin, Patrick M O'malley, John Schulenberg, Rosalie Pacula, Magdalena Cerda, Melanie Wall, Katherine M. Keyes, Sandro Galea, Tianshu Feng
    Abstract:

    Background: Adolescent use of Marijuana is associated with adverse later effects, so the identification of factors underlying adolescent use is of substantial public health importance. The relationship between US state laws that permit Marijuana for medical purposes and adolescent Marijuana use has been controversial. Such laws could convey a message about Marijuana acceptability that increases its use soon after passage, even if implementation is delayed or the law narrowly restricts its use. We used 24 years of national data from the USA to examine the relationship between state medical Marijuana laws and adolescent use of Marijuana. Methods: Using a multistage, random-sampling design with replacement, the Monitoring the Future study conducts annual national surveys of 8th, 10th, and 12th-grade students (modal ages 13-14, 15-16, and 17-18 years, respectively), in around 400 schools per year. Students complete self-administered questionnaires that include questions on Marijuana use. We analysed data from 1 098 270 adolescents surveyed between 1991 and 2014. The primary outcome of this analysis was any Marijuana use in the previous 30 days. We used multilevel regression modelling with adolescents nested within states to examine two questions. The first was whether Marijuana use was higher overall in states that ever passed a medical Marijuana law up to 2014. The second was whether the risk of Marijuana use changed after passage of medical Marijuana laws. Control covariates included individual, school, and state-level characteristics. Findings: Marijuana use was more prevalent in states that passed a medical Marijuana law any time up to 2014 than in other states (adjusted prevalence 15·87% vs 13·27%; adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1·27, 95% CI 1·07-1·51; p=0·0057). However, the risk of Marijuana use in states before passing medical Marijuana laws did not differ significantly from the risk after medical Marijuana laws were passed (adjusted prevalence 16·25% vs 15·45%; adjusted OR 0·92, 95% CI 0·82-1·04; p=0·185). Results were generally robust across sensitivity analyses, including redefining Marijuana use as any use in the previous year or frequency of use, and reanalysing medical Marijuana laws for delayed effects or for variation in provisions for dispensaries. Interpretation: Our findings, consistent with previous evidence, suggest that passage of state medical Marijuana laws does not increase adolescent use of Marijuana. However, overall, adolescent use is higher in states that ever passed such a law than in other states. State-level risk factors other than medical Marijuana laws could contribute to both Marijuana use and the passage of medical Marijuana laws, and such factors warrant investigation. Funding: US National Institute on Drug Abuse, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York State Psychiatric Institute.

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  • effects of thc and lofexidine in a human laboratory model of Marijuana withdrawal and relapse
    Psychopharmacology, 2008
    Co-Authors: Margaret Haney, Sandra D Comer, Carl L Hart, Suzanne K Vosburg, Stephanie Collins Reed, Richard W Foltin
    Abstract:

    Individuals seeking treatment for their Marijuana use rarely achieve sustained abstinence. The objectives of the study are to determine if THC, a cannabinoid agonist, and lofexidine, an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist, given alone and in combination, decreased symptoms of Marijuana withdrawal and relapse, defined as a return to Marijuana use after a period of abstinence. Nontreatment-seeking, male volunteers (n = 8), averaging 12 Marijuana cigarettes/day, were maintained on each of four medication conditions for 7 days: placebo, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (60 mg/day), lofexidine (2.4 mg/day), and THC (60 mg/day) combined with lofexidine (2.4 mg/day); each inpatient phase was separated by an outpatient washout phase. During the first three inpatient days, placebo Marijuana was available for self-administration (withdrawal). For the next 4 days, active Marijuana was available for self-administration (relapse). Participants paid for self-administered Marijuana using study earnings. Self-administration, mood, task performance, food intake, and sleep were measured. THC reversed the anorexia and weight loss associated with Marijuana withdrawal, and decreased a subset of withdrawal symptoms, but increased sleep onset latency, and did not decrease Marijuana relapse. Lofexidine was sedating, worsened abstinence-related anorexia, and did not robustly attenuate withdrawal, but improved sleep and decreased Marijuana relapse. The combination of lofexidine and THC produced the most robust improvements in sleep and decreased Marijuana withdrawal, craving, and relapse in daily Marijuana smokers relative to either medication alone. These data suggest the combination of lofexidine and THC warrant further testing as a potential treatment for Marijuana dependence.

  • dronabinol and Marijuana in hiv positive Marijuana smokers caloric intake mood and sleep
    Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2007
    Co-Authors: Margaret Haney, Sandra D Comer, Carl L Hart, Suzanne K Vosburg, Erik W Gunderson, Judith G Rabkin, Richard W Foltin
    Abstract:

    Objectives: Individuals with HIV constitute the largest group using cannabinoids for medicinal reasons; yet, no studies have directly compared the tolerability and efficacy of smoked Marijuana and oral dronabinol maintenance in HIV-positive Marijuana smokers. This placebo-controlled within-subjects study evaluated Marijuana and dronabinol across a range of behaviors: eating topography, mood, cognitive performance, physiologic measures, and sleep. Methods: HIV-positive Marijuana smokers (n = 10) completed 2 16-day inpatient phases. Each dronabinol (5 and 10 mg) and Marijuana (2.0% and 3.9% D 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]) dosewas administered 4 times daily for 4 days, but only 1 drug was active per day, thereby maintaining double-blind dosing. Four days of placebo washout separated each active cannabinoid condition. Results: As compared with placebo, Marijuana and dronabinol dose dependently increased daily caloric intake and body weight in HIVpositive Marijuana smokers. All cannabinoid conditions produced significant intoxication, except for low-dose dronabinol (5 mg); the intoxication was rated positively (eg, ‘‘good drug effect’’) with little evidence of discomfort and no impairment of cognitive performance. Effects of Marijuana and dronabinol were comparable, except that only Marijuana (3.9% THC) improved ratings of sleep. Conclusions: These data suggest that for HIV-positive Marijuana smokers, both dronabinol (at doses 8 times current recommendations) and Marijuana were well tolerated and produced substantial and comparable increases in food intake.

  • dronabinol and Marijuana in hiv positive Marijuana smokers caloric intake mood and sleep
    Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2007
    Co-Authors: Margaret Haney, Sandra D Comer, Carl L Hart, Suzanne K Vosburg, Erik W Gunderson, Judith G Rabkin, Richard W Foltin
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVES: Individuals with HIV constitute the largest group using cannabinoids for medicinal reasons; yet, no studies have directly compared the tolerability and efficacy of smoked Marijuana and oral dronabinol maintenance in HIV-positive Marijuana smokers. This placebo-controlled within-subjects study evaluated Marijuana and dronabinol across a range of behaviors: eating topography, mood, cognitive performance, physiologic measures, and sleep. METHODS: HIV-positive Marijuana smokers (n = 10) completed 2 16-day inpatient phases. Each dronabinol (5 and 10 mg) and Marijuana (2.0% and 3.9% Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]) dose was administered 4 times daily for 4 days, but only 1 drug was active per day, thereby maintaining double-blind dosing. Four days of placebo washout separated each active cannabinoid condition. RESULTS: As compared with placebo, Marijuana and dronabinol dose dependently increased daily caloric intake and body weight in HIV-positive Marijuana smokers. All cannabinoid conditions produced significant intoxication, except for low-dose dronabinol (5 mg); the intoxication was rated positively (eg, "good drug effect") with little evidence of discomfort and no impairment of cognitive performance. Effects of Marijuana and dronabinol were comparable, except that only Marijuana (3.9% THC) improved ratings of sleep. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that for HIV-positive Marijuana smokers, both dronabinol (at doses 8 times current recommendations) and Marijuana were well tolerated and produced substantial and comparable increases in food intake.

  • Marijuana withdrawal in humans effects of oral thc or divalproex
    Neuropsychopharmacology, 2004
    Co-Authors: Margaret Haney, Carl L Hart, Suzanne K Vosburg, Jennifer A Nasser, Andrew S Bennett, Carlos Zubaran, Richard W Foltin
    Abstract:

    Abstinence following daily Marijuana use can produce a withdrawal syndrome characterized by negative mood (eg irritability, anxiety, misery), muscle pain, chills, and decreased food intake. Two placebo-controlled, within-subject studies investigated the effects of a cannabinoid agonist, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC: Study 1), and a mood stabilizer, divalproex (Study 2), on symptoms of Marijuana withdrawal. Participants (n=7/study), who were not seeking treatment for their Marijuana use, reported smoking 6-10 Marijuana cigarettes/day, 6-7 days/week. Study 1 was a 15-day in-patient, 5-day outpatient, 15-day in-patient design. During the in-patient phases, participants took oral THC capsules (0, 10 mg) five times/day, 1 h prior to smoking Marijuana (0.00, 3.04% THC). Active and placebo Marijuana were smoked on in-patient days 1-8, while only placebo Marijuana was smoked on days 9-14, that is, Marijuana abstinence. Placebo THC was administered each day, except during one of the abstinence phases (days 9-14), when active THC was given. Mood, psychomotor task performance, food intake, and sleep were measured. Oral THC administered during Marijuana abstinence decreased ratings of 'anxious', 'miserable', 'trouble sleeping', 'chills', and Marijuana craving, and reversed large decreases in food intake as compared to placebo, while producing no intoxication. Study 2 was a 58-day, outpatient/in-patient design. Participants were maintained on each divalproex dose (0, 1500 mg/day) for 29 days each. Each maintenance condition began with a 14-day outpatient phase for medication induction or clearance and continued with a 15-day in-patient phase. Divalproex decreased Marijuana craving during abstinence, yet increased ratings of 'anxious', 'irritable', 'bad effect', and 'tired.' Divalproex worsened performance on psychomotor tasks, and increased food intake regardless of Marijuana condition. Thus, oral THC decreased Marijuana craving and withdrawal symptoms at a dose that was subjectively indistinguishable from placebo. Divalproex worsened mood and cognitive performance during Marijuana abstinence. These data suggest that oral THC, but not divalproex, may be useful in the treatment of Marijuana dependence.