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Kelvin Berryman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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holocene paleoseismic history of upper plate faults in the southern hikurangi subduction margin new zealand deduced from Marine Terrace records
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2011Co-Authors: Kelvin Berryman, Alan G. Hull, Takahiro Miyauchi, Yoko Ota, Kate Clark, Katsuhiko Ishibashi, Nozomi Iso, Nicola LitchfieldAbstract:Abstract The formation and uplift of Holocene Marine Terraces along a 160-km-long stretch of the Wairarapa coast in the southern Hikurangi subduction margin, North Island, New Zealand, are interpreted in terms of causative faults and associated large earthquakes during the past circa 7000 cal yr B.P. Distinctive stepped Terrace morphology, the clustering of radiocarbon ages on each uplifted Terrace, and the historic occurrence of coseismic uplift in other parts of eastern and southern North Island, support the contention that coastal uplift occurred suddenly and repeatedly during large-magnitude earthquakes. The rupture of five west-dipping reverse or reverse-oblique faults within the Australian plate, whose surface traces lie a short distance seaward of the present shoreline, are inferred to be responsible for coastal uplift. Individual structures range in length from 25 to 60 km. These lengths, together with uplift events in the range of 1–4 m, suggest earthquakes in the range of M w 7–7.5. Approximately 20% of the radiocarbon ages are anomalously young for their elevations, but many have ages indistinguishable from accepted ages for Terrace uplift. We infer that many of the anomalous ages are from samples deposited by tsunami that occurred in association with offshore fault rupture on adjacent sections of the coast.
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coastal uplift mechanisms at pakarae river mouth constraints from a combined holocene fluvial and Marine Terrace dataset
Marine Geology, 2010Co-Authors: Nicola Litchfield, Kate Wilson, Kelvin Berryman, L M WallaceAbstract:Abstract One of the major environmental controls on sedimentary systems is tectonics, and thus in order to make quantitative explanations and predictions of the behaviour of sedimentary systems, it is important to quantify tectonic rates and mechanisms. In this study we show how a combined Holocene fluvial and Marine Terrace dataset can be used to place constraints on coastal uplift mechanisms at Pakarae River mouth, to the east of the Waipaoa sedimentary system. Mapping and surveying of fluvial Terraces shows that the Terraces can be divided into three sets, (i) PgT, a fill Terrace formed during post-glacial sea level rise (~ 10000–7000 cal. yr BP), (ii) a sequence of post-7000 cal. yr BP degradation Terraces, and (iii) historical (post ~ AD 1880) flood Terraces. A conceptual model of Terrace evolution proposes that coseismic uplift has resulted in the observed back-tilting, downstream divergence, and successive abandonment of tectonic Terraces. Coastal uplift mechanisms are then examined by comparing the fluvial and Marine Terrace uplift distribution and the uplift-per-event from the Marine Terraces with those predicted by forward elastic dislocation models. The models agree with the interpretation that the Terrace uplift can be explained by coseismic slip on a steeply west-dipping reverse fault located close to the shore, possibly in combination with rupture of the Hikurangi Margin subduction interface 10–24 km below. This study also provides insights into the tectonic drivers and impacts on the adjacent Waipaoa sedimentary system including: the possible role of subduction earthquakes, growth of structures on the shelf and upper slope, and the role that the interplay between sea level and tectonic controls has on sediment dispersal.
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a holocene incised valley infill sequence developed on a tectonically active coast pakarae river new zealand
Sedimentary Geology, 2007Co-Authors: Kate Wilson, Kelvin Berryman, Ursula Cochran, Timothy A LittleAbstract:Abstract A sequence of fluvio-estuarine sediments exposed beneath the highest Holocene Marine Terrace at Pakarae, North Island, New Zealand, records the early-mid Holocene infilling of the Pakarae valley. This sequence was developed on an active, coseismically uplifting coastline and provides a valuable comparison to widely used facies models for estuaries, which were developed exclusively from stable coastal settings. We describe eight sedimentary sections, distributed along a 220 m stretch of riverbank and present twelve new radiocarbon ages. Sedimentology and benthic foraminifera are used to divide the sequence into eight bio-lithofacies. These units are grouped into four paleoenvironmental facies associations: barrier, estuarine, estuary-head delta and floodplain. We compare the distribution of the Pakarae paleoenvironmental facies associations to those in models of incised valley infill sequence models and case studies of infilled valleys. These data allow us to present new contributions to the development of a facies model for the sedimentary infilling of an incised valley system that was experiencing coseismic uplift synchronous with deposition. We suggest the distinctive characteristics of such a model would include (1) part, or all, of the transgressive and lowstand sequences may now lie above modern sea level, (2) the transgressive sedimentary sequence is typically condensed relative to the coeval amount of eustatic sea level (SL) rise that occurred during that period, and (3) evidence of relative SL falls, such as transitions from estuarine to fluvial environments, despite conditions of rapid and continuous eustatic SL rise.
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a revision of mid late holocene Marine Terrace distribution and chronology at the pakarae river mouth north island new zealand
New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 2006Co-Authors: Kate Wilson, Kelvin Berryman, Nicola Litchfield, Timothy A LittleAbstract:Abstract A suite of seven Marine Terraces at the Pakarae River mouth, New Zealand, provide evidence for the highest Holocene coastal uplift rates adjacent to the Hikurangi Subduction Zone. New elevation, coverbed stratigraphy, and age data allow for a timely revision of the distribution, nomenclature, and chronology of these Terraces. Terrace correlation primarily is based on the elevation of the wave‐cut strath. Terrace preservation either side of the river is more equal than previously proposed. The age of abandonment of each Terrace is c. 7 ka (T1), 4.3 ka (T2), 3.5 ka (T3), 2.89 ka (T4), 1.6 ka (T5), 0.91 ka (T6), and <0.91 ka (T7). The average Holocene tectonic uplift rate at Pakarae is 3.2 ± 0.8 mm/yr. The abandonment of each Terrace, from T2 to T7, probably took place after a discrete uplift event. The average time interval between these events is 850 ± 450 yr and the average uplift magnitude is 2.7 ± 1.1 m per event. We infer that uplift has been accommodated by slip on an offshore reverse fault. ...
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a stratigraphic age of rotoehu ash and late pleistocene climate interpretation based on Marine Terrace chronology mahia peninsula north island new zealand
New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 1992Co-Authors: Kelvin BerrymanAbstract:Abstract Rotoehu Ash, a widespread tephra marker in central and eastern North Island, occurs within terrestrial cover deposits overlying some shore platforms at Mahia Peninsula. Several loess units, tephra, and paleosols overlie shore platforms and provide age and paleoclimatic information for the period subsequent to shore platform formation. These data, along with faunal and floral samples, enable the Terrace sequence to be correlated with the well‐dated, late Quaternary coral reef sequence at Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea. The youngest shore platform at Mahia Peninsula on which the Rotoehu Ash occurs is correlated to the 59 ka B.P. reef crest; it does not occur on a shore platform correlated to the c. 40 ka B.P. reef crest at Huon Peninsula Evaluation of the stratigraphic sequence on the 59 ka B.P. Auroa 2 shore platform results in an age estimate of the Rotoehu Ash of 52 ± 7 ka B.P. Previous radiocarbon dates indicating an age of c. 42 ka B.P. are considered to be minimum values. Climato‐stratigrap...
Nicola Litchfield - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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holocene paleoseismic history of upper plate faults in the southern hikurangi subduction margin new zealand deduced from Marine Terrace records
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 2011Co-Authors: Kelvin Berryman, Alan G. Hull, Takahiro Miyauchi, Yoko Ota, Kate Clark, Katsuhiko Ishibashi, Nozomi Iso, Nicola LitchfieldAbstract:Abstract The formation and uplift of Holocene Marine Terraces along a 160-km-long stretch of the Wairarapa coast in the southern Hikurangi subduction margin, North Island, New Zealand, are interpreted in terms of causative faults and associated large earthquakes during the past circa 7000 cal yr B.P. Distinctive stepped Terrace morphology, the clustering of radiocarbon ages on each uplifted Terrace, and the historic occurrence of coseismic uplift in other parts of eastern and southern North Island, support the contention that coastal uplift occurred suddenly and repeatedly during large-magnitude earthquakes. The rupture of five west-dipping reverse or reverse-oblique faults within the Australian plate, whose surface traces lie a short distance seaward of the present shoreline, are inferred to be responsible for coastal uplift. Individual structures range in length from 25 to 60 km. These lengths, together with uplift events in the range of 1–4 m, suggest earthquakes in the range of M w 7–7.5. Approximately 20% of the radiocarbon ages are anomalously young for their elevations, but many have ages indistinguishable from accepted ages for Terrace uplift. We infer that many of the anomalous ages are from samples deposited by tsunami that occurred in association with offshore fault rupture on adjacent sections of the coast.
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coastal uplift mechanisms at pakarae river mouth constraints from a combined holocene fluvial and Marine Terrace dataset
Marine Geology, 2010Co-Authors: Nicola Litchfield, Kate Wilson, Kelvin Berryman, L M WallaceAbstract:Abstract One of the major environmental controls on sedimentary systems is tectonics, and thus in order to make quantitative explanations and predictions of the behaviour of sedimentary systems, it is important to quantify tectonic rates and mechanisms. In this study we show how a combined Holocene fluvial and Marine Terrace dataset can be used to place constraints on coastal uplift mechanisms at Pakarae River mouth, to the east of the Waipaoa sedimentary system. Mapping and surveying of fluvial Terraces shows that the Terraces can be divided into three sets, (i) PgT, a fill Terrace formed during post-glacial sea level rise (~ 10000–7000 cal. yr BP), (ii) a sequence of post-7000 cal. yr BP degradation Terraces, and (iii) historical (post ~ AD 1880) flood Terraces. A conceptual model of Terrace evolution proposes that coseismic uplift has resulted in the observed back-tilting, downstream divergence, and successive abandonment of tectonic Terraces. Coastal uplift mechanisms are then examined by comparing the fluvial and Marine Terrace uplift distribution and the uplift-per-event from the Marine Terraces with those predicted by forward elastic dislocation models. The models agree with the interpretation that the Terrace uplift can be explained by coseismic slip on a steeply west-dipping reverse fault located close to the shore, possibly in combination with rupture of the Hikurangi Margin subduction interface 10–24 km below. This study also provides insights into the tectonic drivers and impacts on the adjacent Waipaoa sedimentary system including: the possible role of subduction earthquakes, growth of structures on the shelf and upper slope, and the role that the interplay between sea level and tectonic controls has on sediment dispersal.
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a revision of mid late holocene Marine Terrace distribution and chronology at the pakarae river mouth north island new zealand
New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 2006Co-Authors: Kate Wilson, Kelvin Berryman, Nicola Litchfield, Timothy A LittleAbstract:Abstract A suite of seven Marine Terraces at the Pakarae River mouth, New Zealand, provide evidence for the highest Holocene coastal uplift rates adjacent to the Hikurangi Subduction Zone. New elevation, coverbed stratigraphy, and age data allow for a timely revision of the distribution, nomenclature, and chronology of these Terraces. Terrace correlation primarily is based on the elevation of the wave‐cut strath. Terrace preservation either side of the river is more equal than previously proposed. The age of abandonment of each Terrace is c. 7 ka (T1), 4.3 ka (T2), 3.5 ka (T3), 2.89 ka (T4), 1.6 ka (T5), 0.91 ka (T6), and <0.91 ka (T7). The average Holocene tectonic uplift rate at Pakarae is 3.2 ± 0.8 mm/yr. The abandonment of each Terrace, from T2 to T7, probably took place after a discrete uplift event. The average time interval between these events is 850 ± 450 yr and the average uplift magnitude is 2.7 ± 1.1 m per event. We infer that uplift has been accommodated by slip on an offshore reverse fault. ...
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luminescence age estimates of pleistocene Marine Terrace and alluvial fan sediments associated with tectonic activity along coastal otago new zealand
New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 2004Co-Authors: Nicola Litchfield, Olav B LianAbstract:Abstract Six luminescence age estimates have been obtained from raised beach sands and loess, and alluvial fan sediments in the outboard zone of the active Otago reverse fault province, coastal Otago, New Zealand. These age estimates constrain the timing of movement of the Akatore Fault and the Titri Fault System. Five of the samples were dated by optical dating of K‐feldspar in the polymineral fine silt fraction; the remaining sample was dated using thermoluminescence (TL) emitted from quartz (fine sand fraction). Raised beach sands from the lowest Pleistocene Marine Terrace on the upthrown side of the reverse faults (Taieri Beach) yielded ages of 117 ± 13 ka (optical dating, K‐feldspar) and 117 ± 12 ka (TL dating, quartz), indicating Terrace formation during the peak sea‐level highstand of the last interglacial, Marine oxygen isotope substage (MISS) 5e (c. 125 ka). The K‐feldspar optical age has not been corrected for anomalous fading, but its consistency with the quartz TL age indicates that anomalous ...
Timothy A Little - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a holocene incised valley infill sequence developed on a tectonically active coast pakarae river new zealand
Sedimentary Geology, 2007Co-Authors: Kate Wilson, Kelvin Berryman, Ursula Cochran, Timothy A LittleAbstract:Abstract A sequence of fluvio-estuarine sediments exposed beneath the highest Holocene Marine Terrace at Pakarae, North Island, New Zealand, records the early-mid Holocene infilling of the Pakarae valley. This sequence was developed on an active, coseismically uplifting coastline and provides a valuable comparison to widely used facies models for estuaries, which were developed exclusively from stable coastal settings. We describe eight sedimentary sections, distributed along a 220 m stretch of riverbank and present twelve new radiocarbon ages. Sedimentology and benthic foraminifera are used to divide the sequence into eight bio-lithofacies. These units are grouped into four paleoenvironmental facies associations: barrier, estuarine, estuary-head delta and floodplain. We compare the distribution of the Pakarae paleoenvironmental facies associations to those in models of incised valley infill sequence models and case studies of infilled valleys. These data allow us to present new contributions to the development of a facies model for the sedimentary infilling of an incised valley system that was experiencing coseismic uplift synchronous with deposition. We suggest the distinctive characteristics of such a model would include (1) part, or all, of the transgressive and lowstand sequences may now lie above modern sea level, (2) the transgressive sedimentary sequence is typically condensed relative to the coeval amount of eustatic sea level (SL) rise that occurred during that period, and (3) evidence of relative SL falls, such as transitions from estuarine to fluvial environments, despite conditions of rapid and continuous eustatic SL rise.
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a revision of mid late holocene Marine Terrace distribution and chronology at the pakarae river mouth north island new zealand
New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 2006Co-Authors: Kate Wilson, Kelvin Berryman, Nicola Litchfield, Timothy A LittleAbstract:Abstract A suite of seven Marine Terraces at the Pakarae River mouth, New Zealand, provide evidence for the highest Holocene coastal uplift rates adjacent to the Hikurangi Subduction Zone. New elevation, coverbed stratigraphy, and age data allow for a timely revision of the distribution, nomenclature, and chronology of these Terraces. Terrace correlation primarily is based on the elevation of the wave‐cut strath. Terrace preservation either side of the river is more equal than previously proposed. The age of abandonment of each Terrace is c. 7 ka (T1), 4.3 ka (T2), 3.5 ka (T3), 2.89 ka (T4), 1.6 ka (T5), 0.91 ka (T6), and <0.91 ka (T7). The average Holocene tectonic uplift rate at Pakarae is 3.2 ± 0.8 mm/yr. The abandonment of each Terrace, from T2 to T7, probably took place after a discrete uplift event. The average time interval between these events is 850 ± 450 yr and the average uplift magnitude is 2.7 ± 1.1 m per event. We infer that uplift has been accommodated by slip on an offshore reverse fault. ...
Thomas K Rockwell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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uranium series ages of Marine Terrace corals from the pacific coast of north america and implications for last interglacial sea level history
Quaternary Research, 1994Co-Authors: Daniel R Muhs, George L Kennedy, Thomas K RockwellAbstract:Few of the Marine Terraces along the Pacific coast of North America have been dated using uranium-series techniques. Ten Terrace sequences from southern Oregon to southern Baja California Sur have yielded fossil corals in quantities suitable for U-series dating by alpha spectrometry. U-series-dated Terraces representing the ∼80,000 yr sea-level high stand are identified in five areas (Bandon, Oregon; Point Arena, San Nicolas Island, and Point Loma, California; and Punta Banda, Baja California); Terraces representing the ∼125,000 yr sea-level high stand are identified in eight areas (Cayucos, San Luis Obispo Bay, San Nicolas Island, San Clemente Island, and Point Loma, California; Punta Bands and Isla Guadalupe, Baja California; and Cabo Pulmo, Baja California Sur). On San Nicolas Island, Point Loma, and Punta Bands, both the ∼80,000 and the ∼125,000 yr Terraces are dated. Terraces that may represent the ∼105,000 sea-level high stand are rarely preserved and none has yielded corals for U-series dating. Similarity of coral ages from midlatitude, erosional Marine Terraces with coral ages from emergent, constructional reefs on tropical coastlines suggests a common forcing mechanism, namely glacioeustatically controlled fluctuations in sea level superimposed on steady tectonic uplift. The low Marine Terrace dated at ∼125,000 yr on Isla Guadalupe, Baja California, presumed to be tectonically stable, supports evidence from other localities for a +6-m sea level at that time. Data from the Pacific Coast and a compilation of data from other coasts indicate that sea levels at ∼80,000 and ∼105,000 yr may have been closer to present sea level (within a few meters) than previous studies have suggested.
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paleoecology and paleozoogeography of late pleistocene Marine Terrace faunas of southwestern santa barbara county california
1992Co-Authors: George L Kennedy, John F Wehmiller, Thomas K RockwellAbstract:ABSTRAcr Over 165 species of megainvertebrates mostly mollusks from the lowest three of approximately 17 emergent Marine Terraces along the southwestern coast of Santa Barbara County California provide the basis for both paleoecological and paleoclimatic interpretation Most of the fossiliferous exposures on the two lowest Terraces at Caiiada de Alegria Gaviota and Arroyo Hondo are situated at orvery near to the original shoreline angle ie base of the fossil seacliff of their respective Terraces physically constraining any interpretation of their depositional setting The overall composition of their faunas however suggests sources from several near shore Marine habitats all at intertidal to shallow inner sublittoral depths 0 to 18 27 m Only the sandy bottom faunas from localities at Cojo Bay differ representing a position about 700 to 750 m from shore and a water depth of about 15 m Composite faunas from localities on the first Terrace at Cojo Bay Gaviota and Arroyo Hondo and from the second Terrace at Caiiada de Alegria contain from four to 12 extralimital northern species each indicative of slightly cooler water paleoclimatic conditions comparable to those occurring today in the vicinity of Monterey Bay central California The fauna from the third Terrace at Arroyo Hondo contains four extralimital southern gastropods whose zoogeographic ranges suggest a more southerly geographic equivalency and slightly warmer water conditions comparable to those occurring today between San Diego California and Ensenada Baja Cal ifornia On the basis of Terrace mapping uranium series age estimates of bones amino acid racemization and epimerization analyses of bivalve mollusks long term uplift studies and the zoogeographic signatures of the Terrace faunas the three lowest Terraces are assigned ages of 85 to 80 ka Cojo Bay Gaviota and lower Arroyo Hondo localities 105 to 100 ka Caiiadade Alegria second Terrace locality and 130 to 120 ka Arroyo Hondo upper Terrace localities correlative with dated sea level highstands recorded elsewhere as reef
Kate Wilson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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coastal uplift mechanisms at pakarae river mouth constraints from a combined holocene fluvial and Marine Terrace dataset
Marine Geology, 2010Co-Authors: Nicola Litchfield, Kate Wilson, Kelvin Berryman, L M WallaceAbstract:Abstract One of the major environmental controls on sedimentary systems is tectonics, and thus in order to make quantitative explanations and predictions of the behaviour of sedimentary systems, it is important to quantify tectonic rates and mechanisms. In this study we show how a combined Holocene fluvial and Marine Terrace dataset can be used to place constraints on coastal uplift mechanisms at Pakarae River mouth, to the east of the Waipaoa sedimentary system. Mapping and surveying of fluvial Terraces shows that the Terraces can be divided into three sets, (i) PgT, a fill Terrace formed during post-glacial sea level rise (~ 10000–7000 cal. yr BP), (ii) a sequence of post-7000 cal. yr BP degradation Terraces, and (iii) historical (post ~ AD 1880) flood Terraces. A conceptual model of Terrace evolution proposes that coseismic uplift has resulted in the observed back-tilting, downstream divergence, and successive abandonment of tectonic Terraces. Coastal uplift mechanisms are then examined by comparing the fluvial and Marine Terrace uplift distribution and the uplift-per-event from the Marine Terraces with those predicted by forward elastic dislocation models. The models agree with the interpretation that the Terrace uplift can be explained by coseismic slip on a steeply west-dipping reverse fault located close to the shore, possibly in combination with rupture of the Hikurangi Margin subduction interface 10–24 km below. This study also provides insights into the tectonic drivers and impacts on the adjacent Waipaoa sedimentary system including: the possible role of subduction earthquakes, growth of structures on the shelf and upper slope, and the role that the interplay between sea level and tectonic controls has on sediment dispersal.
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a holocene incised valley infill sequence developed on a tectonically active coast pakarae river new zealand
Sedimentary Geology, 2007Co-Authors: Kate Wilson, Kelvin Berryman, Ursula Cochran, Timothy A LittleAbstract:Abstract A sequence of fluvio-estuarine sediments exposed beneath the highest Holocene Marine Terrace at Pakarae, North Island, New Zealand, records the early-mid Holocene infilling of the Pakarae valley. This sequence was developed on an active, coseismically uplifting coastline and provides a valuable comparison to widely used facies models for estuaries, which were developed exclusively from stable coastal settings. We describe eight sedimentary sections, distributed along a 220 m stretch of riverbank and present twelve new radiocarbon ages. Sedimentology and benthic foraminifera are used to divide the sequence into eight bio-lithofacies. These units are grouped into four paleoenvironmental facies associations: barrier, estuarine, estuary-head delta and floodplain. We compare the distribution of the Pakarae paleoenvironmental facies associations to those in models of incised valley infill sequence models and case studies of infilled valleys. These data allow us to present new contributions to the development of a facies model for the sedimentary infilling of an incised valley system that was experiencing coseismic uplift synchronous with deposition. We suggest the distinctive characteristics of such a model would include (1) part, or all, of the transgressive and lowstand sequences may now lie above modern sea level, (2) the transgressive sedimentary sequence is typically condensed relative to the coeval amount of eustatic sea level (SL) rise that occurred during that period, and (3) evidence of relative SL falls, such as transitions from estuarine to fluvial environments, despite conditions of rapid and continuous eustatic SL rise.
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a revision of mid late holocene Marine Terrace distribution and chronology at the pakarae river mouth north island new zealand
New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 2006Co-Authors: Kate Wilson, Kelvin Berryman, Nicola Litchfield, Timothy A LittleAbstract:Abstract A suite of seven Marine Terraces at the Pakarae River mouth, New Zealand, provide evidence for the highest Holocene coastal uplift rates adjacent to the Hikurangi Subduction Zone. New elevation, coverbed stratigraphy, and age data allow for a timely revision of the distribution, nomenclature, and chronology of these Terraces. Terrace correlation primarily is based on the elevation of the wave‐cut strath. Terrace preservation either side of the river is more equal than previously proposed. The age of abandonment of each Terrace is c. 7 ka (T1), 4.3 ka (T2), 3.5 ka (T3), 2.89 ka (T4), 1.6 ka (T5), 0.91 ka (T6), and <0.91 ka (T7). The average Holocene tectonic uplift rate at Pakarae is 3.2 ± 0.8 mm/yr. The abandonment of each Terrace, from T2 to T7, probably took place after a discrete uplift event. The average time interval between these events is 850 ± 450 yr and the average uplift magnitude is 2.7 ± 1.1 m per event. We infer that uplift has been accommodated by slip on an offshore reverse fault. ...