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Teresa S. Encarnacion Tadem - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • technocracy and the politics of economic decision making during the pre Martial Law period 1965 1972
    Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints, 2015
    Co-Authors: Teresa S. Encarnacion Tadem
    Abstract:

    Philippine technocracy during the Martial Law period (1972–1986) has been depicted in most of the literature as “apolitical.” This article argues that this depiction was not applicable to the pre–Martial Law period (1965–1972) when the Marcos administration’s technocrats, who went on to become the chief economic planners during the Martial Law period, exhibited “political sensitiveness” in economic policy making. This sensitivity helped pave the way for them to become part of the policy-making elite in the country and the Marcos leadership’s appendage in confronting intraelite squabbles. Keywords: technocracy • policy making • Marcos presidency •Cesar Virata • Placido Mapa Jr.

  • Technocracy and the Politics of Economic Decision Making during the Pre–Martial Law Period (1965–1972)
    Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints, 2015
    Co-Authors: Teresa S. Encarnacion Tadem
    Abstract:

    Philippine technocracy during the Martial Law period (1972–1986) has been depicted in most of the literature as “apolitical.” This article argues that this depiction was not applicable to the pre–Martial Law period (1965–1972) when the Marcos administration’s technocrats, who went on to become the chief economic planners during the Martial Law period, exhibited “political sensitiveness” in economic policy making. This sensitivity helped pave the way for them to become part of the policy-making elite in the country and the Marcos leadership’s appendage in confronting intraelite squabbles. Keywords: technocracy • policy making • Marcos presidency •Cesar Virata • Placido Mapa Jr.

  • Philippine Technocracy and the Politics of Economic Decision-Making: A Comparison of the Martial Law and Post-Martial Law Periods
    Southeast Asian Studies, 2014
    Co-Authors: Teresa S. Encarnacion Tadem
    Abstract:

    IntroductionDespite their being banished to the "Hall of Shame" during the 1986 People Power Revolution in the Philippines, technocracy has continued to persist in the country's transition from authoritarian rule to democracy and up to the present. Instead, however, of being called "technocrats," they are now referred to as "economic managers." The change in "name" is quite understandable because during the Martial Law period (1972- 86), technocracy became synonymous with the repression which occurred during that era foremost of which was economic development at all costs, e.g., dislocation, militariza- tion, and elimination of communities which got in the way of development projects. This reputation, therefore, earned the technocrats the "(dis)honor" of being referred to as the third leg of the stool which propped up the authoritarian regime, the other two of which were the military and Marcos' relatives/cronies. Thus, the administrations which fol- lowed that of the Marcos government were conscious not to "hire" any of these techno- crats, particularly, those who came from the World Bank (hereinafter referred to as WB) and the International Monetary Fund (hereinafter referred to as IMF). But the post- Martial technocrats, however, continued their predecessors' policies of liberalization, free competition, and free trade but now under a neoliberal economic dispensation. The question which emerges is why this is the case when technocracy in the Philippines is not able to sustain the economic growth which was seen in the 1950s when the country was second to Japan as having the best economy in Asia and then left-behind in the 1970s by its East Asian counterparts as among the newly industrializing countries in the region. In the 1980s, on the other hand, Philippine economic policies failed to bring it at par with its Southeast Asian neighbors, i.e., Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia, which all became New Asian Tigers. The latest blow to the country is that socialist Vietnam, a late comer to the capitalist world, has economically overtaken the Philippines.This article, therefore, explores the factors which have strengthened as well as weakened Philippine technocracy during the Martial Law and post-Martial Law periods. It shows that in general the political leverage of the technocrats came from the support they have received from the leadership who shares their economic vision and the coun- try's major international lending creditors, the IMF and the WB. The weakening of their political clout, on the other hand, is brought about by the inability of the leadership to address the political and economic crisis. The first section of this article will discuss the rise of Philippine technocracy during the pre-Martial Law period (1960s-72) and the eco- nomic debates which ensued during that period concerning the trajectory of Philippine development. This establishes the very foundation of the strength of Philippine tech- nocracy. The second section, on the other hand, examines the crucial role they played during the Martial Law period, particularly the economic perspectives they espoused and the challenges these confronted. And lastly, the third section will discuss where Philip- pine technocracy is headed in a period of "elite democracy" as it confronts challenges to its neoliberal development paradigm and massive corruption.Defining the Technocracy and Their Development Vision1)Technocracy is a rule by experts, a temporary form of rule that sometimes emerges after a period of poor governance. The term implies rule by specialists with expertise in non-political subjects, often economics and engineering.2) These "engineers" com- prised a "critical new stratum in the industrial production process."3) They are also referred to as "the scientists, including physicists, mathematicians, chemists, engi- neers, computer program and others who work in varying degrees of applied or pure research" (Glassman et al. 1993, 84). …

  • Social Capital and the Martial Law Technocracy: The Making and Unmaking of a Power Elite
    Kritika Kultura, 2013
    Co-Authors: Teresa S. Encarnacion Tadem
    Abstract:

    This paper attempts to show the extent to which a faction of the Philippine technocracy during the Martial Law years utilized its social capital (used interchangeably with cultural capital) to become a potent economic bloc in society only to see it gradually depleted.Led by then Prime Minister and concurrent Finance Minister Cesar E.A. Virata, this bloc consisted of key senior economic officials who were closely associated with IMF-World Bank policies. Their social capital was founded on their family and educational backgrounds, paving the way for their acquisition of the technical expertise required by the business community and later, by government. What set them apart from the other pre-Martial Law technocrats was their support for an export-oriented and foreign investment-friendly industrialization policy shared by Marcos and the IMF-World Bank. The social capital of this bloc grew due to their ability to access foreign loans, gain international support, and function as a deterrent to corruption.Marcos, however, proceeded to undermine this bloc’s capital by doing the following: 1) limiting the Virata faction to the economic sphere and making sure it was not “politically-threatening”; 2) “factionalizing” the technocracy resulting in non-Virata technocrats pursuing their own projects; and 3) and nurturing crony capitalism and corruption through Mrs. Marcos and his “chief cronies” to the detriment of the Virata faction’s economic policies.But despite the opportunity provided by the political and economic crisis of the early 1980s and initial IMF-WB support,the Virata-led bloc’s social capital rapidly deteriorated because of its inability to now access the needed loans and the withdrawal of US support for the Marcos dictatorship. This further highlighted the unsustainable and relative vulnerability of its social capital.

Xu Cheng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Iryna Izhutova - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Jane L. Scheiber - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Bayonets in Paradise: Martial Law in Hawai‘i during World War II
    2016
    Co-Authors: Harry N. Scheiber, Jane L. Scheiber
    Abstract:

    Bayonets in Paradise recounts the extraordinary story of how the army imposed rigid and absolute control on the total population of Hawaii during World War II. Declared immediately after the Pearl Harbor attack, Martial Law was all-inclusive, bringing under army rule every aspect of the Territory of Hawaii's Laws and governmental institutions. Even the judiciary was placed under direct subservience to the military authorities. The result was a protracted crisis in civil liberties, as the army subjected more than 400,000 civilians-citizens and alien residents alike-to sweeping, intrusive social and economic regulations and to enforcement of army orders in provost courts with no semblance of due process. In addition, the army enforced special regulations against Hawaii's large population of Japanese ancestry; thousands of Japanese Americans were investigated, hundreds were arrested, and some 2,000 were incarcerated. In marked contrast to the well-known policy of the mass removals on the West Coast, however, Hawaii's policy was one of "selective," albeit preventive, detention. Army rule in Hawaii lasted until late 1944-making it the longest period in which an American civilian population has ever been governed under Martial Law. The army brass invoked the imperatives of security and "military necessity" to perpetuate its regime of censorship, curfews, forced work assignments, and arbitrary "justice" in the military courts. Broadly accepted at first, these policies led in time to dramatic clashes over the wisdom and constitutionality of Martial Law, involving the president, his top Cabinet officials, and the military. The authors also provide a rich analysis of the legal challenges to Martial Law that culminated in Duncan v. Kahanamoku, a remarkable case in which the U.S. Supreme Court finally heard argument on the Martial Law regime-and ruled in 1946 that provost court justice and the military's usurpation of the civilian government had been illegal. Based largely on archival sources, this comprehensive, authoritative study places the long-neglected and largely unknown history of Martial Law in Hawaii in the larger context of America's ongoing struggle between the defense of constitutional liberties and the exercise of emergency powers.

  • bayonets in paradise Martial Law in hawai i during world war ii
    2016
    Co-Authors: Harry N. Scheiber, Jane L. Scheiber
    Abstract:

    Bayonets in Paradise recounts the extraordinary story of how the army imposed rigid and absolute control on the total population of Hawaii during World War II. Declared immediately after the Pearl Harbor attack, Martial Law was all-inclusive, bringing under army rule every aspect of the Territory of Hawaii's Laws and governmental institutions. Even the judiciary was placed under direct subservience to the military authorities. The result was a protracted crisis in civil liberties, as the army subjected more than 400,000 civilians-citizens and alien residents alike-to sweeping, intrusive social and economic regulations and to enforcement of army orders in provost courts with no semblance of due process. In addition, the army enforced special regulations against Hawaii's large population of Japanese ancestry; thousands of Japanese Americans were investigated, hundreds were arrested, and some 2,000 were incarcerated. In marked contrast to the well-known policy of the mass removals on the West Coast, however, Hawaii's policy was one of "selective," albeit preventive, detention. Army rule in Hawaii lasted until late 1944-making it the longest period in which an American civilian population has ever been governed under Martial Law. The army brass invoked the imperatives of security and "military necessity" to perpetuate its regime of censorship, curfews, forced work assignments, and arbitrary "justice" in the military courts. Broadly accepted at first, these policies led in time to dramatic clashes over the wisdom and constitutionality of Martial Law, involving the president, his top Cabinet officials, and the military. The authors also provide a rich analysis of the legal challenges to Martial Law that culminated in Duncan v. Kahanamoku, a remarkable case in which the U.S. Supreme Court finally heard argument on the Martial Law regime-and ruled in 1946 that provost court justice and the military's usurpation of the civilian government had been illegal. Based largely on archival sources, this comprehensive, authoritative study places the long-neglected and largely unknown history of Martial Law in Hawaii in the larger context of America's ongoing struggle between the defense of constitutional liberties and the exercise of emergency powers.

Gene Segarra Navera - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Metaphorizing Martial Law: Constitutional Authoritarianism in Marcos's Rhetoric (1972–1985)
    Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints, 2018
    Co-Authors: Gene Segarra Navera
    Abstract:

    This article discusses the metaphorical constructions of Martial Law that emerge from selected speeches and publications of Ferdinand Marcos from 1972 to 1985. Using a sociocognitive perspective informed by conceptual metaphor studies, the author surfaces conceptualizations that constitute a schema in which constitutional authoritarianism is central to national life and Marcos as an authoritarian is rendered a democrat. This schema had been sustained throughout Marcos’s authoritarian rule and has become so embedded in Philippine political discourse that it gets to be invoked by political rhetors long after the fall of the Marcos dictatorship. KEYWORDS: FERDINAND MARCOS • Martial Law • RHETORIC •CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR • POLITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

  • metaphorizing Martial Law constitutional authoritarianism in marcos s rhetoric 1972 1985
    Philippine Studies, 2018
    Co-Authors: Gene Segarra Navera
    Abstract:

    This article discusses the metaphorical constructions of Martial Law that emerge from selected speeches and publications of Ferdinand Marcos from 1972 to 1985. Using a sociocognitive perspective informed by conceptual metaphor studies, the author surfaces conceptualizations that constitute a schema in which constitutional authoritarianism is central to national life and Marcos as an authoritarian is rendered a democrat. This schema had been sustained throughout Marcos’s authoritarian rule and has become so embedded in Philippine political discourse that it gets to be invoked by political rhetors long after the fall of the Marcos dictatorship. KEYWORDS: FERDINAND MARCOS • Martial Law • RHETORIC •CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR • POLITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS