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Mark D Shriver - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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facial Masculinity does not appear to be a condition dependent male ornament and does not reflect mhc heterozygosity in humans
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2019Co-Authors: Arslan A Zaidi, Julie D White, Brooke C Mattern, Corey Liebowitz, David A Puts, Peter Claes, Mark D ShriverAbstract:Recent studies have called into question the idea that facial Masculinity is a condition-dependent male ornament that indicates immunocompetence in humans. We add to this growing body of research by calculating an objective measure of facial Masculinity/femininity using 3D images in a large sample (n = 1,233) of people of European ancestry. We show that facial Masculinity is positively correlated with adult height in both males and females. However, facial Masculinity scales with growth similarly in males and females, suggesting that facial Masculinity is not exclusively a male ornament, as male ornaments are typically more sensitive to growth in males compared with females. Additionally, we measured immunocompetence via heterozygosity at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a widely-used genetic marker of immunity. We show that, while height is positively correlated with MHC heterozygosity, facial Masculinity is not. Thus, facial Masculinity does not reflect immunocompetence measured by MHC heterozygosity in humans. Overall, we find no support for the idea that facial Masculinity is a condition-dependent male ornament that has evolved to indicate immunocompetence.
Kopano Ratele - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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RETHINKING ‘TRADITIONAL Masculinity’ AS CONSTRUCTED, MULTIPLE, AND ≠ HEGEMONIC Masculinity
South African Review of Sociology, 2015Co-Authors: Brittany Everitt-penhale, Kopano RateleAbstract:ABSTRACTThe concept ‘traditional Masculinity’ appears frequently in research on gender from multiple, diverse contexts. Yet there sometimes appears to be a surprising lack of critical engagement with the concept in such work. Its meaning is at times taken for granted, yet the diversity of ways and contexts in which it is deployed demonstrates the importance of interrogating it. The term ‘traditional Masculinity’ carries many meanings, some of which are incompatible with both a social constructionist framework of Masculinity as well as a critical perspective on tradition. In this article, grounding our thinking in a rereading of some of the critical literature on tradition, we critique some of the usage of ‘traditional Masculinity’, and make suggestions for thinking with and about ‘traditional Masculinity’ in ways that are more congruent with critical understandings of both ‘tradition’ and ‘Masculinity’. The article makes three main contentions: 1) ‘traditional Masculinity’ is socially constructed, 2) ther...
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hegemonic african masculinities and men s heterosexual lives some uses for homophobia
African Studies Review, 2014Co-Authors: Kopano RateleAbstract:Abstract: Based on two relatively well-reported cases of homophobia in Malawi and South Africa, this article aims to show some of the ways in which hegemonic African men and masculinities are unsettled by, but also find ideological use for, the existence of homosexuality and nonheteronormative sexualities. Deploying the notion of psychopolitics, the article traces the interpenetrating psychosocial and sociopolitical aspects of homophobia. The argument is that analyses of issues of lesbian, gay, and "othered" sexualities are vital for a fuller understanding of the production of hegemonic forms of gender and Masculinity in Africa. The article suggests that the threat posed by homosexuality is used as a distraction for some of the socioeconomic development-related failures of Africa's ruling men but also, more significantly, for the impossibility of hegemonic African Masculinity itself.Resume: En s'appuyant sur deux cas relativement bien mediatises d'homophobie au Malawi et en Afrique du Sud, cet article vise a montrer quelques-unes des facons dont les hommes hegemoniques et les masculinites africains sont bouleverses, mais aussi a trouver une utilisation ideologique pour l'existence de l'homosexualite et des sexualites non hetero-normatives. En exposant la notion de psychopolitique, l'article retrace les aspects psychosociaux et sociopolitiques entrelaces de l'homophobie. Une hypothese de l'expose est que les analyses des problemes des lesbiennes, gays, et des sexualites de T "alterite" sont essentiels pour une comprehension plus complete de la production des formes hegemoniques de genre et de la masculinite en Afrique. L'article suggere que la menace posee par l'homosexualite est utilisee par dirigeants africains comme une distraction de leurs propres echecs socio-economiques lies au developpement et aussi, de facon plus significative, de l'impossibilite meme de la masculinite hegemonique africaine.Key Words: Homophobia; homosexuality; heteronormative; heterosexual; masculinitiesIntroductionIn his well-anthologized article on (white American) Masculinity and homophobia, Michael Kimmel (1994:133) contends that "the fear of being perceived as gay, as nota real man, keeps men exaggerating all the traditional rules of Masculinity." Kimmel traces the history of dominant forms of Masculinity in the United States in order to show that Masculinity is not a trait that male children come into the world with. As a pattern of practice that men (and women in their capacities as mothers, for instance) construct as a group and in their subjective lives, Masculinity is a historically located cultural project in which sexuality figures centrally.Kimmel's work emphasizes the complex (sexual) fears that males live with, including the fears of heterosexual males that they do not measure up to the standards of hegemonic Masculinity. This article focuses similarly on the ways in which fear of homosexuality, including the fear of being perceived as homosexual, troubles hegemonic African men and masculinities. It argues that homosexuality and non-heteronormative sexualities, along with homophobia and homophobic acts, play a significant role in the practices, identities, constructions, and social reproduction of hegemonic African Masculinity. This is a subject that has been largely neglected in the literature on homophobia in Africa. Reports of homophobia-such as those from Human Rights Watch and other multinational nongovernmental organizations-tend to neglect the fact that gay, lesbian, trans, and other forms of nonconforming sexualities are fundamental in the configuration of hegemonic men's gender practices. The argument here, therefore, is that issues of lesbian, gay and "othered" sexualities are vital for a more complex understanding of the working-out, construction, and reproduction of ruling forms of Masculinity and gender in Africa. The article suggests that the well-publicized turmoil over homosexuality in Africa is in fact a poorly choreographed distraction from the tenuousness of hegemonic African Masculinity and is also imbricated with the socioeconomic development-related failures of Africa's ruling men. …
Arslan A Zaidi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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facial Masculinity does not appear to be a condition dependent male ornament and does not reflect mhc heterozygosity in humans
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2019Co-Authors: Arslan A Zaidi, Julie D White, Brooke C Mattern, Corey Liebowitz, David A Puts, Peter Claes, Mark D ShriverAbstract:Recent studies have called into question the idea that facial Masculinity is a condition-dependent male ornament that indicates immunocompetence in humans. We add to this growing body of research by calculating an objective measure of facial Masculinity/femininity using 3D images in a large sample (n = 1,233) of people of European ancestry. We show that facial Masculinity is positively correlated with adult height in both males and females. However, facial Masculinity scales with growth similarly in males and females, suggesting that facial Masculinity is not exclusively a male ornament, as male ornaments are typically more sensitive to growth in males compared with females. Additionally, we measured immunocompetence via heterozygosity at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a widely-used genetic marker of immunity. We show that, while height is positively correlated with MHC heterozygosity, facial Masculinity is not. Thus, facial Masculinity does not reflect immunocompetence measured by MHC heterozygosity in humans. Overall, we find no support for the idea that facial Masculinity is a condition-dependent male ornament that has evolved to indicate immunocompetence.
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facial Masculinity does not appear to be a condition dependent male ornament in humans and does not reflect mhc heterozygosity
bioRxiv, 2018Co-Authors: Arslan A Zaidi, Julie D White, Brooke C Mattern, Corey Liebowitz, David A Puts, Peter ClaesAbstract:Facial Masculinity is thought to be a condition-dependent male ornament, reflecting immunocompetence in humans. To test this hypothesis, we calculated an objective measure of facial Masculinity/femininity using three-dimensional images in a large sample (N = 1,233) of people of European ancestry. We show that facial Masculinity is positively correlated with adult height in both males and females. This suggests that variation in growth contributes, at least in part, to variation in facial Masculinity, which is characteristic of condition-dependent traits. However, facial Masculinity scales with growth similarly in males and females, suggesting that facial Masculinity is not specifically a male ornament. Additionally, we measured immunocompetence via heterozygosity at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a well known genetic marker of immunity. We show that while height is positively correlated with MHC heterozygosity, facial Masculinity is not. Thus, facial Masculinity does not reflect immunocompetence measured by MHC heterozygosity in humans as thought previously. Overall, we find no support for the idea that facial Masculinity is a condition-dependent male ornament that has evolved to indicate immunocompetence.
Anthony C Little - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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correlated preferences for men s facial and vocal Masculinity
Evolution and Human Behavior, 2008Co-Authors: David R Feinberg, Lisa M Debruine, Benedict C Jones, Anthony C LittleAbstract:Previous studies have reported variation in women's preferences for Masculinity in men's faces and voices. Women show consistent preferences for vocal Masculinity, but highly variable preferences for facial Masculinity. Within individuals, men with attractive voices tend to have attractive faces, suggesting common information may be conveyed by these cues. Here we tested whether men and women with particularly strong preferences for male vocal Masculinity also have stronger preferences for male facial Masculinity. We found that Masculinity preferences were positively correlated across modalities. We also investigated potential influences on these relationships between face and voice preferences. Women using oral contraceptives showed weaker facial and vocal Masculinity preferences and weaker associations between Masculinity preferences across modalities than women not using oral contraceptives. Collectively, these results suggest that men's faces and voices may reveal common information about the Masculinity of the sender, and that these multiple quality cues could be used in conjunction by the perceiver in order to determine the overall quality of individuals.
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Correlated preferences for facial Masculinity and ideal or actual partner's Masculinity
Proceedings. Biological sciences, 2006Co-Authors: Lisa M Debruine, David R Feinberg, Benedict C Jones, Anthony C Little, Lynda G. Boothroyd, David I. Perrett, Ian S. Penton-voak, Philip A Cooper, Lars Penke, Bernard TiddemanAbstract:Studies of women's preferences for male faces have variously reported preferences for masculine faces, preferences for feminine faces and no effect of Masculinity-femininity on male facial attractiveness. It has been suggested that these apparently inconsistent findings are, at least partly, due to differences in the methods used to manipulate the Masculinity of face images or individual differences in attraction to facial cues associated with youth. Here, however, we show that women's preferences for Masculinity manipulated in male faces using techniques similar to the three most widely used methods are positively inter-related. We also show that women's preferences for masculine male faces are positively related to ratings of the Masculinity of their actual partner and their ideal partner. Correlations with partner Masculinity were independent of real and ideal partner age, which were not associated with facial Masculinity preference. Collectively, these findings suggest that variability among studies in their findings for women's Masculinity preferences reflects individual differences in attraction to Masculinity rather than differences in the methods used to manufacture stimuli, and are important for the interpretation of previous and future studies of facial Masculinity.
Benedict C Jones - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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no compelling evidence that preferences for facial Masculinity track changes in women s hormonal status
bioRxiv, 2017Co-Authors: Benedict C Jones, Amanda C Hahn, Claire I Fisher, Hongyi Wang, Michal Kandrik, Chengyang Han, Vanessa Fasolt, Danielle Morrison, Iris J Holzleitner, Kieran J OsheaAbstract:Although widely cited as strong evidence that sexual selection has shaped human facial attractiveness judgments, evidence that preferences for masculine characteristics in men9s faces are related to women9s hormonal status is equivocal and controversial. Consequently, we conducted the largest ever longitudinal study of the hormonal correlates of women9s preferences for facial Masculinity (N=584). Analyses showed no compelling evidence that preferences for facial Masculinity were related to changes in women9s salivary steroid hormone levels. Furthermore, both within-subject and between-subject comparisons showed no evidence that oral contraceptive use decreased Masculinity preferences. However, women generally preferred masculinized over feminized versions of men9s faces, particularly when assessing men9s attractiveness for short-term, rather than long-term, relationships. Our results do not support the hypothesized link between women9s preferences for facial Masculinity and their hormonal status.
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no evidence that preferences for facial Masculinity track changes in women s hormonal status
bioRxiv, 2017Co-Authors: Benedict C Jones, Amanda C Hahn, Claire I Fisher, Hongyi Wang, Michal Kandrik, Chengyang Han, Vanessa Fasolt, Danielle Morrison, Iris J Holzleitner, Kieran J OsheaAbstract:Although widely cited as strong evidence that sexual selection has shaped human facial attractiveness judgments, evidence that preferences for masculine characteristics in men9s faces are related to women9s hormonal status is equivocal and controversial. Consequently, we conducted the largest ever longitudinal study of the hormonal correlates of women9s preferences for facial Masculinity (N=584). Analyses showed no evidence that preferences for facial Masculinity were related to changes in women9s salivary steroid hormone levels. Furthermore, both within-subject and between-subject comparisons showed no evidence that oral contraceptive use decreased Masculinity preferences. However, women generally preferred masculinized over feminized versions of men9s faces, particularly when assessing men9s attractiveness for short-term, rather than long-term, relationships. Our results do not support the hypothesized link between women9s preferences for facial Masculinity and their hormonal status.
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women s preferences for facial Masculinity are not related to their hormonal status
bioRxiv, 2017Co-Authors: Benedict C Jones, Amanda C Hahn, Claire I Fisher, Hongyi Wang, Michal Kandrik, Chengyang Han, Vanessa Fasolt, Danielle Morrison, Anthony J Lee, Iris J HolzleitnerAbstract:Although widely cited as strong evidence that sexual selection has shaped human facial attractiveness judgments, evidence that preferences for masculine characteristics in men9s faces are related to women9s hormonal status is equivocal and controversial. Consequently, we conducted the largest ever longitudinal study of women9s preferences for facial Masculinity (N=584). Analyses showed no evidence that preferences for facial Masculinity were related to changes in women9s salivary steroid hormone levels. Furthermore, both within-subject and between-subject comparisons showed no evidence that oral contraceptive use decreased Masculinity preferences. However, women generally preferred masculinized over feminized versions of men9s faces, particularly when assessing men9s attractiveness for short-term, rather than long-term, relationships. Our results do not support the hypothesized link between women9s preferences for facial Masculinity and their hormonal status.
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correlated preferences for men s facial and vocal Masculinity
Evolution and Human Behavior, 2008Co-Authors: David R Feinberg, Lisa M Debruine, Benedict C Jones, Anthony C LittleAbstract:Previous studies have reported variation in women's preferences for Masculinity in men's faces and voices. Women show consistent preferences for vocal Masculinity, but highly variable preferences for facial Masculinity. Within individuals, men with attractive voices tend to have attractive faces, suggesting common information may be conveyed by these cues. Here we tested whether men and women with particularly strong preferences for male vocal Masculinity also have stronger preferences for male facial Masculinity. We found that Masculinity preferences were positively correlated across modalities. We also investigated potential influences on these relationships between face and voice preferences. Women using oral contraceptives showed weaker facial and vocal Masculinity preferences and weaker associations between Masculinity preferences across modalities than women not using oral contraceptives. Collectively, these results suggest that men's faces and voices may reveal common information about the Masculinity of the sender, and that these multiple quality cues could be used in conjunction by the perceiver in order to determine the overall quality of individuals.
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Correlated preferences for facial Masculinity and ideal or actual partner's Masculinity
Proceedings. Biological sciences, 2006Co-Authors: Lisa M Debruine, David R Feinberg, Benedict C Jones, Anthony C Little, Lynda G. Boothroyd, David I. Perrett, Ian S. Penton-voak, Philip A Cooper, Lars Penke, Bernard TiddemanAbstract:Studies of women's preferences for male faces have variously reported preferences for masculine faces, preferences for feminine faces and no effect of Masculinity-femininity on male facial attractiveness. It has been suggested that these apparently inconsistent findings are, at least partly, due to differences in the methods used to manipulate the Masculinity of face images or individual differences in attraction to facial cues associated with youth. Here, however, we show that women's preferences for Masculinity manipulated in male faces using techniques similar to the three most widely used methods are positively inter-related. We also show that women's preferences for masculine male faces are positively related to ratings of the Masculinity of their actual partner and their ideal partner. Correlations with partner Masculinity were independent of real and ideal partner age, which were not associated with facial Masculinity preference. Collectively, these findings suggest that variability among studies in their findings for women's Masculinity preferences reflects individual differences in attraction to Masculinity rather than differences in the methods used to manufacture stimuli, and are important for the interpretation of previous and future studies of facial Masculinity.
