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Manuel Perea - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Can response congruency effects be obtained in Masked Priming lexical decision
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 2018Co-Authors: María Fernández-lópez, Ana Marcet, Manuel PereaAbstract:In past decades, researchers have conducted a myriad of Masked Priming lexical decision experiments aimed at unveiling the early processes underlying lexical access. A relatively overlooked question is whether a Masked unrelated wordlike/unwordlike prime influences the processing of the target stimuli. If participants apply to the primes the same instructions as to the targets, one would predict a response congruency effect (e.g., book-TRUE faster than fiok-TRUE). Critically, the Bayesian Reader model predicts that there should be no effects of response congruency in Masked Priming lexical decision, whereas interactive-activation models offer more flexible predictions. We conducted 3 Masked Priming lexical decision experiments with 4 unrelated Priming conditions differing in lexical status and wordlikeness (high-frequency word, low-frequency word, orthographically legal pseudoword, consonant string). Experiment 1 used wordlike nonwords as foils, Experiment 2 used illegal nonwords as foils, and Experiment 3 used orthographically legal hermit nonwords as foils. When the foils were orthographically legal (Experiments 1 and 3; i.e., a standard lexical decision scenario), lexical decision responses were not affected by the lexical status or wordlikeness of the unrelated primes, as predicted by the Bayesian Reader model and the selective inhibition hypothesis in interactive-activation models. When the foils were illegal (Experiment 2), consonant-string primes produced the slowest responses for word targets and the fastest responses for nonword targets. The Bayesian Reader model can capture this pattern, assuming that participants in Experiment 2 were making an orthographic legality decision (i.e., anything legal must be a word) rather than a lexical decision. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Is Masked Priming modulated by memory load? A test of the automaticity of Masked identity Priming in lexical decision.
Memory & Cognition, 2018Co-Authors: Manuel Perea, Ana Marcet, Mario Lozano, Pablo GomezAbstract:One of the key assumptions of the Masked Priming lexical decision task (LDT) is that primes are processed without requiring attentional resources. Here, we tested this assumption by presenting a dual-task manipulation to increase memory load and measure the change in Masked identity Priming on the targets in the LDT. If Masked Priming does not require attentional resources, increased memory load should have no influence on the magnitude of the observed identity Priming effects. We conducted two LDT experiments, using a within-subjects design, to investigate the effect of memory load (via a concurrent matching task Experiment 1 and a concurrent search task in Experiment 2) on Masked identity Priming. Results showed that the magnitude of Masked identity Priming on word targets was remarkably similar under high and low memory load. Thus, these experiments provide empirical evidence for the automaticity assumption of Masked identity Priming in the LDT.
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Does consonant–vowel skeletal structure play a role early in lexical processing? : Evidence from Masked Priming
Applied Psycholinguistics, 2017Co-Authors: Manuel Perea, Ana Marcet, Joana AchaAbstract:Is the specific consonant–vowel (CV) letter combination of a word a basic source of information for lexical access in the early stages of processing? We designed two Masked Priming lexical decision experiments to respond to this question by directly examining the role of CV skeletal structure in written-word recognition. To that aim, each target word was preceded by a one-letter different nonword prime that kept the same CV skeletal structure or not. We also included an identity prime as a control. Results showed faster word identification times in the CV congruent condition than in the CV incongruent condition when a consonant was replaced from the target (paesaje–PAISAJE
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Resolving the locus of cAsE aLtErNaTiOn effects in visual word recognition: Evidence from Masked Priming
Cognition, 2015Co-Authors: Manuel Perea, Marta Vergara-martínez, Pablo GomezAbstract:Determining the factors that modulate the early access of abstract lexical representations is imperative for the formulation of a comprehensive neural account of visual-word identification. There is a current debate on whether the effects of case alternation (e.g., tRaIn vs. train) have an early or late locus in the word-processing stream. Here we report a lexical decision experiment using a technique that taps the early stages of visual-word recognition (i.e., Masked Priming). In the design, uppercase targets could be preceded by an identity/unrelated prime that could be in lowercase or alternating case (e.g., table-TABLE vs. crash-TABLE; tAbLe-TABLE vs. cRaSh-TABLE). Results revealed that the lowercase and alternating case primes were equally effective at producing an identity Priming effect. This finding demonstrates that case alternation does not hinder the initial access to the abstract lexical representations during visual-word recognition.
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Early Access to Abstract Representations in Developing Readers: Evidence from Masked Priming.
Developmental Science, 2013Co-Authors: Manuel Perea, Reem Abu Mallouh, Manuel CarreirasAbstract:A commonly shared assumption in the field of visual-word recognition is that retinotopic representations are rapidly converted into abstract representations. Here we examine the role of visual form vs. abstract representations during the early stages of word processing - as measured by Masked Priming - in young children (3rd and 6th Graders) and adult readers. To maximize the chances of detecting an effect of visual form, we employed a language with a very intricate orthography, Arabic. If visual form plays a role in the early stages of processing, greater benefit would be expected from related primes that have the same visual form (in terms of the ligation pattern between a word's letters) as the target word (e.g.- [ktz b-ktA b] - note that the three initial letters are connected in prime and target) than for those that do not (- [ktxb-ktA b]). Results showed that the magnitude of Priming effect relative to an unrelated condition (e.g. -) was remarkably similar for both types of prime. Thus, despite the visual complexity of Arabic orthography, there is fast access to the abstract letter representations not only in adult readers by also in developing readers.
Sachiko Kinoshita - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Is reading automatic? Are the ERP correlates of Masked Priming really lexical?
bioRxiv, 2018Co-Authors: Dennis Norris, Sachiko Kinoshita, Jane Hall, Richard N. HensonAbstract:Humans have an almost unbounded ability to adapt their behaviour to perform different tasks. In the laboratory, this flexibility is sometimes viewed as a nuisance factor that prevents access to the underlying cognitive mechanisms of interest. For example, in order to study automatic lexical processing, psycholinguists have used Masked Priming or evoked potentials to measure 9automatic9 lexical processing. However, the pattern of Masked Priming can be radically altered by changing the task. In lexical decision, Priming is observed for words but not for nonwords, yet in a same-different matching task, Priming is observed for same responses but not for different responses, regardless of whether the target is a word or a nonword (Norris & Kinoshita, 2008). Here we show that evoked potentials are equally sensitive to the nature of required decision, with the neural activity normally associated with lexical processing being seen for both words and nonwords on same trials, and for neither on different trials.
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task dependent Masked Priming effects in visual word recognition
Frontiers in Psychology, 2012Co-Authors: Sachiko Kinoshita, Dennis NorrisAbstract:A method used widely to study the first 250 ms of visual word recognition is Masked Priming: These studies have yielded a rich set of data concerning the processes involved in recognizing letters and words. In these studies, there is an implicit assumption that the early processes in word recognition tapped by Masked Priming are automatic, and Masked Priming effects should therefore be invariant across tasks. Contrary to this assumption, Masked Priming effects are modulated by the task goal: For example, only word targets show Priming in the lexical decision task, but both words and nonwords do in the same-different task; semantic Priming effects are generally weak in the lexical decision task but are robust in the semantic categorization task. We explain how such task dependence arises within the Bayesian Reader account of Masked Priming (Norris & Kinoshita, 2008), and how the task dissociations can be used to understand the early processes in lexical access.
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the functional unit of japanese word naming evidence from Masked Priming
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 2011Co-Authors: Rinus G. Verdonschot, Sachiko Kinoshita, Wido La Heij, Katsuo Tamaoka, Sachiko Kiyama, Niels O SchillerAbstract:Theories of language production generally describe the segment as the basic unit in phonological encoding (e.g., Dell, 1988; Levelt, Roelofs, & Meyer, 1999). However, there is also evidence that such a unit might be language specific. Chen, Chen, and Dell (2002), for instance, found no effect of single segments when using a preparation paradigm. To shed more light on the functional unit of phonological encoding in Japanese, a language often described as being mora based, we report the results of 4 experiments using word reading tasks and Masked Priming. Experiment 1 demonstrated using Japanese kana script that primes, which overlapped in the whole mora with target words, sped up word reading latencies but not when just the onset overlapped. Experiments 2 and 3 investigated a possible role of script by using combinations of romaji (Romanized Japanese) and hiragana; again, facilitation effects were found only when the whole mora and not the onset segment overlapped. Experiment 4 distinguished mora Priming from syllable Priming and revealed that the mora Priming effects obtained in the first 3 experiments are also obtained when a mora is part of a syllable. Again, no Priming effect was found for single segments. Our findings suggest that the mora and not the segment (phoneme) is the basic functional phonological unit in Japanese language production planning.
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Does the familiarity bias hypothesis explain why there is no Masked Priming for "NO" decisions?
Memory & Cognition, 2010Co-Authors: Sachiko Kinoshita, Dennis NorrisAbstract:Traditional "activation" views of Masked Priming explain the identity Priming effect in terms of facilitation due to ‘pre-activation’ of stored representations. Norris and Kinoshita's (2008) Bayesian Reader theory of Masked Priming instead explains Priming in terms of the evidence that the prime contributes towards the decision required to the target. In support of the Bayesian Reader account, Norris and Kinoshita showed that the absence of Priming for nonwords in the lexical decision task and for targets requiring a Different decision in the same–different match task can be explained based on a single principle. Against this, Bowers (2010) argued that the absence of Priming should be explained instead by a combination of sublexical Priming and "familiarity bias". As evidence, Bowers cited Bodner and Masson’s (1997) finding that nonword Priming did emerge with targets presented in visually unfamiliar cAsE-AlTeRnAtEd format. We present evidence that this finding was due to the use of an ambiguous letter in case-alternated format; when using unambiguous letters, we consistently failed to find Priming of case-alternated nonwords. We suggest that the Bayesian Reader, rather than the familiarity bias hypothesis, explains the absence of Priming.
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Masked Priming effect reflects evidence accumulated by the prime
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2009Co-Authors: Sachiko Kinoshita, Dennis NorrisAbstract:In the same-different match task, Masked Priming is observed with the same responses but not different responses. Norris and Kinoshita's (2008) Bayesian reader account of Masked Priming explains this pattern based on the same principle as that explaining the absence of Priming for nonwords in the lexical decision task. The pattern of Priming follows from the way the model makes optimal decisions in the two tasks; Priming does not depend on first activating the prime and then the target. An alternative explanation is in terms of a bias towards responding "same" that exactly counters the facilitatory effect of lexical access. The present study tested these two views by varying both the degree to which the prime predicts the response and the visibility of the prime. UnMasked primes produced effects expected from the view that Priming is influenced by the degree to which the prime predicts the response. In contrast, with Masked primes, the size of Priming for the same response was completely unaffected by predictability. These results rule out response bias as an explanation of the absence of Masked Priming for different responses and, in turn, indicate that Masked Priming is not a consequence of automatic lexical access of the prime.
Kenneth I Forster - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Masked Priming for prefixed words with bound stems: Does submit prime permit?
Language and Cognitive Processes, 2020Co-Authors: Kenneth I Forster, Tamiko AzumaAbstract:Masked Priming effects for prefixed words sharing a bound stem (e.g., submit-PERMIT) are compared with Priming effects for semantically transparent prefixed words (e.g., fold-UNFOLD). In three experiments, Priming effects were obtained for both types with no significant difference between them. These results suggest that semantic transparency is not critical for Priming in this paradigm. However, in Experiment 2, Priming in the bound stem condition did not differ significantly from an orthographic control condition (e.g., shallow-FOLLOW). In Experiment 3, form Priming effects were suppressed by the use of close distractors and a longer prime duration. The morphological effects remained unaltered, indicating that they were not a product of orthographic overlap. The magnitude of bound stem Priming was also found to be related to productivity of the stem.
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Testing the viability of webDMDX for Masked Priming experiments
The Mental Lexicon, 2014Co-Authors: Jeffrey Witzel, Kenneth I Forster, Samantha Cornelius, Naoko Witzel, Jonathan C. ForsterAbstract:The DMDX software package (Forster & Forster, 2003) is a Windows-based application that displays stimuli and records responses. Recent developments in this program have made it possible to deploy DMDX experiments over the Internet. This study evaluates the viability of the web-deployable implementation of DMDX, or webDMDX, for Masked Priming experiments. A lexical decision task (LDT) with Masked repetition Priming on high- and low-frequency words and an e/a letter detection task were conducted with both lab-based DMDX (labDMDX; Experiment 1) and webDMDX. The webDMDX experiments were run on lab computers (Experiments 2) and on different (unknown) hardware (Experiment 3). The labDMDX and webDMDX experiments yielded comparable results on the LDT. In the e/a-detection task, the only important difference observed among the tests was between the lab-based experiment (Experiment 1) and the first webDMDX experiment (Experiment 2), at the 50 ms display duration. However, after a minor change in keyword coding (Experiment 2 follow-up) and an adjustment to the millisecond-to-retrace conversion process (Experiment 3), the detection rates at all display durations were similar in both labDMDX and webDMDX. Taken together, these results indicate the utility of webDMDX for Masked Priming experiments as well as for other time-sensitive methodologies.
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the intervenor effect in Masked Priming how does Masked Priming survive across an intervening word
Journal of Memory and Language, 2009Co-Authors: Kenneth I ForsterAbstract:Four Masked Priming experiments are reported investigating the effect of inserting an unrelated word between the Masked prime and the target. When the intervening word is visible, identity Priming is reduced to the level of one-letter-different form Priming, but form Priming is largely unaffected. However, when the intervening word is itself Masked, form Priming is eliminated altogether, while identity Priming remains at the level observed with a visible intervenor. Normal Priming effects are obtained when the order of the Masked prime and the intervenor is reversed. It is suggested that identity Priming consists of two effects, one that depends on the prime being adjacent to the target (a semantic effect), and one that is independent of adjacency (a form effect).
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DO ORTHOGRAPHY AND PHONOLOGY INTERACT IN Masked Priming
2007Co-Authors: Xiaomei Qiao, Kenneth I ForsterAbstract:Using a new technique to vary phonological overlap while keeping orthographic overlap constant, this study investigates phonological Priming at different prime durations (40ms, 60ms and 70ms). In the first and second experiments, significant Priming was obtained in both phonological similar (O+P+) and phonological dissimilar (O+P-) conditions, and there was no interaction between Priming and phonological overlap, nor was there any appreciable effect of prime duration. However in the third experiment, Priming was obtained only for the O+P+ condition; there was no Priming in the O+P- condition. Once again, there was no effect of prime duration. The results suggest that orthography and phonology do interact in Masked Priming, but not in all circumstances.
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Being forward not backward : lexical limits to Masked Priming
Cognition, 2007Co-Authors: Chris Davis, Kenneth I ForsterAbstract:Abstract This study investigated whether Masked Priming is mediated by existing memory representations by determining whether nonwords targets would show repetition Priming. To avoid the potential confound that nonword repetition Priming would be obscured by a familiarity response bias, the standard lexical decision and naming tasks were modified to make targets unfamiliar. Participants were required to read a target string from right to left (i.e., “ECAF” should be read as “FACE”) and then make a response. To examine if Priming was based on lexical representations, repetition primes consisted of words when read forwards or backwards (e.g., “face”, “ecaf”) and nonwords (e.g., “pame”, “emap”). Forward and backward primes were used to test if task instruction affected prime encoding. The lexical decision and naming tasks showed the same pattern of results: Priming only occurred for forward primes with word targets (e.g., “face-ECAF”). Additional experiments to test if response Priming affected the LDT indicated that the lexical status of the prime per se did not affect target responses. These results showed that the encoding of Masked primes was unaffected by the novel task instruction and support the view that Masked Priming is due to the automatic triggering of pre-established computational processes based on stored information.
Kathleen Rastle - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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'Fell' primes 'fall', but does 'bell' prime 'ball'? Masked Priming with irregularly-inflected primes
Journal of Memory and Language, 2010Co-Authors: Davide Crepaldi, Kathleen Rastle, Max Coltheart, Lyndsey NickelsAbstract:Abstract Recent Masked Priming experiments have brought to light a morphological level of analysis that is exclusively based on the orthographic appearance of words, so that it breaks down corner into corn- and -er, as well as dealer into deal- and -er ( Rastle, Davis, & New, 2004 ). Being insensitive to semantic factors, this morpho-orthographic segmentation process cannot capture the morphological relationship between irregularly inflected words and their base forms (e.g., fell–fall, bought–buy); hence, the prediction follows that these words should not facilitate each other in Masked Priming experiments. However, the first experiment described in the present work demonstrates that fell does facilitate fall more than orthographically matched (e.g., fill) and unrelated control words (e.g., hope). Experiments 2 and 3 also show that this effect cannot be explained through orthographic sub-regularities that characterize many irregular inflections, as no Priming arose when unrelated words showing the same orthographic patterns were tested (e.g., tell–tall vs. toll–tall). These results highlight the existence of a second higher-level source of Masked morphological Priming; we propose that this second source of Priming is located at the lemma level, where inflected words (but not derived words) share their representation irrespective of orthographic regularity.
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fell primes fall but does bell prime ball Masked Priming with irregularly inflected primes
Journal of Memory and Language, 2010Co-Authors: Davide Crepaldi, Kathleen Rastle, Max Coltheart, Lyndsey NickelsAbstract:Abstract Recent Masked Priming experiments have brought to light a morphological level of analysis that is exclusively based on the orthographic appearance of words, so that it breaks down corner into corn- and -er, as well as dealer into deal- and -er ( Rastle, Davis, & New, 2004 ). Being insensitive to semantic factors, this morpho-orthographic segmentation process cannot capture the morphological relationship between irregularly inflected words and their base forms (e.g., fell–fall, bought–buy); hence, the prediction follows that these words should not facilitate each other in Masked Priming experiments. However, the first experiment described in the present work demonstrates that fell does facilitate fall more than orthographically matched (e.g., fill) and unrelated control words (e.g., hope). Experiments 2 and 3 also show that this effect cannot be explained through orthographic sub-regularities that characterize many irregular inflections, as no Priming arose when unrelated words showing the same orthographic patterns were tested (e.g., tell–tall vs. toll–tall). These results highlight the existence of a second higher-level source of Masked morphological Priming; we propose that this second source of Priming is located at the lemma level, where inflected words (but not derived words) share their representation irrespective of orthographic regularity.
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ERP Evidence of Morphological Analysis from Orthography: A Masked Priming Study
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2007Co-Authors: Aureliu Lavric, Amanda Clapp, Kathleen RastleAbstract:There is broad consensus that the visual word recognition system is sensitive to morphological structure (e.g., “hunter” = “hunt” + “er”). Moreover, it has been assumed that the analysis of morphologically complex words (e.g., “hunter”) occurs only if the meaning of the complex form can be derived from the meanings of its constituents (e.g., “hunt” and “er”). However, recent behavioral work using Masked Priming has suggested that morphological analysis can occur at an early, orthographic level, with little influence from semantics. The present investigation examined the neurophysiological correlates of Masked Priming in conditions of a genuine morphological relationship (e.g., “hunter”-“HUNT”), an apparent morphological relationship (“corner”-“CORN”), and no morphological relationship (“brothel”-“BROTH”). Neural Priming was indexed by the reduction of the N400 ERP component associated with targets preceded by related primes, as compared to targets preceded by unrelated primes. The mere appearance of morphological structure (“corner”-“CORN”) resulted in robust behavioral and neural Priming, whose magnitude was similar to that observed in pairs with genuine morphological relationship and greater than that in the nonmorphological pairs. The results support a purely structural morphemic segmentation procedure operating in the early stages of visual word perception.
Max Coltheart - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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morphological processing during visual word recognition in developing readers evidence from Masked Priming
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2012Co-Authors: Elisabeth Beyersmann, Anne Castles, Max ColtheartAbstract:Masked Priming studies with adult readers have provided evidence for a form-based morpho-orthographic segmentation mechanism that “blindly” decomposes any word with the appearance of morphological complexity. The present studies investigated whether evidence for structural morphological decomposition can be obtained with developing readers. We used a Masked primed lexical decision design first adopted by Rastle, Davis, and New (2004), comparing truly suffixed (golden–GOLD) and pseudosuffixed (mother–MOTH) prime–target pairs with nonsuffixed controls (spinach–SPIN). Experiment 1 tested adult readers, showing that Priming from both pseudo- and truly suffixed primes could be obtained using our own set of high-frequency word materials. Experiment 2 assessed a group of Year 3 and Year 5 children, but Priming only occurred when prime and target shared a true morphological relationship, and not when the relationship was pseudomorphological. This pattern of results indicates that morpho-orthographic decomposition...
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fell primes fall but does bell prime ball Masked Priming with irregularly inflected primes
Journal of Memory and Language, 2010Co-Authors: Davide Crepaldi, Kathleen Rastle, Max Coltheart, Lyndsey NickelsAbstract:Abstract Recent Masked Priming experiments have brought to light a morphological level of analysis that is exclusively based on the orthographic appearance of words, so that it breaks down corner into corn- and -er, as well as dealer into deal- and -er ( Rastle, Davis, & New, 2004 ). Being insensitive to semantic factors, this morpho-orthographic segmentation process cannot capture the morphological relationship between irregularly inflected words and their base forms (e.g., fell–fall, bought–buy); hence, the prediction follows that these words should not facilitate each other in Masked Priming experiments. However, the first experiment described in the present work demonstrates that fell does facilitate fall more than orthographically matched (e.g., fill) and unrelated control words (e.g., hope). Experiments 2 and 3 also show that this effect cannot be explained through orthographic sub-regularities that characterize many irregular inflections, as no Priming arose when unrelated words showing the same orthographic patterns were tested (e.g., tell–tall vs. toll–tall). These results highlight the existence of a second higher-level source of Masked morphological Priming; we propose that this second source of Priming is located at the lemma level, where inflected words (but not derived words) share their representation irrespective of orthographic regularity.
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'Fell' primes 'fall', but does 'bell' prime 'ball'? Masked Priming with irregularly-inflected primes
Journal of Memory and Language, 2010Co-Authors: Davide Crepaldi, Kathleen Rastle, Max Coltheart, Lyndsey NickelsAbstract:Abstract Recent Masked Priming experiments have brought to light a morphological level of analysis that is exclusively based on the orthographic appearance of words, so that it breaks down corner into corn- and -er, as well as dealer into deal- and -er ( Rastle, Davis, & New, 2004 ). Being insensitive to semantic factors, this morpho-orthographic segmentation process cannot capture the morphological relationship between irregularly inflected words and their base forms (e.g., fell–fall, bought–buy); hence, the prediction follows that these words should not facilitate each other in Masked Priming experiments. However, the first experiment described in the present work demonstrates that fell does facilitate fall more than orthographically matched (e.g., fill) and unrelated control words (e.g., hope). Experiments 2 and 3 also show that this effect cannot be explained through orthographic sub-regularities that characterize many irregular inflections, as no Priming arose when unrelated words showing the same orthographic patterns were tested (e.g., tell–tall vs. toll–tall). These results highlight the existence of a second higher-level source of Masked morphological Priming; we propose that this second source of Priming is located at the lemma level, where inflected words (but not derived words) share their representation irrespective of orthographic regularity.