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Paul Green - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A Misleading Review of Response Bias: Comment on McGrath, Mitchell, Kim, and Hough (2010).
Psychological bulletin, 2011Co-Authors: Martin L. Rohling, Yossef S. Ben-porath, Paul R. Lees-haley, Glenn J. Larrabee, Manfred F. Greiffenstein, Paul Green, Kevin W. GreveAbstract:Abstract In the May 2010 issue of Psychological Bulletin, R. E. McGrath, M. Mitchell, B. H. Kim, and L. Hough published an article entitled "Evidence for Response Bias as a Source of Error Variance in Applied Assessment" (pp. 450-470). They argued that Response Bias indicators used in a variety of settings typically have insufficient data to support such use in everyday clinical practice. Furthermore, they claimed that despite 100 years of research into the use of Response Bias indicators, "a sufficient justification for [their] use… in applied settings remains elusive" (p. 450). We disagree with McGrath et al.'s conclusions. In fact, we assert that the relevant and voluminous literature that has addressed the issues of Response Bias substantiates validity of these indicators. In addition, we believe that Response Bias measures should be used in clinical and research settings on a regular basis. Finally, the empirical evidence for the use of Response Bias measures is strongest in clinical neuropsychology. We argue that McGrath et al.'s erroneous perspective on Response Bias measures is a result of 3 errors in their research methodology: (a) inclusion criteria for relevant studies that are too narrow; (b) errors in interpreting results of the empirical research they did include; (c) evidence of a confirmatory Bias in selectively citing the literature, as evidence of moderation appears to have been overlooked. Finally, their acknowledging experts in the field who might have highlighted these errors prior to publication may have prevented critiques during the review process.
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differential sensitivity of the Response Bias scale rbs and mmpi 2 validity scales to memory complaints
Clinical Neuropsychologist, 2008Co-Authors: Roger O. Gervais, Dustin B. Wygant, Yossef S Benporath, Paul GreenAbstract:The MMPI-2 Response Bias Scale (RBS) is designed to detect Response Bias in forensic neuropsychological and disability assessment settings. Validation studies have demonstrated that the scale is sensitive to cognitive Response Bias as determined by failure on the Word Memory Test (WMT) and other symptom validity tests. Exaggerated memory complaints are a common feature of cognitive Response Bias. The present study was undertaken to determine the extent to which the RBS is sensitive to memory complaints and how it compares in this regard to other MMPI-2 validity scales and indices. This archival study used MMPI-2 and Memory Complaints Inventory (MCI) data from 1550 consecutive non-head-injury disability-related referrals to the first author's private practice. ANOVA results indicated significant increases in memory complaints across increasing RBS score ranges with large effect sizes. Regression analyses indicated that the RBS was a better predictor of the mean memory complaints score than the F, FB, and F...
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Development and Validation of a Response Bias Scale (RBS) for the MMPI-2
Assessment, 2007Co-Authors: Roger O. Gervais, Yossef S. Ben-porath, Dustin B. Wygant, Paul GreenAbstract:This study describes the development of a Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) scale designed to detect negative Response Bias in forensic neuropsychological or disability assessment settings. The Response Bias Scale (RBS) consists of 28 MMPI-2 items that discriminated between persons who passed or failed the Word Memory Test (WMT), Computerized Assessment of Response Bias (CARB), and/or Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) in a sample of 1,212 nonhead-injury disability claimants. Incremental validity of the RBS was evaluated by comparing its ability to detect poor performance on four separate symptom validity tests with that of the F and FP scales and the Fake Bad Scale (FBS). The RBS consistently outperformed F, FP, and FBS. Study results suggest that the RBS may be a useful addition to existing MMPI-2 validity scales and indices in detecting symptom complaints predominantly associated with cognitive Response Bias and overreporting in forensic neuropsychological and disability assessment se...
Jill D. Waring - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Response Bias for picture recognition in patients with Alzheimer disease.
Cognitive and behavioral neurology : official journal of the Society for Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology, 2009Co-Authors: Ellen H. Beth, Andrew E. Budson, Jill D. Waring, Brandon A. AllyAbstract:Objective—To investigate whether changing recognition stimuli from words to pictures would alter Response Bias in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Background—Response Bias is an important aspect of memory performance in patients with AD, as they show an abnormally liberal Response Bias compared to healthy older adults. We have previously found that despite changes in discrimination produced by varying the study and test list length, Response Bias remained remarkably stable in both patients with AD and older adult controls. Methods—Patients with mild AD and healthy older adults underwent two separate study-test sessions of pictures and words. For both pictures and words, increasing study-test list lengths were used to determine whether Bias changed as a factor of discrimination or task difficulty. Results—Consistent with apriori hypotheses, healthy older adults showed increased discrimination and shifted to a more liberal Response Bias for pictures compared to words. In contrast, despite their higher level of discrimination for pictures, patients with AD showed a similar Response Bias for both pictures and words. Bias was consistent across varying study-test lengths for both groups. Conclusions—These results suggest that Response Bias is a relatively invariant factor of an individual with AD that remains liberal regardless of discrimination or stimulus type.
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Preserved metamemorial ability in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease: shifting Response Bias.
Brain and cognition, 2007Co-Authors: Jill D. Waring, David A Wolk, Hyemi Chong, Andrew E. BudsonAbstract:Patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) display a greater tendency to endorse unstudied items as "old" on memory tests than healthy older adults. This liberal Response Bias may result in mistaken beliefs about the completion of common tasks. This research attempted to determine whether it was possible to shift the Response Bias of mild AD patients to be more conservative on a recognition memory test through behavioral intervention. Patients with mild AD and matched controls were evaluated with two almost identical paradigms, separated by about one week. For each session, 30 words were studied and 60 words (half studied, half novel) were shown at test. During one session participants were told that 30% of words were old, and at the other session that 70% were old. We found that both groups were able to shift their Response Bias between the two conditions. That patients with mild AD were able to successfully shift their Response Bias demonstrates that--despite their overall liberal Response Bias and poor memory relative to controls--one component of metamemorial ability is preserved in patients with mild AD.
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episodic memory in alzheimer s disease separating Response Bias from discrimination
Neuropsychologia, 2006Co-Authors: Andrew E. Budson, Jill D. Waring, David A Wolk, Hyemi ChongAbstract:Most studies examining episodic memory in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have focused on patients' impaired ability to remember information, leading to poor discrimination between studied and unstudied items at test. Poor discrimination, however, can also be attributable to an abnormally high rate of false alarms. One cause of a high false alarm rate is an abnormally liberal Response Bias; that is, responding "old" too liberally to the test items. In the present study, discrimination and Response Bias were evaluated when participants were given a series of progressively longer study-test lists of unrelated words. As expected, patients with AD showed overall worse discrimination and a more liberal Response Bias compared with older adult controls. Critically, patients with AD also showed a more liberal Response Bias than older adults when discrimination was matched between the groups after performance was equated by giving the older adult controls a more difficult test than the patients with AD. This result confirms that the patients' abnormally liberal Response Bias is not simply attributable to their poor discrimination. Correlation analyses suggest that the patients' liberal Response Bias is related to the degree of their episodic memory deficit, which may in turn be related to the severity of their disease. Thus, our research suggests that as AD progresses two distinct abnormalities of episodic memory develop: worse discrimination and a more liberal Response Bias. Possible explanations of this liberal Response Bias in patients with AD are discussed.
Andrew E. Budson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Response Bias for picture recognition in patients with Alzheimer disease.
Cognitive and behavioral neurology : official journal of the Society for Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology, 2009Co-Authors: Ellen H. Beth, Andrew E. Budson, Jill D. Waring, Brandon A. AllyAbstract:Objective—To investigate whether changing recognition stimuli from words to pictures would alter Response Bias in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Background—Response Bias is an important aspect of memory performance in patients with AD, as they show an abnormally liberal Response Bias compared to healthy older adults. We have previously found that despite changes in discrimination produced by varying the study and test list length, Response Bias remained remarkably stable in both patients with AD and older adult controls. Methods—Patients with mild AD and healthy older adults underwent two separate study-test sessions of pictures and words. For both pictures and words, increasing study-test list lengths were used to determine whether Bias changed as a factor of discrimination or task difficulty. Results—Consistent with apriori hypotheses, healthy older adults showed increased discrimination and shifted to a more liberal Response Bias for pictures compared to words. In contrast, despite their higher level of discrimination for pictures, patients with AD showed a similar Response Bias for both pictures and words. Bias was consistent across varying study-test lengths for both groups. Conclusions—These results suggest that Response Bias is a relatively invariant factor of an individual with AD that remains liberal regardless of discrimination or stimulus type.
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Preserved metamemorial ability in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease: shifting Response Bias.
Brain and cognition, 2007Co-Authors: Jill D. Waring, David A Wolk, Hyemi Chong, Andrew E. BudsonAbstract:Patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) display a greater tendency to endorse unstudied items as "old" on memory tests than healthy older adults. This liberal Response Bias may result in mistaken beliefs about the completion of common tasks. This research attempted to determine whether it was possible to shift the Response Bias of mild AD patients to be more conservative on a recognition memory test through behavioral intervention. Patients with mild AD and matched controls were evaluated with two almost identical paradigms, separated by about one week. For each session, 30 words were studied and 60 words (half studied, half novel) were shown at test. During one session participants were told that 30% of words were old, and at the other session that 70% were old. We found that both groups were able to shift their Response Bias between the two conditions. That patients with mild AD were able to successfully shift their Response Bias demonstrates that--despite their overall liberal Response Bias and poor memory relative to controls--one component of metamemorial ability is preserved in patients with mild AD.
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episodic memory in alzheimer s disease separating Response Bias from discrimination
Neuropsychologia, 2006Co-Authors: Andrew E. Budson, Jill D. Waring, David A Wolk, Hyemi ChongAbstract:Most studies examining episodic memory in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have focused on patients' impaired ability to remember information, leading to poor discrimination between studied and unstudied items at test. Poor discrimination, however, can also be attributable to an abnormally high rate of false alarms. One cause of a high false alarm rate is an abnormally liberal Response Bias; that is, responding "old" too liberally to the test items. In the present study, discrimination and Response Bias were evaluated when participants were given a series of progressively longer study-test lists of unrelated words. As expected, patients with AD showed overall worse discrimination and a more liberal Response Bias compared with older adult controls. Critically, patients with AD also showed a more liberal Response Bias than older adults when discrimination was matched between the groups after performance was equated by giving the older adult controls a more difficult test than the patients with AD. This result confirms that the patients' abnormally liberal Response Bias is not simply attributable to their poor discrimination. Correlation analyses suggest that the patients' liberal Response Bias is related to the degree of their episodic memory deficit, which may in turn be related to the severity of their disease. Thus, our research suggests that as AD progresses two distinct abnormalities of episodic memory develop: worse discrimination and a more liberal Response Bias. Possible explanations of this liberal Response Bias in patients with AD are discussed.
Dean C. Delis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Response Bias and aging on a recognition memory task.
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS, 2006Co-Authors: Terri J. Huh, Joel H. Kramer, Adam Gazzaley, Dean C. DelisAbstract:Response Bias reflects the decision rule an individual uses when faced with uncertainty on recognition memory tasks. Recent studies indicate frontal regions may mediate Response Bias performance. One theory of aging also implicates frontal lobe contributions in age-related cognitive changes. This suggests that frontal lobe changes may mediate Response Bias in older adults. Consistent with this frontal aging hypothesis, we predicted that Response Bias would become more liberal with age. Methods: Participants were 181 younger (30–49) and 112 older normal adults (751) that were part of the California Verbal Learning Test-second edition (CVLT-2) normative sample (total n 51078). We used parametric measures of discriminability and Response Bias provided by the CVLT-2 scoring program. Groups were similar in IQ and education. Multi-level regression models were created to examine the effects of moderating variables. The interaction between age and age group significantly predicted Response Bias. Post hoc analysis indicated that increasing age was associated with more liberal Bias in the older but not in the younger group. In the light of reported relationships between frontal regions and both aging and Response Bias, we hypothesize that frontal changes may be the underlying mechanism explaining the increase in liberal Response Bias with age. (JINS, 2006, 12, 1–7.)
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Response Bias and aging on a recognition memory task - eScholarship
2006Co-Authors: Terri J. Huh, Joel H. Kramer, Adam Gazzaley, Dean C. DelisAbstract:Response Bias reflects the decision rule an individual uses when faced With uncertainty oil recognition memory tasks. Recent studies indicate frontal regions may mediate Response Bias performance. One theory of aging also implicates frontal lobe contributions in age-related cognitive changes. This suggests that frontal lobe changes may mediate Response Bias in older adults. Consistent with this frontal aging hypothesis. we predicted that Response Bias would become more liberal with age. Methods: Participants were 181 younger(30-49) and 112 older normal adults (75+) that were part of the California Verbal Learning Test-second edition (CVLT-2) normative sample (total n = 1078). We used parametric measures of discriminability and Response Bias provided by the CVLT-2 scoring program. Groups were similar in IQ and education. Multi-level regression models were created to examine the effects of moderating variables. The interaction between age and age group significantly predicted Response Bias. Post hoc analysis indicated that increasing age was associated with more liberal Bias in the older but not in the younger group. In the light of reported relationships between frontal regions and both aging and Response Bias. we hypothesize that frontal changes may be the underlying mechanism explaining the increase in liberal Response Bias with age.
Roger O. Gervais - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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differential sensitivity of the Response Bias scale rbs and mmpi 2 validity scales to memory complaints
Clinical Neuropsychologist, 2008Co-Authors: Roger O. Gervais, Dustin B. Wygant, Yossef S Benporath, Paul GreenAbstract:The MMPI-2 Response Bias Scale (RBS) is designed to detect Response Bias in forensic neuropsychological and disability assessment settings. Validation studies have demonstrated that the scale is sensitive to cognitive Response Bias as determined by failure on the Word Memory Test (WMT) and other symptom validity tests. Exaggerated memory complaints are a common feature of cognitive Response Bias. The present study was undertaken to determine the extent to which the RBS is sensitive to memory complaints and how it compares in this regard to other MMPI-2 validity scales and indices. This archival study used MMPI-2 and Memory Complaints Inventory (MCI) data from 1550 consecutive non-head-injury disability-related referrals to the first author's private practice. ANOVA results indicated significant increases in memory complaints across increasing RBS score ranges with large effect sizes. Regression analyses indicated that the RBS was a better predictor of the mean memory complaints score than the F, FB, and F...
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Development and Validation of a Response Bias Scale (RBS) for the MMPI-2
Assessment, 2007Co-Authors: Roger O. Gervais, Yossef S. Ben-porath, Dustin B. Wygant, Paul GreenAbstract:This study describes the development of a Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) scale designed to detect negative Response Bias in forensic neuropsychological or disability assessment settings. The Response Bias Scale (RBS) consists of 28 MMPI-2 items that discriminated between persons who passed or failed the Word Memory Test (WMT), Computerized Assessment of Response Bias (CARB), and/or Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) in a sample of 1,212 nonhead-injury disability claimants. Incremental validity of the RBS was evaluated by comparing its ability to detect poor performance on four separate symptom validity tests with that of the F and FP scales and the Fake Bad Scale (FBS). The RBS consistently outperformed F, FP, and FBS. Study results suggest that the RBS may be a useful addition to existing MMPI-2 validity scales and indices in detecting symptom complaints predominantly associated with cognitive Response Bias and overreporting in forensic neuropsychological and disability assessment se...
