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Steve Piantadosi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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native amazonian children forego egalitarianism in merit based tasks when they learn to count
Developmental Science, 2016Co-Authors: Julian Jaraettinger, Edward Gibson, Celeste Kidd, Steve PiantadosiAbstract:Cooperation often results in a final Material Resource that must be shared, but deciding how to distribute that Resource is not straightforward. A distribution could count as fair if all members receive an equal reward (egalitarian distributions), or if each member's reward is proportional to their merit (merit-based distributions). Here, we propose that the acquisition of numerical concepts influences how we reason about fairness. We explore this possibility in the Tsimane', a farming-foraging group who live in the Bolivian rainforest. The Tsimane' learn to count in the same way children from industrialized countries do, but at a delayed and more variable timeline, allowing us to de-confound number knowledge from age and years in school. We find that Tsimane' children who can count produce merit-based distributions, while children who cannot count produce both merit-based and egalitarian distributions. Our findings establish that the ability to count - a non-universal, language-dependent, cultural invention - can influence social cognition.
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short report native amazonian children forego egalitarianism in merit based tasks when they learn to count
2015Co-Authors: Julian Jaraettinger, Edward Gibson, Celeste Kidd, Steve PiantadosiAbstract:Cooperation often results in a final Material Resource that must be shared, but deciding how to distribute that Resource is not straightforward. A distribution could count as fair if all members receive an equal reward (egalitarian distributions), or if each member’s reward is proportional to their merit (merit-based distributions). Here, we propose that the acquisition of numerical concepts influences how we reason about fairness. We explore this possibility in the Tsimane’, a farming-foraging group who live in the Bolivian rainforest. The Tsimane’ learn to count in the same way children from industrialized countries do, but at a delayed and more variable timeline, allowing us to de-confound number knowledge from age and years in school. We find that Tsimane’ children who can count produce merit-based distributions, while children who cannot count produce both merit-based and egalitarian distributions. Our findings establish that the ability to count – a non-universal, language-dependent, cultural invention – can influence social cognition.
Stefan Bringezu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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life cycle input indicators of Material Resource use for enhancing sustainability assessment schemes of buildings
Journal of building engineering, 2019Co-Authors: Husam Sameer, Stefan BringezuAbstract:Abstract Suitable methods and indicators to address the sustainability of Resource use in the buildings sector are still in their infancy. Indicators and sustainability assessment schemes so far focus on the availability of natural Resources, while the efficiency of their use is widely neglected. This article focuses on the assessment of the Material Resource use in buildings (abiotic raw Material including energetic Material), and the applicability of Material input indicators, Raw Material Input (RMI) and Total Material Requirement (TMR), within life cycle assessment (LCA) using a contemporary database. The indicators cover the life-cycle-wide cumulative input of raw Materials (RMI) and the total primary Materials requirements (TMR) which in relation to the functionality of buildings ought to be minimized when Resource efficiency shall be increased. The applicability of the Resource use indicators in addition to the corresponding Global Warming Impact (GWI) is tested for a virtual design of a multi-family building. Use of Resources and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are determined per square meter of usable floor area. The calculations comprised the production phase of the construction Materials and the use phase of the building with five alternatives of exterior walls using GaBi XIV construction Materials database. Results show that accounting for Material input indicators i.e. RMI and TMR could significantly contribute to the reduction of a building's Material Resource use and explicitly define the actual input weight of each Material Resource taken from nature and the accompanied ecological rucksack within LCA framework.
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possible target corridor for sustainable use of global Material Resources
Resources, 2015Co-Authors: Stefan BringezuAbstract:Many countries have started to develop policy programs for the sustainable use of natural Resources. Indicators and targets can cover both a territorial and a life-cycle-wide global perspective. This article focuses on how a safe operating space for global Material Resource use can be outlined based on existing economy-wide Material flow indicators. It reflects on issues such as scale and systems perspective, as the choice of indicators determines the target "valves" of the socio-industrial metabolism. It considers environmental pressures and social aspects of safe and fair Resource use. Existing proposals for Resource consumption targets are reviewed, partially revisited, and taken as a basis to outline potential target values for a safe operating space for the extraction and use of minerals and biomass by final consumption. A potential sustainability corridor is derived with the Total Material Consumption of abiotic Resources ranging from 6 to 12 t/person, the Total Material Consumption of biotic Resources not exceeding 2 t/person, and the Raw Material Consumption of used biotic and abiotic Materials ranging from 3 to 6 t/person until 2050. For policy, a "10-2-5 target triplet" can provide orientation, when the three indicators are assigned values of 10, 2, and 5 t/person, respectively.
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economy wide Material flow indicators overall framework purposes and uses and comparison of Material use and Resource intensity of the czech republic germany and the eu 15
Ecological Indicators, 2012Co-Authors: Jan Kovanda, Isabel Van De Sand, Helmut Schutz, Stefan BringezuAbstract:Abstract Material flows induced by national economies can be regarded as indirect pressure indicators for environmental degradation. Economy-wide Material flow analysis and indicators have been designed to monitor Material and energy flows at the macroeconomic level and to provide indicators, which could contribute to management of Resource use and output emission flows from both economic, environmental and broader sustainability points of view. These indicators can serve various purposes including monitoring the Material basis of national economies and related environmental pressures, assessment of the Material and Resource productivity and monitoring the implications of trade and globalisation. The main part of this paper compares the Material and Resource use of the Czech Republic, Germany and the EU-15 by means of DMI and TMR indicators over the period of 1991–2004 (1991–2000 for EU-15). At the aggregate level both indicators in all three economies do not show any clear decreasing or increasing trends over the period considered. This means that environmental pressure related to use of Materials for production and consumption purposes remains rather stable. All the economies however, recorded an increase in the efficiency of transforming the Material/Resource inputs into economic output. The analysis further revealed that most of the dynamics of DMI and TMR in the Czech Republic tended towards a higher similarity with Germany and the EU-15. In the future, further decreases in DMI as well as in TMR of fossils fuels might be expected in the Czech Republic, which could be counteracted by increase in DMI and TMR of metal ores/metal Resources and non-metallic minerals/non-metallic Resources. The future development of total DMI, TMR and Material/Resource intensity in both the Czech Republic and Germany will depend on further shifts to less Material intensive industries and services and on increasing Material efficiency in production and consumption of particular products. This is not only a technological, but also a social challenge, as there are barriers in current mode of governance and in shaping of current economic and social systems to do so.
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international comparison of Resource use and its relation to economic growth the development of total Material requirement direct Material inputs and hidden flows and the structure of tmr
Ecological Economics, 2004Co-Authors: Stefan Bringezu, Helmut Schutz, Soren Steger, Jan BaudischAbstract:Abstract Resource flows constitute the Materials basis of the economy. At the same time, they carry and induce an environmental burden associated with Resource extraction and the subsequent Material flows and stocks, which finally end up as waste and emissions. A reduction of this Material throughput and the related impacts would require a reduction of Resource inputs. And breaking the link between Resource consumption and economic growth would require an increase in Resource productivity. Material flow analysis (MFA) can be used to quantify Resource flows and indicate Resource productivity. In this article, we study the available empirical evidence on the actual (de-)linkage of Material Resource use and economic growth. We compare Resource use with respect to total Material requirement (TMR) and direct Material input (DMI) for 11 and 26 countries, respectively, and the European Union (EU-15). The dynamics of TMR, as well as of the main components are analysed in relation to economic growth in order to show whether there is a decoupling (relative or absolute) from GDP and a change of the metabolic structure in the course of economic development. DMI/cap so far only decoupled from GDP/cap in relative terms; that is, in most countries, it reached a rather constant level but—with the exception of Czech Republic—showed no absolute decline yet. TMR/cap was reduced in two high-income countries and one low-income country due to political influence. Changes in TMR were more influenced by hidden flows (HF) than by DMI. We analyse the dynamics of the structure and composition of TMR in the course of economic development. In general, the economic development of industrial countries was accompanied by a shift from domestic to foreign Resource extraction. Different relations can be discovered for the share of biomass, fossil fuel Resources, construction Resources and metals and industrial minerals.
Geoff Stringer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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out of grade sawn pine a state of the art review on challenges and new opportunities in cross laminated timber clt
Construction and Building Materials, 2019Co-Authors: Rebecca Cherry, Allan Manalo, W Karunasena, Geoff StringerAbstract:Abstract Plantation softwood is the future timber Material Resource for building and construction. However, significant volumes of sawn softwood are considered out-of-grade and sold at a loss. New approaches and methods need to be implemented to value-add out-of-grade timber and increase structural yield from existing plantations. This paper provides a critical review of out-of-grade characteristics of pine timber to gain an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of this Resource as a structural building Material. Methods to incorporate out-of-grade timber into current building systems are presented and building technologies that can facilitate this use are identified. Finally, it discusses developments and important considerations for design of cross laminated timber (CLT) as a prime example of a building system with good capacity to incorporate high volumes of out-of-grade timber. This provides critical information for the maximum utilisation of sawn out-of-grade pine and is anticipated to create new opportunities that can effectively incorporate this renewable and sustainable Material Resource into innovative building systems and technologies.
Julian Jaraettinger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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native amazonian children forego egalitarianism in merit based tasks when they learn to count
Developmental Science, 2016Co-Authors: Julian Jaraettinger, Edward Gibson, Celeste Kidd, Steve PiantadosiAbstract:Cooperation often results in a final Material Resource that must be shared, but deciding how to distribute that Resource is not straightforward. A distribution could count as fair if all members receive an equal reward (egalitarian distributions), or if each member's reward is proportional to their merit (merit-based distributions). Here, we propose that the acquisition of numerical concepts influences how we reason about fairness. We explore this possibility in the Tsimane', a farming-foraging group who live in the Bolivian rainforest. The Tsimane' learn to count in the same way children from industrialized countries do, but at a delayed and more variable timeline, allowing us to de-confound number knowledge from age and years in school. We find that Tsimane' children who can count produce merit-based distributions, while children who cannot count produce both merit-based and egalitarian distributions. Our findings establish that the ability to count - a non-universal, language-dependent, cultural invention - can influence social cognition.
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short report native amazonian children forego egalitarianism in merit based tasks when they learn to count
2015Co-Authors: Julian Jaraettinger, Edward Gibson, Celeste Kidd, Steve PiantadosiAbstract:Cooperation often results in a final Material Resource that must be shared, but deciding how to distribute that Resource is not straightforward. A distribution could count as fair if all members receive an equal reward (egalitarian distributions), or if each member’s reward is proportional to their merit (merit-based distributions). Here, we propose that the acquisition of numerical concepts influences how we reason about fairness. We explore this possibility in the Tsimane’, a farming-foraging group who live in the Bolivian rainforest. The Tsimane’ learn to count in the same way children from industrialized countries do, but at a delayed and more variable timeline, allowing us to de-confound number knowledge from age and years in school. We find that Tsimane’ children who can count produce merit-based distributions, while children who cannot count produce both merit-based and egalitarian distributions. Our findings establish that the ability to count – a non-universal, language-dependent, cultural invention – can influence social cognition.
Rebecca Cherry - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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out of grade sawn pine a state of the art review on challenges and new opportunities in cross laminated timber clt
Construction and Building Materials, 2019Co-Authors: Rebecca Cherry, Allan Manalo, W Karunasena, Geoff StringerAbstract:Abstract Plantation softwood is the future timber Material Resource for building and construction. However, significant volumes of sawn softwood are considered out-of-grade and sold at a loss. New approaches and methods need to be implemented to value-add out-of-grade timber and increase structural yield from existing plantations. This paper provides a critical review of out-of-grade characteristics of pine timber to gain an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of this Resource as a structural building Material. Methods to incorporate out-of-grade timber into current building systems are presented and building technologies that can facilitate this use are identified. Finally, it discusses developments and important considerations for design of cross laminated timber (CLT) as a prime example of a building system with good capacity to incorporate high volumes of out-of-grade timber. This provides critical information for the maximum utilisation of sawn out-of-grade pine and is anticipated to create new opportunities that can effectively incorporate this renewable and sustainable Material Resource into innovative building systems and technologies.