The Experts below are selected from a list of 57 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Ingegerd Sjöholm - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Mechanisms and prevention of plant tissue collapse during dehydration: a critical review.
    Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 2003
    Co-Authors: Frédéric Prothon, Lilia Ahrné, Ingegerd Sjöholm
    Abstract:

    The appearance and functional properties are primordial in the quality assessment of semifinished fruit and vegetable products. These properties are often associated with shrunken, shriveled, darkened Materials of poor rehydration ability after been subjected to air-drying—the most used drying method in the food industry. Fruits and vegetables are cellular tissues containing gas-filled pores that tend to collapse when subjected to dehydration. Collapse is an overall term that has different meanings and scale-settings in the literature depending on whether the author is a plant physiologist, a food technologist, a chemical engineer, or a Material Scientist. Some clarifications are given in this particular but wide field. The purpose of this work was to make a state-of-the-art contribution to the structural and textural effects of different types of dehydration on edible plant products and give a basis for preventing this phenomenon. The plant tissue is described, and the primordial role of the cell wall in keeping the structural integrity is emphasized. Water and its functionality at macro and micro levels of the cellular tissue are reviewed as well as its transport during dehydration. The effects of both dehydration and rehydration are described in detail, and the term "textural collapse" is proposed as an alternative to structural collapse. (Less)

Helmut Schmidt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Considerations about the sol-gel process: From the classical sol-gel route to advanced chemical nanotechnologies
    Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 2006
    Co-Authors: Helmut Schmidt
    Abstract:

    This paper was given on occasion of receiving the first Life Time Award by the International Society on Sol-Gel Science and Technology. Its intention is to provide an insight on the development of this field, its driving forces and especially on its impact on application and industrial technologies. The motivation of the work carried out in the last decades is that in the early days of the sol-gel technologies, where this route started to interest industry as well as Scientists, the author got interested in a field which was clearly application-driven and strongly anchored in the Material Scientist community rather than in fundamental chemistry. If one is talking about application-oriented technologies, of course, markets and industrial needs have to be taken into consideration, because the restrictions or bottle-necks, but also chances provided by economical needs strongly may govern the field. In opposition to these fields, only driven by science, may not have these restrictions as far as it is possible to raise funds for the scientific work. For this reason, the attempt is made to point out the connections between application and science in the sol-gel field. Since I am working in the sol-gel field since 1975, strongly focused on industrial applications, it should be understandable that many of my own development examples are used to demonstrate this way. Another problem, of course, is connected to the sol-gel field: This is a question of appropriate definitions as well as to draw a clear borderline of the field. Especially in the last decade, the connection of sol-gel Materials to nanostructured Materials has become closer, so that it is difficult to clearly divide these fields. On the other hand, the fabrication of nanoparticles by hydrolysis and condensation processes or controlled precipitation processes can be defined as a sol-gel technology, but in many cases is just not done. This leads to the fact that in many areas, sol-gel types of processes are used, but called different. Due to the fact that the properties of small particles either in solution or dispersed in an appropriate matrix show highly interesting Material properties, it would be desirable that the sol-gel community would try to interact stronger with these developments (e.g. the “particle” community). This also might include a focus of the sol-gel area a little bit more back to the routes, to Material science development and engineering. According to my opinion, this would be a very interesting supplement for the field as it is represented today.

Paul S Weiss - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • where are we heading in nanotechnology environmental health and safety and Materials characterization
    ACS Nano, 2015
    Co-Authors: Andre E Nel, Wolfgang J Parak, Warren C W Chan, Tian Xia, Mark C Hersam, Jeffrey C Brinker, Jeffrey I Zink, Kent E Pinkerton, Donald R Baer, Paul S Weiss
    Abstract:

    Every chemist, Material Scientist, physicist, engineer, or commercial enterprise involved in the synthesis and/or production of engineered nanoMaterials (ENM) or nano-enabled products aspires to develop safe Materials. Nanotechnology environmental health and safety (nanoEHS) is a research discipline that involves the study of the possible adverse health and biological effects that nanoMaterials may have on humans and environmental organisms and ecosystems. NanoEHS research has provided a body of experimental evidence indicating the possibility of hazardous outcomes as a result of the interactions of unique ENM physicochemical properties with similar scale processes occurring at a wide range of nano/bio interfaces, including at biomolecular, cellular, subcellular, organ, systemic, whole organism, or ecosystems levels. This projected hazard and risk potential warrants rigorous attention to safety assessment, safe use, safe implementation, benign design, regulatory oversight, governance, and public awareness to address the possibility and prevention of nanotoxicity, now or at any time in the future.1 Thus, we should understand the properties of the ENMs that are responsible for the toxicological response, so that we can re-engineer their physicochemical characteristics for risk prevention and safer ENM design.2 However, in spite of widespread use, no human toxicological disease or major environmental impact has been reported for ENMs.more » Thus, while “Nanotoxicology” is a thriving sub-discipline of Nano-EHS, the use of the “root” word toxicology may elicit a feeling that nanoMaterials are inherently toxic despite the fact that toxicity has not been established in real-life use so far. As a community, we may want to rename this sub-discipline as “Nanosafety,” since the objective is to use toxicology information to guide the design of safer nanoMaterials for use in medicine, biology, electronics, lighting systems, etc. At ACS Nano, we are interested in publishing articles and forward-looking Perspectives and Reviews that determine and establish ENM physicochemical properties, structure-activity relationships, catalytic effects at the nano/bio interface, mechanistic injury responses, in vitro to in vivo prediction making, safer-by design strategies, actionable screening and detection methods, hazard and risk ranking, fate and transport, ENM categorization, theory and modeling, societal implications, and regulatory/governance decisions.3 Context is important in the immediate and longer-range impact of this research, as we are interested in realistic nanoEHS exposure scenarios conducted with systematic variation of ENM physicochemical properties rather than investigations of a single or a limited number of Materials in isolated in vitro studies that only address cytotoxicity at unrealistic doses. In order to make these data useful for researchers, government and regulatory agencies, and other interested parties, these studies, where possible, should include either appropriate positive and negative controls or benchmark Materials to answer the important question, “as compared to what?” Dosimetry should be explained in terms of appropriate dose metrics relative to the type of Materials, their mechanisms of injury, and exposure conditions, using in vitro to in vivo extrapolations where possible. Another important component of these studies includes appropriate physicochemical characterization of the nanoMaterials.« less

Frédéric Prothon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Mechanisms and prevention of plant tissue collapse during dehydration: a critical review.
    Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 2003
    Co-Authors: Frédéric Prothon, Lilia Ahrné, Ingegerd Sjöholm
    Abstract:

    The appearance and functional properties are primordial in the quality assessment of semifinished fruit and vegetable products. These properties are often associated with shrunken, shriveled, darkened Materials of poor rehydration ability after been subjected to air-drying—the most used drying method in the food industry. Fruits and vegetables are cellular tissues containing gas-filled pores that tend to collapse when subjected to dehydration. Collapse is an overall term that has different meanings and scale-settings in the literature depending on whether the author is a plant physiologist, a food technologist, a chemical engineer, or a Material Scientist. Some clarifications are given in this particular but wide field. The purpose of this work was to make a state-of-the-art contribution to the structural and textural effects of different types of dehydration on edible plant products and give a basis for preventing this phenomenon. The plant tissue is described, and the primordial role of the cell wall in keeping the structural integrity is emphasized. Water and its functionality at macro and micro levels of the cellular tissue are reviewed as well as its transport during dehydration. The effects of both dehydration and rehydration are described in detail, and the term "textural collapse" is proposed as an alternative to structural collapse. (Less)

Andre E Nel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • where are we heading in nanotechnology environmental health and safety and Materials characterization
    ACS Nano, 2015
    Co-Authors: Andre E Nel, Wolfgang J Parak, Warren C W Chan, Tian Xia, Mark C Hersam, Jeffrey C Brinker, Jeffrey I Zink, Kent E Pinkerton, Donald R Baer, Paul S Weiss
    Abstract:

    Every chemist, Material Scientist, physicist, engineer, or commercial enterprise involved in the synthesis and/or production of engineered nanoMaterials (ENM) or nano-enabled products aspires to develop safe Materials. Nanotechnology environmental health and safety (nanoEHS) is a research discipline that involves the study of the possible adverse health and biological effects that nanoMaterials may have on humans and environmental organisms and ecosystems. NanoEHS research has provided a body of experimental evidence indicating the possibility of hazardous outcomes as a result of the interactions of unique ENM physicochemical properties with similar scale processes occurring at a wide range of nano/bio interfaces, including at biomolecular, cellular, subcellular, organ, systemic, whole organism, or ecosystems levels. This projected hazard and risk potential warrants rigorous attention to safety assessment, safe use, safe implementation, benign design, regulatory oversight, governance, and public awareness to address the possibility and prevention of nanotoxicity, now or at any time in the future.1 Thus, we should understand the properties of the ENMs that are responsible for the toxicological response, so that we can re-engineer their physicochemical characteristics for risk prevention and safer ENM design.2 However, in spite of widespread use, no human toxicological disease or major environmental impact has been reported for ENMs.more » Thus, while “Nanotoxicology” is a thriving sub-discipline of Nano-EHS, the use of the “root” word toxicology may elicit a feeling that nanoMaterials are inherently toxic despite the fact that toxicity has not been established in real-life use so far. As a community, we may want to rename this sub-discipline as “Nanosafety,” since the objective is to use toxicology information to guide the design of safer nanoMaterials for use in medicine, biology, electronics, lighting systems, etc. At ACS Nano, we are interested in publishing articles and forward-looking Perspectives and Reviews that determine and establish ENM physicochemical properties, structure-activity relationships, catalytic effects at the nano/bio interface, mechanistic injury responses, in vitro to in vivo prediction making, safer-by design strategies, actionable screening and detection methods, hazard and risk ranking, fate and transport, ENM categorization, theory and modeling, societal implications, and regulatory/governance decisions.3 Context is important in the immediate and longer-range impact of this research, as we are interested in realistic nanoEHS exposure scenarios conducted with systematic variation of ENM physicochemical properties rather than investigations of a single or a limited number of Materials in isolated in vitro studies that only address cytotoxicity at unrealistic doses. In order to make these data useful for researchers, government and regulatory agencies, and other interested parties, these studies, where possible, should include either appropriate positive and negative controls or benchmark Materials to answer the important question, “as compared to what?” Dosimetry should be explained in terms of appropriate dose metrics relative to the type of Materials, their mechanisms of injury, and exposure conditions, using in vitro to in vivo extrapolations where possible. Another important component of these studies includes appropriate physicochemical characterization of the nanoMaterials.« less