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Sławomir Czerczak - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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NOTES RD50 Value as the Criterion for Setting Maximum Admissible Levels of Occupational Exposure to Irritants in Poland
2016Co-Authors: Małgorzata Kupczewska-dobecka, Renata Soćko, Sławomir CzerczakAbstract:The aim of this work is to analyse Maximum Admissible Concentration (MAC) values proposed for irritants by the Group of Experts for Chemical Agents in Poland, based on the RD50 value. In 1994–2004, MAC values for irritants based on the RD50 value were set for 17 chemicals. For the purpose of the analysis, 1/10 RD50, 1/100 RD50 and the MAC/RD50 ratio were calculated. The determined MAC values are within the 0.01–0.09 RD50 range. The RD50 value is a good rough criterion to set MAC values for irritants and it makes it possible to estimate quickly Admissible exposure levels. It has become clear that, in some cases, simple setting the MAC value for an irritant at the level of 0.03 RD50 may be insufficient to determine precisely the possible hazard to workers ’ health. Other available toxicological data, such as NOAEL (No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level) and LOAEL (Lowest-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level), should always be considered as well. RD50 occupational exposure limit sensory irritation 1
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RD50 value as the criterion for setting Maximum Admissible levels of occupational exposure to irritants in Poland.
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2015Co-Authors: Małgorzata Kupczewska-dobecka, Renata Soćko, Sławomir CzerczakAbstract:The aim of this work is to analyse Maximum Admissible Concentration (MAC) values proposed for irritants by the Group of Experts for Chemical Agents in Poland, based on the RD50 value. In 1994–2004, MAC values for irritants based on the RD 50 value were set for 17 chemicals. For the purpose of the analysis, 1/10 RD 50,, 1/100 RD50 and the MAC/RD50 ratio were calculated. The determined MAC values are within the 0.01–0.09 RD50 range. The RD50 value is a good rough criterion to set MAC values for irritants and it makes it possible to estimate quickly Admissible exposure levels. It has become clear that, in some cases, simple setting the MAC value for an irritant at the level of 0.03 RD 50 may be insufficient to determine precisely the possible hazardto workers’ health. Other available toxicological data, such as NOAEL (No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level)and LOAEL (Lowest-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level), should always be considered as well.
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Nanosilver – Occupational exposure limits
Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 2015Co-Authors: Anna Maria Świdwińska-gajewska, Sławomir CzerczakAbstract:Historically, nanosilver has been known as colloidal silver composed of particles with a size below 100 nm. Silver nanoparticles are used in many technologies, creating a wide range of products. Due to antibacterial properties nanosilver is used, among others, in medical devices (wound dressings), textiles (sport clothes, socks), plastics and building materials (paints). Colloidal silver is considered by many as an ideal agent in the fight against pathogenic microorganisms, unlike antibiotics, without side effects. However, in light of toxicological research, nanosilver is not inert to the body. The inhalation of silver nanoparticles have an adverse effect mainly on the liver and lung of rats. The oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species is responsible for the toxicity of nanoparticles, contributing to cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. The activity of the readily oxidized nanosilver surface underlies the molecular mechanism of toxicity. This leads to the release of silver ions, a known harmful agent. Occupational exposure to silver nanoparticles may occur in the process of its manufacture, formulation and also usage during spraying, in particular. In Poland, as well as in other countries of the world, there is no separate hygiene standards applicable to nanomaterials. The present study attempts to estimate the value of MAC-TWA (Maximum Admissible Concentration – the time-weighted average) for silver – a nano-objects fraction, which amounted to 0.01 mg/m3. The authors are of the opinion that the current value of the MAC-TWA for silver metallic – inhalable fraction (0.05 mg/m3) does not provide sufficient protection against the harmful effects of silver in the form of nano-objects. Med Pr 2015;66(3):429–44
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Nanosilver – Harmful effects of biological activity
Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 2014Co-Authors: Anna Maria Świdwińska-gajewska, Sławomir CzerczakAbstract:Nanosilver, also identified as colloidal silver, has been known and used for ages to combat diseases or prolong food freshness. It usually occurs in the form of a suspension consisting of particles of size < 100 nm. Due to its specific properties, silver nanoparticles are used in many technologies to produce medical devices, textiles, conductive materials or photovoltaic cells. The growing popularity of nanosilver applications increases the number of people occupationally exposed to this substance. Potential exposure routes for silver nanoparticles are through dermal, oral and inhalation pathways. Silver nanoparticles may be absorbed through the lungs, intestine, and through the skin into circulation and thus may reach such organs as the liver, kidney, spleen, brain, heart and testes. Nanosilver may cause mild eyes and skin irritations. It can also act as a mild skin allergen. Inhalation of silver nanoparticles mainly affects the lungs and liver. It has been demonstrated that silver nanoparticles may be genotoxic to mammalian cells. There are some alarming reports on the adverse effects of silver nanoparticles on reproduction of experimental animals. Exposure to silver nanoparticles may exert a neurotoxic effect and affect cognitive functions, causing the impairment of short-term and working memory. Maximum Admissible Concentration (MAC) for the inhalable fraction of silver of 0.05 mg/m3 is currently binding in Poland. In light of toxicological studies of silver nanoparticles it seems reasonable to update the hygiene standards for silver with nanoparticles as a separate fraction. Med Pr 2014;65(6):831–84
Luis María Polo-díez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Study of nitrophenols preConcentration using quinolin-8-ol immobilized on controlled-pore glass in the presence of iron(III). Chromatographic determination of dinoseb in lemon juice.
Journal of Chromatography A, 1999Co-Authors: G Fernández-salinero, Luis Vicente Pérez-arribas, María Eugenia León-gonzález, M. E. Silva-vargas, Luis María Polo-díezAbstract:Abstract The efficiency of an adsorbent consisting of quinolin-8-ol immobilized on controlled-pore glass which was packed in a minicolumn to preconcentrate nitrophenols in the presence of iron(III) has been established. Retention was carried out at acidic pH in the presence of 20 m M iron(III). Methanol–30 m M formic acid–sodium formate aqueous solution (pH 4.2) (65:35) was used in a one-step elution. Determinations were carried out by using liquid chromatography with detection at 350 nm. Determination of trace amounts of dinoseb in lemon juice was carried out with a minimum sample preparation. Recoveries were between 89 and 100% at 200–33 μg l −1 . The Maximum Admissible Concentration in fruit juice dictated by the Spanish and European Community legislation can be measured.
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PreConcentration of triazine herbicides from water by an ion chromatography column and determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
Journal of Chromatography A, 1997Co-Authors: F.j. Rodríguez-plasencia, Fernando Navarro-villoslada, Luis Vicente Pérez-arribas, María Eugenia León-gonzález, Luis María Polo-díezAbstract:Abstract The efficiency of ion chromatography columns packed with styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer containing quaternary ammonium groups to preconcentrate triazine herbicides and their degradation products below μg/l levels has been established. Retention is studied for different types of water. Pure methanol was used in a one-step elution. Enrichment factors of at least 4000 are achieved. Determination was carried out by using gas chromatography-single-ion monitoring mass spectrometry. Recoveries for run-off agricultural water were between 67–100% and close to 100% for ground water. The Maximum Admissible Concentration ion drinking water (0.1 μg/l) and the alert and alarm threshold values in surface water (1 and 3 μg/l, respectively) dictated by the European Union can be measured.
Małgorzata Kupczewska-dobecka - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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NOTES RD50 Value as the Criterion for Setting Maximum Admissible Levels of Occupational Exposure to Irritants in Poland
2016Co-Authors: Małgorzata Kupczewska-dobecka, Renata Soćko, Sławomir CzerczakAbstract:The aim of this work is to analyse Maximum Admissible Concentration (MAC) values proposed for irritants by the Group of Experts for Chemical Agents in Poland, based on the RD50 value. In 1994–2004, MAC values for irritants based on the RD50 value were set for 17 chemicals. For the purpose of the analysis, 1/10 RD50, 1/100 RD50 and the MAC/RD50 ratio were calculated. The determined MAC values are within the 0.01–0.09 RD50 range. The RD50 value is a good rough criterion to set MAC values for irritants and it makes it possible to estimate quickly Admissible exposure levels. It has become clear that, in some cases, simple setting the MAC value for an irritant at the level of 0.03 RD50 may be insufficient to determine precisely the possible hazard to workers ’ health. Other available toxicological data, such as NOAEL (No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level) and LOAEL (Lowest-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level), should always be considered as well. RD50 occupational exposure limit sensory irritation 1
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RD50 value as the criterion for setting Maximum Admissible levels of occupational exposure to irritants in Poland.
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2015Co-Authors: Małgorzata Kupczewska-dobecka, Renata Soćko, Sławomir CzerczakAbstract:The aim of this work is to analyse Maximum Admissible Concentration (MAC) values proposed for irritants by the Group of Experts for Chemical Agents in Poland, based on the RD50 value. In 1994–2004, MAC values for irritants based on the RD 50 value were set for 17 chemicals. For the purpose of the analysis, 1/10 RD 50,, 1/100 RD50 and the MAC/RD50 ratio were calculated. The determined MAC values are within the 0.01–0.09 RD50 range. The RD50 value is a good rough criterion to set MAC values for irritants and it makes it possible to estimate quickly Admissible exposure levels. It has become clear that, in some cases, simple setting the MAC value for an irritant at the level of 0.03 RD 50 may be insufficient to determine precisely the possible hazardto workers’ health. Other available toxicological data, such as NOAEL (No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level)and LOAEL (Lowest-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level), should always be considered as well.
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Admissible Concentration in biological material: an index of exposure to dichloromethane
Medycyna Pracy, 2008Co-Authors: Małgorzata Kupczewska-dobecka, Renata SoćkoAbstract:In 2007, a new Maximum Admissible Concentration value of 88 mg/m3 was specified for dichloromethane (DCM) in the Polish list of Admissible Concentrations of harmful chemicals and dusts in the work environment atmosphere. The new value is four times higher than the former one (20 mg/m3), valid in Poland for 20 past years. At the same time, it was decided that the value of short term exposure limit (STEL) shall no longer be specified. Dichloromethane is a chemical which can be absorbed by routes other than respiratory, therefore, biological monitoring is required to ensure that the risk is not underestimated. Experimental data support the conclusion that volatile chloroorganic compounds, including dichloromethane, are excreted with urine in the unchanged form, and thus their absorption and exposure can be easily assessed. Concentration of dichloromethane in urine determined at the end of work shift is proposed in Poland as a specific index of dichloromethane exposure. Dichloromethane inhalation exposure at Maximum Admissible Concentration of 88 mg/m3 corresponds with biological exposure index (BEI) of 0.15 mg DCM/l urine. The BEI value proposed in Poland for DCM is compatible with that specified by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH).
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Is dichloromethane an occupational carcinogen
Medycyna Pracy, 2007Co-Authors: Renata Soćko, Małgorzata Kupczewska-dobeckaAbstract:Dichloromethane (DCM) has been widely used in Poland and worldwide as a pesticide fumigant to preserve seed and fruit, in the manufacture of polyurethane, in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food-processing industry. It isalso used as an ingredient of fire extinguishing formulations and as a cooling agent in refrigerators. Because of dichloromethane's widespread use, its multisystemic toxic activity and a significant number of the exposed people, it is important to assess occupational risk for dichloromethane. In Poland, the Maximum Admissible Concentration of dichloromethane based on its carcinogenic effect is MAC TWA 20 mg/m3 and MAC STEL 50 mg/m3. However, according to experimental and epidemiological data, occupational risk associated with DCM use is attributable to its effect on central nervous system rather than to its carcinogenic activity.
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Assessment of carcinogenicity of formaldehyde based on the newest literature data
Medycyna pracy, 2007Co-Authors: Małgorzata Kupczewska-dobeckaAbstract:In 2004, the category of formaldehyde carcinogenicity was changed in Poland so that it is now coherent with the requirements of the European Union classification of carcinogenicity. Formaldehyde was categorized into group 3 as the substance not classifiable as to its carcinogenecity to humans because the collected information was not adequate for making a satisfactory assessment. There is some evidence from appropriate animal studies, but it is insufficient to categorize this substance in group 2: probably carcinogenic to humans. In 2006, the International Agency for Research on Cancer categorized formaldehyde in group 1 as the substance carcinogenic to humans. Three types of cancer were assessed: nasopharyngeal cancer, leukemia and sinonasal cancer. There was sufficient evidence that formaldehyde causes nasopharyngeal cancer, strong but not sufficient evidence that the substance induces leukemia and limited evidence for sinonasal cancer. Based on the irritation effect, the value of Maximum Admissible Concentration of formaldehyde in the work environment has been established in Poland at 0.5 mg/m3 as average weighed Concentration, and 1 mg/m3 as short-term Concentration. In the European Union, the values of 0.2 ppm and 0.4 ppm, respectively are now being considered. It is assumed that the MAC value for formaldehyde in the work environment will be soon verified in Poland and adapted to European Union standards.
Marcin Siepak - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Assessment of metal Concentrations in tap-water – from source to the tap: a case study from Szczecin, Poland
Geologos, 2014Co-Authors: Józef Górski, Marcin SiepakAbstract:The Concentrations of Al, As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Fe and Mn were determined in June 2010 for 100 tap-water samples, collected directly at consumers in the older part of the city of Szczecin (Poland). Increased Concentrations of metals were thus detected. This concerns mainly Fe (19% of samples showed Concentrations above drinking-water quality standards) and Pb (5%). In some samples, the Maximum Admissible Concentration levels for Mn, Cu and Ni were also exceeded. This was not the case for Al, despite the use of aluminium compounds during water treatment; the Al Concentrations in treated water were, however, significantly higher than in raw water. It was also found that (1) the corrosive properties of water (low alkalinity and increased Concentration of sulphates), (2) the water-treatment processes causing a decrease of the pH and an increase of the CO 2 , and (3) transport of the treated water over long distances (30 km) provide favourable conditions for the leaching of metals from water-pipe networks. The type of material used in domestic plumbing and the content of Ce, Fe, Mn, Ni and Cd in the tap-water at consumers show a correlation. The high content of Pb is mainly a result of lead pipes connecting the network to the buildings.
Nives Stambukgiljanovic - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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water quality evaluation by index in dalmatia
Water Research, 1999Co-Authors: Nives StambukgiljanovicAbstract:Abstract This article describes the process of determining the water quality index (WQI) for Dalmatian County waters as well as the results of the application of the index for water evaluation in Dalmatia (Southern Croatia) for a three year period (1995, 1996, 1997). WQI includes the following nine parameters: temperature, mineralization, corrosion coefficient, K=(Cl+SO4)/HCO3, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, protein N, total phosphorus and total coliform bacteria (MPN coli/100 ml) for which Concentrations C80 are calculated. After completing the nine parameters the results of C80 were recorded and transferred to the score table to obtain the q-value. The q-value used is an attempt to quantify environmental factors which would otherwise be qualitative. For each parameter the q-value was multiplied by a weighting factor based upon the relative significance of the parameter. The nine resulting values were then added to arrive at an overall WQI. The WQI is obtained so that the water quality evaluation (WQE) can be divided by water quality evaluation (WQE)MAC which satisfies the Maximum Admissible Concentration (MAC) of first class water. It includes both underground and surface water, which can be used in its natural state or after being disinfected for drinking water. Spring and river waters in Dalmatia which contain low sulphate and chloride Concentrations are of high sanitary quality. This quality can be estimated by the WQI (quality index), which varies around 1. The increase of sulphate as well as chloride in springs, rivers and underground waters decreases the WQI value; in fact, it causes deterioration of the water quality according to the established standard for drinking water.